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Applications of a New Geodata Crawler for Landscape Ecology: from Mapping Natural Stream Hydrology to Monitoring Endangered Beet

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Applications of a New Geodata Crawler for Landscape Ecology: from Mapping Natural Stream Hydrology to Monitoring Endangered Beet University of Arkansas, Fayetteville ScholarWorks@UARK Theses and Dissertations 12-2014 Applications of a New Geodata Crawler for Landscape Ecology: From Mapping Natural Stream Hydrology to Monitoring Endangered Beetles Douglas Ryan Leasure University of Arkansas, Fayetteville Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd Part of the Geographic Information Sciences Commons, Hydrology Commons, and the Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology Commons Recommended Citation Leasure, Douglas Ryan, "Applications of a New Geodata Crawler for Landscape Ecology: From Mapping Natural Stream Hydrology to Monitoring Endangered Beetles" (2014). Theses and Dissertations. 2093. http://scholarworks.uark.edu/etd/2093 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Applications of a New Geodata Crawler for Landscape Ecology: From Mapping Natural Stream Hydrology to Monitoring Endangered Beetles Applications of a New Geodata Crawler for Landscape Ecology: From Mapping Natural Stream Hydrology to Monitoring Endangered Beetles A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology by Douglas Ryan Leasure University of Arkansas – Fort Smith Bachelor of Science in Biology, 2009 December 2014 University of Arkansas This dissertation is approved for recommendation to the Graduate Council. ____________________________________ Dr. Daniel D. Magoulick Dissertation Director ____________________________________ __________________________________ Dr. Gary R. Huxel Dr. Steven L. Stephenson Committee Member Committee Member ____________________________________ Dr. Jason A. Tullis Committee Member Abstract An investigation of endangered American burying beetle (Nicrophorus americanus) ecology led to development of a Geodata Crawler with applications in eco-hydrology. Geodata Crawler includes a national GIS (geospatial information systems) database with layers that quantify climate, land cover, soils, human development, and other attributes of the biosphere. For user-locations in the continental United States, Geodata Crawler can rapidly tabulate site- specific statistics within automatically delineated sample areas: points, site radii, watersheds, and riparian zones, among others. Geodata Crawler supported a multi-scale analysis of N. americanus habitat at a military installation in western Arkansas to produce a Landsat-based monitoring tool. Royle’s N-mixture model was used to simultaneously account for 1) the detection process associated with baited pitfall traps, and 2) the ecological processes driving spatial patterns of abundance. Detection rates of N. americanus averaged 20% and were optimized at about 29º C on nights with high humidity and slight wind. Effective sample radii assessed using marked beetles released at known locations were no more than 800 m, and detection rates dropped below 5% beyond 400 m. Nicrophorus americanus abundance was associated with native grasslands and open-canopy oak woodlands with rolling topography, sandy loam soils, and moderate disturbances from wildfire. Habitat measured within 800 m site radii produced best fitting models compared to 100 or 1600 m radii. A new above-ground bucket trap was evaluated in comparison to standard pitfall traps. Compared to standard pitfall traps, above-ground bucket traps were safer for beetles, more resistant to scavengers, and more time-efficient for workers to install. The first application of Geodata Crawler for aquatic ecology was an eco-hydrology project that identified seven natural flow regimes of the Ozark- Ouachita Interior Highlands based on daily hydrological data from 64 reference streams. Geodata Crawler quantified climate and catchment characteristics necessary to predict natural flow regimes of 24,557 un-gaged stream segments. This dissertation demonstrated the utility of Geodata Crawler for eco-hydrology and species distribution modeling. Development will continue to expand potential applications to include landscape genetics and climate change, and also to support web-based project submission, cluster computing, and FTP-based data retrieval. © 2014 By Douglas Ryan Leasure All Rights Reserved Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without contributions from many people. My graduate committee including Dan Magoulick, Gary Huxel, Jason Tullis, and Steven Stephenson provided constructive criticism throughout. Dr. Magoulick first introduced me to eco-hydrology and provided me a valuable foundation in experimental design and statistical analysis. Dr. Huxel provided me a broad foundation in ecology by encouraging exploration of the literature, and he sparked my interest in quantitative ecology. Dr. Tullis provided valuable training in GIS and remote sensing and first exposed me to Python programming. Dr. Stephenson trained me in forest ecology and field-based vegetation assessment. Scott Longing and Pablo Bacon provided initial motivation to develop Geodata Crawler with their excitement for aquatic insects like the Sulphur Springs diving beetle (Heterosternuta sulphuria). None of my work with N. americanus would have been possible without support from employees at Fort Chaffee Maneuver Training Center, particularly Dan Farrer, Beth Phillips, Dustin Opine, and Doug Cobb at the Environmental Branch, and military personnel at the Range Control office, particularly Sergeants Swad, Richmond, and Mickelson. N. americanus field work was also supported by FTN Associates, Ltd., particularly David Rupe, Jeremy Rigsby, Blake Griffis, and Robert Gregory. Funding for N. americanus field work was provided by the Arkansas Military Department through Fort Chaffee Environmental Branch. Arkansas Game and Fish Commission funded our eco-hydrology work with two State Wildlife Grants. Throughout graduate school, my family provided constant support and encouragement that kept me focused. Table of Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 American Burying Beetle ........................................................................................................ 2 Eco-hydrology ......................................................................................................................... 9 Works Cited............................................................................................................................... 11 Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 1. ................................................................................................................................. 16 Chapter I: Efficient new above-ground bucket traps produce comparable data to that of standard transects for endangered American burying beetles (Silphidae: Nicrophorus americanus Olivier) ..................................................................................................................... 17 Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 18 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 19 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 21 Results ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 28 Acknowledgments ..................................................................................................................... 31 Works Cited............................................................................................................................... 31 Tables ........................................................................................................................................ 33 Table 1. .................................................................................................................................. 34 Table 2. .................................................................................................................................. 35 Figures ....................................................................................................................................... 36 Figure 1. ................................................................................................................................. 37 Figure 2. ................................................................................................................................. 38 Figure 3. ................................................................................................................................. 39 Figure 4. ................................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 5. ................................................................................................................................
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