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University of Groningen A phantom medium? de Jong, Bas DOI: 10.33612/diss.107823182 IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2019 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): de Jong, B. (2019). A phantom medium? the SDAP, the Labour Party and the politics of radio broadcasting in the Netherlands and Great Britain (1920-1940). A comparative study. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen. https://doi.org/10.33612/diss.107823182 Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). The publication may also be distributed here under the terms of Article 25fa of the Dutch Copyright Act, indicated by the “Taverne” license. More information can be found on the University of Groningen website: https://www.rug.nl/library/open-access/self-archiving-pure/taverne- amendment. Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): http://www.rug.nl/research/portal. For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date: 30-09-2021 A phantom medium? The SDAP, the Labour Party and the politics of radio broadcasting in the Netherlands and Great Britain (1920-1940) A comparative study Bas de Jong Paranimfen Rik Visschedijk Janko van de Kempe Voor Froukje, Else, Filip en Jonna The author of this dissertation received welcome support to conduct his research in Great Britain in the form of a Marie Curie Fellowship in the European Doctorate Programme ‘Building on the Past’. He was also awarded with an E.P. Thompson Memorial Bursary, granted by the Society for the Study of Labour History, which was used for the same purpose. The picture on the cover of this book was taken on 24 July 1937, on the occasion of the opening of the labour movement’s open air theatre at ‘De Paasheuvel’ in Vierhouten, the Netherlands. The VARA was present at this occasion to broadcast a report of the festivities. The picture comes from the collection of the International Institute of Social History (IISH), Amsterdam. Photographer J. Coerdès. The persons on the picture are (from left to right): Meijer de Vries (at the microphone), Gerard Nicolaas and Jan Peters. Cover design: Koen Edens Printed by Netzodruk Groningen, the Netherlands ISBN: 978-94-034-2232-9 (printed version) ISBN: 978-94-034-2231-2 (digital version) A phantom medium? The SDAP, the Labour Party and the politics of radio broadcasting in the Netherlands and Great Britain (1920-1940) A comparative study Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. C. Wijmenga en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 19 december 2019 om 12:45 uur door Bas de Jong geboren op 22 november 1978 te ’s-Gravenhage Promotor Prof. dr. H.B.M. Wijfjes Beoordelingscommissie Prof. dr. D.F.J. Bosscher Prof. dr. I. de Haan Prof. dr. H. te Velde Contents Introductory part Chapter 1. Introduction 9 1.1 An empty void 9 1.2 Problem: radio, television and political change 11 1.3 Purpose: an Anglo-Dutch comparison 15 1.4 Comparative framework and research questions 19 1.5 Notes on sources and methods 20 1.6 Outline 24 Chapter 2. A new beginning? Steps towards an integrated approach to media innovation and political change in history 27 2.1 Constitutive moment 29 2.2 Public sphere 30 2.3 Representation 33 2.4 Integration 36 2.5 Time and space 40 2.6 The enigma of the political 41 Part I Red blueprints for broadcasting 45 Introduction 47 Chapter 3. A socialist victory? The Labour Party and the birth of the British Broadcasting Corporation 53 3.1 The Liberal shadow (1918-1922) 53 3.2 From ‘wireless telegraphy’ to the British Broadcasting Company (1918-1922) 56 3.3 Broadcasting in a divided nation 58 3.4 The Sykes Committee and the Labour Party (1923) 61 3.5 Politics of ownership 68 3.6 Labour’s first government (1924) 72 3.7 The Crawford Committee (1925-1926) 76 3.8 The BBC and the General Strike 80 3.9 The British Broadcasting Corporation 83 Chapter 4. ‘Avoiding fragmentation’. The SDAP between public and private broadcasting 89 4.1 The SDAP in the early 1920s (1918-1922) 89 4.2 An ‘oasis of tranquillity’. From ‘wireless telegraphy’ to broadcasting 92 4.3 Between unity and division in the Dutch 1920s 95 4.4 The SDAP and the Posthuma Committee (1925) 98 4.5 ‘Vereeniging van Arbeiders Radio Amateurs’ 102 4.6 Ruijs de Beerenbrouck Committee (1925-1926) 103 4.7 Between public and private interests 109 4.8 ‘In expectation of a definitive arrangement’ (1926-1928) 113 4.9 The ‘radio struggle’ continues (1928-1930) 117 4.10 A victorious defeat 119 Comparison and conclusion 125 Part II Between independence and control 133 Introduction 135 Chapter 5. ‘We are the supreme authority’. The Labour Party and the BBC in the 1920s and 1930s 139 5.1 ‘Absolute supremacy’. Reith and the Board of Governors 140 5.2 Labour’s second minority government and the BBC 145 5.3 Labour in crisis 150 5.4 Labour in opposition 151 5.5 ‘What they do in Holland is illegal in England’ 156 5.6 Discovering the public corporation 159 5.7 Labour and the Ullswater Committee of 1935 161 5.8 A ‘problem of control’ 165 5.9 A new era? 171 Chapter 6. A ‘pleasant and productive’ partnership? The SDAP and the VARA in the 1920s and 1930s 175 6.1 ‘An extremely unpleasant history’ (1925-1928) 176 6.2 ‘Within immediate reach of the party’ (1928-1930) 181 6.3 The VARA promoted 188 6.4 Radio Broadcasting Control Committee 189 6.5 ‘Severe resistance, if necessary very severe resistance’ 192 6.6 Parliamentarism and its discontents (1931-1933) 196 6.7 General election of 1933 199 6.8 Crossing borders and boundaries (1933-1934) 200 6.9 Towards a brighter future? (1933-1937) 205 6.10 Pacification (1934-1937) 208 6.11 ‘Vulgarities and narcotics’ (1937-1940) 211 Comparison and conclusion 215 Part III ‘Jazz politics’ 227 Introduction 229 Chapter 7. ‘So glad that progress is being made’. The Labour Party, the BBC and party politics in programmes 233 7.1 ‘You will never broadcast a great stage scene’ 233 7.2 Party politics in public 235 7.3 An integrator of democracy? 239 7.4 A ban on controversy (1923-1928) 240 7.5 An attempt at party broadcasting 243 7.6 ‘A mechanical election’ (1929) 247 7.7 ‘Jazz politics’ (1929-1931) 251 7.8 ‘Bolshevism run mad’ (1931) 256 7.9 Picking up the pieces 259 7.10 The Week in Westminster (1931-1933) 261 7.11 ‘Perverted values of the party game’ (1931-1933) 264 7.12 A hierarchy of political discourses on radio 269 7.13 Reporting Parliament 271 7.14 ‘Election By Wireless?’ 276 7.15 Labour and the Ullswater Committee 280 7.16 ‘Live political issues’ 284 7.17 A fitting finale 287 Chapter 8. ‘A little devil’. The SDAP, the VARA and party politics in programmes 291 8.1 A squeaking sound 291 8.2 Politics of the red family 293 8.3 A hesitant start (1925-1928) 296 8.4 The noise and trouble of an election campaign (1929) 299 8.5 The poison of politics (1930) 305 8.6 Between studio and platform (1930-1933) 308 8.7 A heated general election (1933) 317 8.8 A sense of radio fatigue? (1933-1934) 322 8.9 A ‘Listener’s-Diary’ 326 8.10 A new beginning? (1934-1935) 329 8.11 A phantom medium? (1935-1937) 333 8.12 A silent election (1937) 344 8.13 The shape of things to come (1937-1940) 346 Comparison and conclusion 351 Concluding part 369 Chapter 9. Between presence and absence. The theatre of politics. Conclusion 371 Samenvatting 399 Dankwoord 407 Curriculum vitae 411 Sources and literature 413 Index 423 INTRODUCTORY PART INTRODUCTORY 8 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 An empty void As a former Director of Talks of the BBC Hilda Matheson was well informed about the secrets of broadcasting, but in the mid-1930s she confessed that radio was still something of an enigma to her.1 Matheson had left the BBC in late 1931, but in the years before she had established her reputation as someone with a keen eye for the innovative potential of broadcasting and a strong belief in its value as a means of education and enlightenment. Her resignation did little to curb her interest for broadcasting, and she continued to write about the subject in the following years for various publications.2 Among these was the left-leaning political journal The Political Quarterly, which in 1934 had asked her to elaborate on the relationship between politics and broadcasting. In taking up the invitation, Matheson opened her article by reflecting on the medium-specific qualities of radio: ‘of all forms of communication broadcasting is the most elusive’: ‘you cannot see it, nor feel it, nor hear it, except at the fleeting moment of its first projection into the ether’.3 With politics being an equally elusive category, Matheson continued by arguing that the interplay between politics and broadcasting was a highly slippery one.
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