Trail Guide to Lexington's Conservation Land
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Shawsheen River Watershed Stream Management Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION........................................................................................................................................PAGE NO. 1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................1-1 1.1 Drivers for Study.............................................................................................................................1-1 1.2 Project Objectives...........................................................................................................................1-2 2. STREAM ASSESSMENT...................................................................................................................2-1 2.1 Watershed Description ...................................................................................................................2-1 2.1.1 Sub-Basins.....................................................................................................................................2-1 2.1.1.1 Impervious Cover ...........................................................................................................................2-1 2.1.1.2 Land Uses with High Potential Pollutant Loads..............................................................................2-2 2.1.2 Water Quality in the Shawsheen River Watershed in Lexington ....................................................2-2 2.2 Stream Survey................................................................................................................................2-6 -
Flood Insurance Study 25017CV006B
VOLUME 6 OF 8 MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS (ALL JURISDICTIONS) COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER ACTON, TOWN OF 250176 ARLINGTON, TOWN OF 250177 Middlesex County ASHBY, TOWN OF 250178 ASHLAND, TOWN OF 250179 AYER, TOWN OF 250180 BEDFORD, TOWN OF 255209 COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER BELMONT, TOWN OF 250182 MELROSE, CITY OF 250206 BILLERICA, TOWN OF 250183 NATICK, TOWN OF 250207 BOXBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250184 NEWTON, CITY OF 250208 BURLINGTON, TOWN OF 250185 NORTH READING, TOWN OF 250209 CAMBRIDGE, CITY OF 250186 PEPPERELL, TOWN OF 250210 CARLISLE, TOWN OF 250187 READING, TOWN OF 250211 CHELMSFORD, TOWN OF 250188 SHERBORN, TOWN OF 250212 CONCORD, TOWN OF 250189 SHIRLEY, TOWN OF 250213 DRACUT, TOWN OF 250190 SOMERVILLE, CITY OF 250214 DUNSTABLE, TOWN OF 250191 STONEHAM, TOWN OF 250215 EVERETT, CITY OF 250192 STOW, TOWN OF 250216 FRAMINGHAM, TOWN OF 250193 SUDBURY, TOWN OF 250217 GROTON, TOWN OF 250194 TEWKSBURY, TOWN OF 250218 HOLLISTON, TOWN OF 250195 TOWNSEND, TOWN OF 250219 HOPKINTON, TOWN OF 250196 TYNGSBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250220 HUDSON, TOWN OF 250197 WAKEFIELD, TOWN OF 250221 LEXINGTON, TOWN OF 250198 WALTHAM, CITY OF 250222 LINCOLN, TOWN OF 250199 WATERTOWN, TOWN OF 250223 LITTLETON, TOWN OF 250200 WAYLAND, TOWN OF 250224 LOWELL, CITY OF 250201 WESTFORD, TOWN OF 250225 MALDEN, CITY OF 250202 WESTON, TOWN OF 250226 MARLBOROUGH, CITY OF 250203 WILMINGTON, TOWN OF 250227 MAYNARD, TOWN OF 250204 WINCHESTER, TOWN OF 250228 MEDFORD, CITY OF 250205 WOBURN, CITY OF 250229 Map Revised: July 7, 2014 Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 25017CV006B NOTICE TO FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY USERS Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program have established repositories of flood hazard data for floodplain management and flood insurance purposes. -
Flood Risk Report Concord River Watershed
Flood Risk Report Concord River Watershed Middlesex and Worcester Counties, Massachusetts: Report Number 001 2/27/2013 CONCORD FLOOD RISK REPORT i This page left intentionally blank. CONCORD RIVER WATERSHED FLOOD RISK REPORT Project Area Community List Community Name Community Name Town Of Acton Town Of Tewksbury Town Of Ashland Town Of Upton Town Of Bedford Town Of Wayland Town Of Berlin Town Of Westborough Town Of Billerica Town Of Westford Town Of Bolton Town Of Weston Town Of Boxborough Town Of Boylston Town Of Carlisle Town Of Chelmsford Town Of Clinton Town Of Concord Town Of Framingham Town Of Grafton Town Of Harvard Town Of Holliston* Town Of Hopkinton Town Of Hudson Town Of Lincoln Town Of Littleton City Of Lowell City Of Marlborough Town Of Maynard Town Of Natick Town Of Northborough Town Of Sherborn Town Of Shrewsbury Town Of Southborough Town Of Stow Town Of Sudbury CONCORD RIVER WATERSHED FLOOD RISK REPORT i This page left intentionally blank. CONCORD RIVER WATERSHED FLOOD RISK REPORT Preface The Department of Homeland Security (DHS), Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) Risk Mapping, Assessment, and Planning (Risk MAP) program provides states, tribes, and local communities with flood risk information and tools that they can use to increase their resilience to flooding and better protect their citizens. By pairing accurate floodplain maps with risk assessment tools and planning and outreach support, Risk MAP has transformed traditional flood mapping efforts into an integrated process of identifying, assessing, communicating, planning for, and mitigating flood‐related risks. This Flood Risk Report (FRR) provides non‐regulatory information to help local or tribal officials, floodplain managers, planners, emergency managers, and others better understand their flood risk, take steps to mitigate those risks, and communicate those risks to their citizens and local businesses. -
Burlington Admission to the MWRA Waterworks System
THE COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION 100 CAMBRIDGE STREET, BOSTON MA 02114 REPORT OF THE FINDINGS, JUSTIFICATIONS, AND DECISION OF THE WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION Relating to the Approval of the Town of Burlington’s Request for an Interbasin Transfer Pursuant to M.G.L. Chapter 21 § 8C DECISION On November 12, 2020, by a ten to one (10-1) vote, the Massachusetts Water Resources Commission (WRC) approved the Town of Burlington’s request for an Interbasin Transfer to join the Massachusetts Water Resources Authority (MWRA) Water Works System. This vote was taken after review of the facts provided by the Town of Burlington, analysis of the associated data, and consideration of comments received concerning this request. INTRODUCTION On November 26, 2019, the WRC received a request from the Town of Burlington for approval of an action to increase the present rate of interbasin transfer under the Interbasin Transfer Act (ITA) (M.G.L. Chapter 21 §§ 8B-8D) as part of a Draft Environmental Impact Report (DEIR) submitted to the Massachusetts Environmental Policy Act (MEPA) office. The DEIR proposed a water supply transfer through an interconnection to MWRA. Additional information was requested by the WRC and received in the Final EIR, submitted in February 2020. The Secretary’s Certificate on the FEIR was issued on April 17, 2020. The WRC accepted Burlington’s application as complete at its May 14, 2020 meeting. Burlington is proposing to purchase a maximum of 6.5 million gallons per day (MGD) of water from MWRA to supplement its existing water supply source, the Mill Pond Reservoir (Figure 1). -
Middlesex County, Massachusetts (All Jurisdictions)
VOLUME 1 OF 8 MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS (ALL JURISDICTIONS) COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER ACTON, TOWN OF 250176 ARLINGTON, TOWN OF 250177 Middlesex County ASHBY, TOWN OF 250178 ASHLAND, TOWN OF 250179 AYER, TOWN OF 250180 BEDFORD, TOWN OF 255209 COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER BELMONT, TOWN OF 250182 MELROSE, CITY OF 250206 BILLERICA, TOWN OF 250183 NATICK, TOWN OF 250207 BOXBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250184 NEWTON, CITY OF 250208 BURLINGTON, TOWN OF 250185 NORTH READING, TOWN OF 250209 CAMBRIDGE, CITY OF 250186 PEPPERELL, TOWN OF 250210 CARLISLE, TOWN OF 250187 READING, TOWN OF 250211 CHELMSFORD, TOWN OF 250188 SHERBORN, TOWN OF 250212 CONCORD, TOWN OF 250189 SHIRLEY, TOWN OF 250213 DRACUT, TOWN OF 250190 SOMERVILLE, CITY OF 250214 DUNSTABLE, TOWN OF 250191 STONEHAM, TOWN OF 250215 EVERETT, CITY OF 250192 STOW, TOWN OF 250216 FRAMINGHAM, TOWN OF 250193 SUDBURY, TOWN OF 250217 GROTON, TOWN OF 250194 TEWKSBURY, TOWN OF 250218 HOLLISTON, TOWN OF 250195 TOWNSEND, TOWN OF 250219 HOPKINTON, TOWN OF 250196 TYNGSBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250220 HUDSON, TOWN OF 250197 WAKEFIELD, TOWN OF 250221 LEXINGTON, TOWN OF 250198 WALTHAM, CITY OF 250222 LINCOLN, TOWN OF 250199 WATERTOWN, TOWN OF 250223 LITTLETON, TOWN OF 250200 WAYLAND, TOWN OF 250224 LOWELL, CITY OF 250201 WESTFORD, TOWN OF 250225 MALDEN, CITY OF 250202 WESTON, TOWN OF 250226 MARLBOROUGH, CITY OF 250203 WILMINGTON, TOWN OF 250227 MAYNARD, TOWN OF 250204 WINCHESTER, TOWN OF 250228 MEDFORD, CITY OF 250205 WOBURN, CITY OF 250229 Map Revised: July 7, 2014 Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 25017CV001B NOTICE TO FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY USERS Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program have established repositories of flood hazard data for floodplain management and flood insurance purposes. -
Middlesex County, Massachusetts (All Jurisdictions)
VOLUME 4 OF 8 MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS (ALL JURISDICTIONS) COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER ACTON, TOWN OF 250176 ARLINGTON, TOWN OF 250177 Middlesex County ASHBY, TOWN OF 250178 ASHLAND, TOWN OF 250179 AYER, TOWN OF 250180 BEDFORD, TOWN OF 255209 COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER BELMONT, TOWN OF 250182 MELROSE, CITY OF 250206 BILLERICA, TOWN OF 250183 NATICK, TOWN OF 250207 BOXBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250184 NEWTON, CITY OF 250208 BURLINGTON, TOWN OF 250185 NORTH READING, TOWN OF 250209 CAMBRIDGE, CITY OF 250186 PEPPERELL, TOWN OF 250210 CARLISLE, TOWN OF 250187 READING, TOWN OF 250211 CHELMSFORD, TOWN OF 250188 SHERBORN, TOWN OF 250212 CONCORD, TOWN OF 250189 SHIRLEY, TOWN OF 250213 DRACUT, TOWN OF 250190 SOMERVILLE, CITY OF 250214 DUNSTABLE, TOWN OF 250191 STONEHAM, TOWN OF 250215 EVERETT, CITY OF 250192 STOW, TOWN OF 250216 FRAMINGHAM, TOWN OF 250193 SUDBURY, TOWN OF 250217 GROTON, TOWN OF 250194 TEWKSBURY, TOWN OF 250218 HOLLISTON, TOWN OF 250195 TOWNSEND, TOWN OF 250219 HOPKINTON, TOWN OF 250196 TYNGSBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250220 HUDSON, TOWN OF 250197 WAKEFIELD, TOWN OF 250221 LEXINGTON, TOWN OF 250198 WALTHAM, CITY OF 250222 LINCOLN, TOWN OF 250199 WATERTOWN, TOWN OF 250223 LITTLETON, TOWN OF 250200 WAYLAND, TOWN OF 250224 LOWELL, CITY OF 250201 WESTFORD, TOWN OF 250225 MALDEN, CITY OF 250202 WESTON, TOWN OF 250226 MARLBOROUGH, CITY OF 250203 WILMINGTON, TOWN OF 250227 MAYNARD, TOWN OF 250204 WINCHESTER, TOWN OF 250228 MEDFORD, CITY OF 250205 WOBURN, CITY OF 250229 Map Revised: July 7, 2014 Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 25017CV004B NOTICE TO FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY USERS Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program have established repositories of flood hazard data for floodplain management and flood insurance purposes. -
Annual Report of the Division of Fisheries and Game, Department of Conservation, Outlining the Division's Activities for the Year Ending November 30, 1939
Public Document No. 25 ®lp (Homtttfltttttpaltfj ai iHassarijusPtts ANNUAL REPORT OF THE Division of Fisheries and Game FOR THE Year Ending November 30, 1939 1939 Department^ Conservation; 20 Somerset St., Boston -1 Publication of this Document Approved by the Commission on Administration and Finance 1M—9-'40-3847 «>t# CONTENTS Letters of transmittal . Reorganization Finances .... Revenue .... Conventions and Meetings . Education and Publicity Enforcement of the Game and Inland Fish Laws Work of the Conservation Officers Permits and Registrations New Legislation enacted during 1939 Recommendations for Legislation Regulations promulgated by the Division Wild Birds and Mammals, and Fresh-water Fish Game Migratory Game Birds .... Upland Game ..... Statistics of Game and Fur-bearing Animals taken Projects under the Pittman-Robertson Act Waterfowl Research Project . State Forest Development Projects Appenda State Forests ..... Reservations and Sanctuaries Inland Fisheries ..... Public Fishing and Hunting Grounds Feeder Streams .... Salmon Restoration Great Ponds Stocked and Closed, and Breeding Areas set aside Fishway and Stream Improvement Propagation of Fish and Game . General .... Planting of Eyed Brook Trout Eggs Fish Hatcheries and Game Farms East Sandwich State Fish Hatchery Montague State Fish Hatchery Palmer State Fish Hatchery Sandwich State Fish Hatchery Sunderland State Fish Hatchery Sutton State Fish Hatchery Merrill State Pond System . Field Work and Field Fish Culture (including work on State Forest Ponds) Work of the Salvage Units . Ayer State Game Farm Marshfield State Game Farm Sandwich State Game Farm Wilbraham State Game Farm Fish and Game Stocking and Distribution Stream Survey .... Stream and Pond Investigations . White Hares and Cottontail Rabbits Restocking ...... Marine Fisheries Acknowledgments Appendices ...... P.D. -
Vine Brook and Willard's Brook Stream Shoreline Surveys
Vine Brook and Willard’s Brook Stream Shoreline Surveys May 9, 2009 Lexington, Massachusetts Conducted by the Watershed Stewardship Program, a joint program of Lexington’s Conservation Division, Engineering Division, and citizen volunteers Compiled by Emily Schadler and Tom Whelan December 8, 2009 Table of Contents Section Page Abstract 3 Introduction 4 Study Area 5 Methods 6 Results 7 Action Items and Observations 12 Discussion 13 Appendix 1: Stream Survey Data 17 Appendix 2: Outfall Data 20 Appendix 3: Narrative & Priorities for Action Text 22 We would like to offer a special thanks to the Directors of Lexington’s Watershed Stewardship Program, who have generously contributed their time and effort to developing this program, and to the Watershed Stewards who volunteered to conduct the pilot round of stream surveys. 2 Abstract Citizen volunteers conducted stream shoreline surveys on Vine Brook and Willard’s Brook in Lexington, Massachusetts on May 9, 2009 to identify potential issues with stream health and function. The surveys were the pilot project of Lexington’s new Watershed Stewardship Program, a citizen science-based project that aims to survey all of Lexington’s 20 streams and follow-up with remediation efforts. Volunteer stewards collected observational data on general stream characteristics (i.e. water color, water odor, habitat features), potential problem areas (i.e. garbage, erosion, sedimentation), and outfalls. Photographs were used to document notable features. Results indicate no major crises on the stream at this time but a number of issues to be address in the near future. These include erosion and sedimentation issues (particularly around outfalls), stream blockages, and garbage in the stream. -
Middlesex County, Massachusetts (All Jurisdictions)
Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 39105CV000A VOLUME 3 OF 8 MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS (ALL JURISDICTIONS) COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER ACTON, TOWN OF 250176 ARLINGTON, TOWN OF 250177 Middlesex County ASHBY, TOWN OF 250178 ASHLAND, TOWN OF 250179 AYER, TOWN OF 250180 BEDFORD, TOWN OF 255209 COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER BELMONT, TOWN OF 250182 MELROSE, CITY OF 250206 BILLERICA, TOWN OF 250183 NATICK, TOWN OF 250207 BOXBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250184 NEWTON, CITY OF 250208 BURLINGTON, TOWN OF 250185 NORTH READING, TOWN OF 250209 CAMBRIDGE, CITY OF 250186 PEPPERELL, TOWN OF 250210 CARLISLE, TOWN OF 250187 READING, TOWN OF 250211 CHELMSFORD, TOWN OF 250188 SHERBORN, TOWN OF 250212 CONCORD, TOWN OF 250189 SHIRLEY, TOWN OF 250213 DRACUT, TOWN OF 250190 SOMERVILLE, CITY OF 250214 DUNSTABLE, TOWN OF 250191 STONEHAM, TOWN OF 250215 EVERETT, CITY OF 250192 STOW, TOWN OF 250216 FRAMINGHAM, TOWN OF 250193 SUDBURY, TOWN OF 250217 GROTON, TOWN OF 250194 TEWKSBURY, TOWN OF 250218 HOLLISTON, TOWN OF 250195 TOWNSEND, TOWN OF 250219 HOPKINTON, TOWN OF 250196 TYNGSBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250220 HUDSON, TOWN OF 250197 WAKEFIELD, TOWN OF 250221 LEXINGTON, TOWN OF 250198 WALTHAM, CITY OF 250222 LINCOLN, TOWN OF 250199 WATERTOWN, TOWN OF 250223 LITTLETON, TOWN OF 250200 WAYLAND, TOWN OF 250224 LOWELL, CITY OF 250201 WESTFORD, TOWN OF 250225 MALDEN, CITY OF 250202 WESTON, TOWN OF 250226 MARLBOROUGH, CITY OF 250203 WILMINGTON, TOWN OF 250227 MAYNARD, TOWN OF 250204 WINCHESTER, TOWN OF 250228 MEDFORD, CITY OF 250205 WOBURN, CITY OF 250229 REVISED: July 6, 2016 Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 25017CV003C NOTICE TO FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY USERS Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program have established repositories of flood hazard data for floodplain management and flood insurance purposes. -
Flood Insurance Study Vol. 8
VOLUME 8 OF 8 MIDDLESEX COUNTY, MASSACHUSETTS (ALL JURISDICTIONS) COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER ACTON, TOWN OF 250176 ARLINGTON, TOWN OF 250177 Middlesex County ASHBY, TOWN OF 250178 ASHLAND, TOWN OF 250179 AYER, TOWN OF 250180 BEDFORD, TOWN OF 255209 COMMUNITY NAME COMMUNITY NUMBER BELMONT, TOWN OF 250182 MELROSE, CITY OF 250206 BILLERICA, TOWN OF 250183 NATICK, TOWN OF 250207 BOXBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250184 NEWTON, CITY OF 250208 BURLINGTON, TOWN OF 250185 NORTH READING, TOWN OF 250209 CAMBRIDGE, CITY OF 250186 PEPPERELL, TOWN OF 250210 CARLISLE, TOWN OF 250187 READING, TOWN OF 250211 CHELMSFORD, TOWN OF 250188 SHERBORN, TOWN OF 250212 CONCORD, TOWN OF 250189 SHIRLEY, TOWN OF 250213 DRACUT, TOWN OF 250190 SOMERVILLE, CITY OF 250214 DUNSTABLE, TOWN OF 250191 STONEHAM, TOWN OF 250215 EVERETT, CITY OF 250192 STOW, TOWN OF 250216 FRAMINGHAM, TOWN OF 250193 SUDBURY, TOWN OF 250217 GROTON, TOWN OF 250194 TEWKSBURY, TOWN OF 250218 HOLLISTON, TOWN OF 250195 TOWNSEND, TOWN OF 250219 HOPKINTON, TOWN OF 250196 TYNGSBOROUGH, TOWN OF 250220 HUDSON, TOWN OF 250197 WAKEFIELD, TOWN OF 250221 LEXINGTON, TOWN OF 250198 WALTHAM, CITY OF 250222 LINCOLN, TOWN OF 250199 WATERTOWN, TOWN OF 250223 LITTLETON, TOWN OF 250200 WAYLAND, TOWN OF 250224 LOWELL, CITY OF 250201 WESTFORD, TOWN OF 250225 MALDEN, CITY OF 250202 WESTON, TOWN OF 250226 MARLBOROUGH, CITY OF 250203 WILMINGTON, TOWN OF 250227 MAYNARD, TOWN OF 250204 WINCHESTER, TOWN OF 250228 MEDFORD, CITY OF 250205 WOBURN, CITY OF 250229 EFFECTIVE: JUNE 4, 2010 Federal Emergency Management Agency FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY NUMBER 25017CV008A NOTICE TO FLOOD INSURANCE STUDY USERS Communities participating in the National Flood Insurance Program have established repositories of flood hazard data for floodplain management and flood insurance purposes. -
Water Withdrawals, Use, and Wastewater Return Flows in the Concord River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts, 1996–2000
Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Water Withdrawals, Use, and Wastewater Return Flows in the Concord River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts, 1996–2000 Public Self- supply supply Domestic water use Commercial water use Industrial water use Agricultural water use Unaccounted-for water Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5158 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Water Withdrawals, Use, and Wastewater Return Flows in the Concord River Basin, Eastern Massachusetts, 1996–2000 By Lora K. Barlow1, Linda M. Hutchins2, and Leslie A. DeSimone1 1 U.S. Geological Survey 2 Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation Prepared in cooperation with the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection Scientific Investigations Report 2008–5158 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1–888–ASK–USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1–888–ASK–USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted material contained within this report. Suggested citation: Barlow, L.K., Hutchins, L.M., and DeSimone, L.A., 2009, Water withdrawals, use, and wastewater return flows in the Concord River Basin, eastern Massachusetts, 1996–2000: U.S. -
Open Space Plan
\\mawald\ld\10400.00\reports\2008 OSRP\Cover.indd TOWN OF LEXINGTON Plan Update 2009 TOWN OF LEXINGTON Plan Update 2009 Table of Contents 1. Plan Summary ................................................................................................................. 1-1 2. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 2-1 2.1 Statement of Purpose ............................................................................................. 2-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 2-1 Previous Open Space and Recreation Plans .......................................................... 2-1 2.2 Planning Process and Public Participation ............................................................. 2-5 Planning Process .................................................................................................... 2-5 Public Participation ................................................................................................. 2-6 2.3 Enhanced Outreach and Public Participation ......................................................... 2-7 3. Community Setting ........................................................................................................ 3-1 3.1 Regional Context .................................................................................................... 3-1 Introduction ............................................................................................................