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A Foreign Policy Entrenching Egypt's African Identity

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A Foreign Policy Entrenching Egypt's African Identity African Perspectives EDITORIAL A Foreign Policy Entrenching Egypt’s African Identity By: Diaa Rashwan SIS Chairman Throughout several regional and international forums, Egypt’s foreign policy always pays due attention to the Afri- can continent, thus entrenching Egypt’s identity and belong- ing to Africa, stemming from the fact that Egypt’s belonging to its African arena is a main component of the Egyptian “identity” throughout various ages, in addition to being a pivotal element in formulating the cultural features of the Egyptian personality. This is asserted in the text and pream- ble of 2014 Constitution. Moreover, the political address of President Abdel Fattah Al-Sisi, whether domestically or abroad, asserts the historic and strategic importance of the Egyptian-African relations and shows Egypt’s pride of its African belonging “we are determined to restore Egypt’s status and to contribute effectively with the rest of the Afri- can countries in meeting the challenges that lie ahead, espe- cially terrorism, organized crime, epidemics andenviron- mental degradation.” Within this context, the quantitative analysis of President Al-Sisi’s foreign visits and international meetings with foreign leaders and offi- cials since assuming office on June 8, 2014,refers to the priority which his Excellency gives to the Egyptian-African Relations. In this vein, out Volume 13 - Issue 46 - 2017 5 African Perspectives of 69 foreign visits, Al-Sisi paid Furthermore, the Egyptian ac- 21 visits to African countries; tion on the continental level re- thus representing more than 30% fers to several pivots and circles of the total foreign presidential in this respect: the African Horn, visits. Moreover, out of 543 meet- East Africa, the Nile Basin Coun- ings with leaders and officials tries, Central Africa Countries, from several states and interna- South Africa Countries, and tional organizations who visited West Africa Countries. This was Egypt in the last three years, Al- confirmed in Al-Sisi’s visits to a Sisi held 112 with African offi- number of African states, cials and heads of states. namely: Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, Equatorial Guinea, Tan- In this respect, the Egyptian zania, Rwanda, Gabon, and political presence was not only Chad, in addition to the visits of confined on the active contribu- tens of African heads of states tion in the African summits and and governments, ministers and forums, but also extended to in- representatives, not to mention clude the contributions in the the miscellaneous ties and rela- various strategic, regional and tions between Egypt and its Afri- international forums with Africa, can arena on the cultural, media, salient of which are: the Africa- and religious levels in a manner EU Summit in Brussels in April that can be called “civilisational 2014, the Africa-US Summit in unity”. Washington in August 2014, the India-Africa Summit in October According to this vision for the 2015, the Forum on China-Africa international relations, Egypt’s Cooperation in December 2015, policy towards Africa is always and the Germany-Africa Summit keen to assert certain historic in 2017. and strategic constants, salient of 6 SIS African Perspectives which are: uphoisting the princi- manitarian potentials in Africa, ples of regional cooperation, and whether through sending thou- adopting an Egyptian role in the sands of Egyptian experts to Af- fields of humanitarian and eco- rica or through receiving thou- nomic developments in a manner sands of Africans who are being that the slogan “regional secu- trained in the fields of judicial rity, development and integra- cooperation, Police cooperation, tion” can be regarded as Egypt’s education, medical assistance, message to the African states on and food aid, in addition to offer- the one hand, and Egypt’s meth- ing courses for the African diplo- odology in international forums mats and providing training and on the other hand. cooperation in the media field. Stemming from this vision, Moreover, through its member- Egypt hosted several key African ship in the African Peace and Se- summits and activities such as: curity Council and the Security the African Conference of the Council and its chairmanship to Three Blocs in 2015 (COMESA, the Committee on Climate SADC, East Africa), the Africa Change, Egypt was keen to adopt Investment Forum in 2016, and the African causes. In this vein, the meeting of the Sahel and Sa- Egypt sought to support the Afri- hara Ministers of Defense in can Peace and Security structure 2016. The role of “The Egyptian and intensified its partnership in Agency for Partnership for De- the UN Peace-keeping mission in velopment” had also been promi- Africa, thus restoring its position nent as an Egyptian- African as one of the top ten contributing mechanism for enhancing the hu- troops in this mission. Volume 13 - Issue 46 - 2017 7 STUDIES & African Perspectives ARTICLES Elections and Democratic Transformation in Africa Dr. Ahmad Amal Lecturer of Political Science Institute of African Research and Studies, Cairo University Since the 1970s, several politicians regarded the electoral process as one of the major signs of political transformation. Currently, elections are the only accepted means for realizing peaceful trans- formation of power. On the other hand, after the lapse of around four decades since the begin- ning of the third wave of political transformation worldwide, it seems that there is an obscure relation between elections and political transformation. Despite adopting the competitive multiparty elections system, yet realizing tangible results in the democratic transformation is still questionable. It is also noticeable that in various African countries such as Kenya, Cameroon, Mozambique, among others, elections are held just to renew the legitimacy of the ruling party. First: Assessing the Relationship between Elections and Democracy in Africa As regards the African experience in the relationship between elections and democracy, several indicators should be put into consideration; including the acceptance of the political parties to the elections as the only means to trans- fer power to any of the competitive parties. The second indicator measures the impact of such elections on democratic transformation, as it monitors whether the elections had realized peaceful transformation of power or con- tributed to renewing the legitimacy of the ruling party. The third indicator measures the popular acceptance and the confidence of the masses in the electoral process through following the percentage of public participation in the electoral process since the beginning of the political transformation process till present. The fourth indicator measures one of the major characteristics of the democratic elections; sticking to the peaceful na- ture of elections and abandoning violence. 1. Systematic and Regular Elections Some believe that the systematic and regular form of elections will provide the state with further democratic specifications, as elections are the only ac- cepted means for distributing the executive and legislative posts on the vari- 8 SIS African Perspectives ous parties. In this respect, the rela- tion to control the political life. In tion between elections and democ- this vein, military coups emerged in racy in Africa can be measured four of the African countries that through a main indicator repre- had previously succeeded in ending sented in the regular run of elections the transitional phase. In two coun- and avoiding any setbacks that tries, the military institutions held might lead to resorting to alternative power, and then handled over power means – definitely non-democratic, after a new transitional phase to a in determining the political office- civil-elected authority. In Guinea, holders. Out of thirty African states upon the death of President Lansana that declared in the 1990s their en- Conte in December 2008, a coup trance in a transitional phase to d’etat had been declared; thus sus- achieve democratic transformation, pending the constitution and prohib- only 17 countries succeeded in run- iting any political activity. In August ning regular and organized elec- 2009, Moussa Dadis, the military tions, while the other 13 countries leader of Guinea, declared that the had suspended the process of run- presidential and parliamentary elec- ning elections either due to civil tions will be held in the first quarter wars or coup d’état. of 2010. Upon an assassination at- In other cases, the suspension of tempt against Camara in December elections was the main reason be- 2009, his vice-president Sekouba hind the eruption of civil wars. In Konate held power and pledged to Cote d’Ivoire two years after the run elections in December 2020. election of Laurent Gbagbo as the Such elections came with Alpha president in 2000, the first civil war Conde as president, while the legis- erupted for five years and led to the lative elections had been postponed disruption of elections that was sup- to 2012. posed to be held in 2005. Upon the 2. Elections and Peaceful Transfer disputes that erupted on the 2010 of Powers: elections results, the second civil war According to the pattern of the erupted between the supporters of transfer of power, elections is the both candidates Laurant Gbagbo main tool for the transformation and Alassane Outtara and ended from an emerging democracy to a with the intervention of the French deep-rooted one that is represented Forces in favor of Outtara. in a peaceful transfer of power Another case of the interruption
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