E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) The BertrandRussellResearchCentre,McMasterU. russell: picture ofRussell’scomplexrelationshipwithPeter. evolving viewsonfascismandpaci letters demonstrate the impactofto these Additionally, mechanics. quantum of understanding cantly enhancedhis Wern his meetingswithNielsBohrand sions oftwoimportantpapersinhis retu Sweden, and Norway.Theto Denmark, to annotated transcriptionsoftwentyletters third wife.Thesearchivalrestrictions Marjorie ence Russellexchangedwith undocumented becauseofthelongstandingembargoontourcorrespond- 1935hasbeenlargely October Bertrand Russell’sScandinavianlecturetourin p. 18; in thesecountries.” levelofgeneralwell-being person canfailtobestruckbytheveryhigh “I 1 “In Lands Where Slums and Wars Are Unknown”, AreUnknown”, Wars Where Slumsand Lands “In Papers “NO POVERTY,MUCHCOMFORT, the JournalofBertrandRussellStudie y y y October 1935,and“Idonotthinkthatanyunprejudiced readers ofthe Bertrand Russellinformed Norway”, and Sweden, Denmark, have beenlatelytravellingin History, Lakehead U. / Russell Research Centre, McMaster U. Centre,McMaster U./RussellResearch Lakehead History, 21:60. BERTRAND RUSSELL’S Orillia, SCANDINAVIAN TOUR 1 LITTLE WEALTH”: Russell’s brief account of his travels appearing in this Russell’sbriefaccountofhistravelsappearingin on Michael D.Stevenson , Canada , Canada stevenm  l 3 v @ W 0 rticles sm, and theyprovidethe sm, mcmaster.ca b ended in 2009, andin this paperpresents ended ur onRussell’spoliticalthoughtandhis (“Peter”) Spence, his lover and future (“Peter”) Spence,hislover 9 /Hamilton, n.s.31(winter2011–12): 101–40 s rn to philosophy inthemid-1930s,and er HeisenberginCopenhagensigni sent byRusselltoPeter during his trip ur allowedRusselltotestearlyver- The SundayReferee issn on Sunday Referee 0036-01631; online1913-8032

l 1935 8 s 4 l 6 W , 27Oct.1935, rst intimate inlate W - E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) between Russell andPeter Russell between papers toMcMaster,allowingthemarvellouscorrespondence Russell’s expired however,thisembargo Peter’sdeathin2004, demic researchers.Upon as “Peter”—duringtheScandinaviantour were originally closedtoaca- dence withhissecondwife,DoraRussell,orclosecon have beenanalyzedprimarilythroughhis voluminous privatecorrespon- University’s RussellArchives.WhileRussell’svisitstotheUnitedStates respondence relatedtotheScandinaviantourpreservedinMcMaster andthereforeontheextantcor- correspondence withcertainspouses tours between1924and1931. contrast totheextensive documentat information aboutthistourstandsinmarked of period. Thepaucity primary source of one of his most importantlecturetoursoftheinterwar of colonies and limited militarybudgets ofScandinaviannations—isthe itinerary and instead emphasizedthelessonstobelearnedfrom the lack London-based weekly—anaccountwhichremainedlargely silent onhis d.stevenson michael 102 Spence exchangedbyRusselland Marjorie letters Ottoline Morrell,the envelopes havea Archives ispresentedhere. senttoPeterandpreservedintheRussell Russell of twentyletters and Norwaybetween5 and 28 October 1935,anannotatedtranscription the previouslyincompletepictureof “splendid letterfromBertieha (710.106374b), attachedtoa CromptonLlewelynDavies,during and lawyer, to LundfromCopenhagen.Russellalsowrote been writtenon13October,th accountofhisconversati the Letters 12 Peter on7October; missing W typed as asecond line and“England” as the House |HartingPeters Telegraph | Spence led at 3 2 on The reasonforthisdiscrepancywastheembargoRussellplaced At least seven piecesofcorrespondencefrom The nineteen handwrittenlettersarestill nineteen The She legallychangedhernamebydeed poll ra z — 2 —his thirdwife,after their 1936 marriage, andcommonlyknown W and 2 710.106091–.106110. z a “little letter in the train”, 5 October, a “littleletterinthetrain”,5 ve yearslaterinaccordancewithtothetermsoftransfer 18 Luftpost ; and those mentioned by her on 15 October and on 22 October) and ; andthosementionedbyheron15October22October) W ve telegrams(the z sticker. Allbutoneenvelope on withWernerHeisenberg(seebelow)thatwouldhave letter Peter sent to Russell on Russell to letter Petersent s come re Zeno”, and Russell and come re Zeno”, s e day of their meeting, or 14 October, when he travelled or14October,whenhe meeting, oftheir e day 3 W nally tobeopenthepublic.Toremedy W rst arrived on 6 October; those mentioned in mentioned rst arrivedon6October;those W ion covering Russell’s four American four ion coveringRussell’s Russell’s trip to Denmark, Sweden, Russell’striptoDenmark, W eld | England”. The exception has his name his has Theexception eld | England”. fth. Withthesurvivingtelegram,theyare to PatriciaHelenSpenceinJanuary1936. with theirenvelopes,andalmostallthe at leasttwomissingletterstohisfriend RusselltoPetersentduringthetripare thetour:anotefromDaviestoPeter onthewaytohisship,mentioned by was addressed byRussellto“Miss addressed was sent another letter to Davies to sent anotherletter 21 October, states that a W dantes suchas E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) 1934–1935 on the topic of “Rational and Intu on thetopicof“Rational termined before leaving for England approximately1March. England termined beforeleavingfor be de- deliver onelectureinOsloandTrondheimondatesyetto Leaving StockholmforNorwayon25February,Russellwould February. and22 deliverthreelecturesbetween20 to would traveltoStockholm on 18February,Bredsdor Danish coastaltownofElsinore.WithRussellarriving in Lund, Sweden, and deliver four lectures before resting from 12 to 18 Februaryaccompanied by Peter—was to arrive inCopenhagenon6February1935 near the Russell— 1934. proposing apreliminaryitineraryinlateNovember ofcorrespondenceresultedinBredsdor rangements, andanexchange sell andBredsdor Andersen. Rus- Christian Hans 1979 andbecomealeadingauthorityon to whowouldlaterteachatCambridgeUniversityfrom1949 student following arequestfromEliasLunnBredsdor on 19October(see W Association for Cultural Cooperation, Association forCultural to lecturethe travel with Peter to Vienna after thecompletionofScandinaviantour had alsoagreedinlate1934to and “EducationPolitics”.Russell Reason”,“ScienceandReligion”, ism inPhysics”,“TheRevoltagainst W Copenhagen on11February.Inmid-January1935,Russell Bredsdor suit meperfectly”, subsequently informedBredsdor na, butIamnotveryanxioustogo.” Vienna intheleast”,Russellwroteon5January.“IshallnotgotoVien- proposed triptoVienna.“Idonotmindyoupayingthefares tially, RussellhadunsuccessfullyaskedBredsdor of the Vienna engagementwasnotsecureduntil mid-January 1935. Ini- ts histhencurrentbookproject ve lecturetopicsforthetour:“TheLimitsofEmpiricism”, “Determin- Russell initially agreed in April 1934 to aScandinavianspeakingtour Russell initiallyagreedinApril1934 7 6 5 4 RusselltoBredsdor RusselltoBredsdor Bredsdor The1934–35 , p.3, T con T ra toRussell,26Nov.1934, Kulturbund Rec.Acq.1,111 W Letter 15 rmed thewillingnessofScandinaviantourorganizers T Kulturbund metinLondonJune1934to further discuss the ar- 5 and he also agreed to deliver a radio broadcastin radio a andhealsoagreedtodeliver T T , 5 Jan. 1935. , 5Jan. , 5 Jan. 1935, , 5Jan. “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” ). z lectureprogrammelistedRussellspeakinginMarch 1935 T a scheduledtwolecturestherebeforeRussell on reasonandunreason(seen.27). . NosuchpaperbyRussell is known, though the topic itive Philosophies”. Seethelea Philosophies”. itive , the Austrian branch of the International the , theAustrianbranchof ra T Rec.Acq.1,111 ra thatthe“arrangementsyoupropose Rec.Acq.1,111 6 althoughthe 7 Shortly thereafter,however, Shortly f T . T (1912–2002), aDanish f to cover the cost of the cover thecost of to . X W et, nal con Vortragsprogramm W nalized the W 4 rmation Russell 103 T E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) new items unless paid.” new itemsunless work”, heinformedhisDanishorganizer,“and I will not undertake additionalcompensation:“Yourprogrammecontainsenough without radio broadcast,butherefusedainterviewproposedby Bredsdor receive £4.10.0fortheDanish to was He tour. the of the planningstages occasion in one only on payment Amsterdam. Russellraisedtheissueof in sell’s papersheldattheInternationalInstituteforSocialHistory locatedinDoraRus- income andexpensesstatementfor1935–36 in his ture fees, and norecordofRussell’sincomefromthe tour is to be found issue oflec- the But hislettersfromtheScandinaviantouraresilenton dor sell aboutavisittoDenmarkonbehalfofthe paid toRussell.Bredsdor lucrative tourfee referring tohimselfasa “mental male prostitute” Russell routinelycataloguedhislargespeaking fees inlettershome,wryly the trip. During hisfourAmericanle my thankstothoseconcerned.” topayfaresVienna;pleaseconvey willing be to kind sell: “Itisvery to covertheViennatripcosts,promptingagratefulresponsefrom Rus- d.stevenson michael 104 Bredsdor received was600Danishkroner Jørgen JørgensenKr.600,00.p.t.Copenh belowthe Royal shows Russellsigning Library 600 kroner fee paid todist 600 kronerfeepaid written in January or Februaryof1930,Jørg and 1931. Inahandwritten draft of one of hi asked RusselltolectureinCopenhagenNo Students’ SocialistSociety,anorganization that was “constantlybroke”. Min EgenKurs:Erindringer1912–1946 the foundin ofRussell’stouris Danish in dinavian tour 1,111 travel costs toDenmark(butnotaccommodationexpenses). costs travel provided by the Rask–ØrstedFundforvisitingscholarsthatalso covered 12 11 10 9 8 An intriguing element of Russell’stourconcernshisremunerationfor RusselltoBredsdor g RusselltoD.Russell,18Apr.1924, Tz A document in the papers ofJørgenJørgensen(see thepapers Adocumentin Bredsdor RusselltoBredsdor . This 64-pageEnglishtypescript ’s unpublished account of the trip is also silent on the issue of any of issue the unpublished accountofthetripisalsosilenton ’s T alsorevealedthatthree individuals weretheeventual z — T , “BertrandRussell:SomePers z was sold to the Russell Archives byBredsdor sold totheRussellArchives was T T , 14 Jan. 1935, , 14Jan. , 14 Jan. 1935, , 14Jan. inguished visitinglecturers. 10 The only othercashfeeRussellseemstohave The (Copenhagen:Gyldenda z — 8 ra SLBR ra z z close toone-thirdofwhichdealswiththeScan- — Rec.Acq.1,111 ensen mentionsthefund providing the small Rec.Acq.1,111 W agen, 14 October 1935.” Jørgensen had had Jørgensen 14October1935.” agen, s letters to Russellthat appearstohavebeen letters s z approximately £27 rst volumerst of Bredsdor vember 1929, arequestherepeatedin 1930 cture toursintheinterwarperiod, 2:242. onal Reminiscences”,p.1, typed statement: “Received ofProfessor “Received typed statement: T hadinitiallycontactedRus- Letter 2 f Studentersamfundet f . . T 9 during his 1924 tour. 1924 his during in 1990. A shorter account in1990.Ashorter , n.8) held in Denmark’s , n.8) heldin l, 1983),pp.83–7. z Tz — ’s autobiography, z from afund ra 11 W Rec.Acq. Breds- nancial , the any W rst T 12 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) ( tor’s diagnosiswhenhenoti of nothingbutsuicidetoavoidfurtherwork.” life beforebeensotiredandhadcometothepointwhereIcouldthink dence indicates that Russell dence indicatesthat ary Islands,andtheyreturnedon27March“fullofbeans”. Peter left Januaryforamuch-neededvacation England on31 in the Can- academics Russellhadbeen“particularlyeager” Niels BohrandOttoJespersen,Danish with converse tical situation,and reception oftwonewphilosophicalpapers,assessthe Continental poli- sponsors ofthetour other factor inhisbreakdown. factor other Russell overcustodyofhischildren,JohnandKate,hadbeenan- Dora W. quiring threemonthsof complete rest, January 1935 that Russell was “ina state ofacutenervousexhaustion”re- Streatfeild, Russell’sattendingphysician,informedBredsdor decision. Raymond this for forward vian tour.Variousreasonswereput long-time friendandsolicitor,CromptonLlewelyn Davies. Davies, thesonofhis Llewelyn Peter hadfalleninlovewithRichard mental collapsewaslater stated in his unpublished “PrivateMemoirs”— Russell theopportunitytovisitDenmarkfor Russell ofhistravelcostsandPeter’s.Thisarrangementa full coverage tioned above especially asyougetnofee.” “Iamdistressedthatyouaresobusy, that Peter indicatedtoRussell Danish-British Association.Mosttelling,oncethetourcommenced, Meyer, professors, andKarsten a prominentlawyerandpresidentofthe Papers 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 Upon theirreturn,thearrangementsforreschedulingScandina- In lateJanuary1935,however,RussellcancelledtheplannedScandina- y “BertrandRussell:SomePers Marjorie Spence to Russell, 10 Oct.1935, SpencetoRussell,10 Marjorie W. Norton, his American publisher, that his intense dispute with W. Norton,hisAmericanpublisher,thatintensedispute RusselltoW. See RusselltoMurray,22Jan.1935, brie had Russell’sship Streatfeild toBredsdor Streatfeild RusselltoOttolineMorrell,28March1935, z 15:xci). SLBR z 2:330.Thedocumentisin z — y W. Norton, 20 Feb. 1935, Feb. W. Norton,20 z agreed tolectureinScandinaviareturnonlyforthe agreed z — z X Jørgen Jørgensenand Edga T “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” y stoppedinCopenhagenon hi , 19 Jan. 1935, , 19Jan. W z — onal Reminiscences”, p.5. Reminiscences”, onal ed GilbertMurraythat“Ihaveneverinmy 13 It seems unusual, but the available evi- Itseemsunusual,buttheavailable z ra apart fromthetwocashpaymentsmen- 18 Rec. Acq. 71 Rec.Acq. ButtheprimaryreasonforRussell’s ra ra ra butstillunderRussell’sembargo. Rec.Acq.1,111 ra 16 Rec. Acq. 1 Rec.Acq. andRussellcon 710.106359. ra Rec. Acq. 69. Rec.Acq. e . 17 15 Russell also Russell informed r Rubin, two university r Rubin,two tomeet. s way to visit Russia in 1920 in Russia tovisit s way a f . . W rst time, W rmed hisdoc- 19 20 Russell and Russell 14 testthe T T on19 orded 105 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) provided Bredsdor provided arations Russell wasmakinginSeptemberan tour, notingthatthe preparation of Ru scheduled. Itisnotclearwhenthisdecisionwas required enormous e and intimate picture of the connection betweenthetwoindividualsin connection and intimatepictureofthe the information forRussellscholars.First,theysupply Esbjerg ontheNorthSea. letter printedbelowrecordshisplannedarrivalintheDanishportof October, andthe 5 Saturday, the tourbeforeheleftEnglandon vian tourwerequicklycon d.stevenson michael 106 “make herathoroughlyhealthywoman”, August, herappendixwasremovedin a procedure Russell hopedwould Russell duringthetourwascomplicatedbyherchronicillhealth.In ity ofsomeslightalterations.Peter’sexpresseddesiretoaccompany year withthepossibil- previous the proposed originally the sameasthose be deliverednowinOctober1935wouldremain to that thelecturetopics politically, andwedon’twantto and itwouldbepleasanttoseethecity, at allaboutgoingtoVienna.Ithinkyoumigh possibility ofgoingtoVienna speci January 1935.InhislettersfromScandinavi lectures hehadpreviouslydrafted. were developedfortherescheduledtour,Ru 1936 as “The Future of State Education”(see was delivered tothe Unionof Educational Institutions inBirminghamon17October ispossiblethatmaterialprepar his tour.It lecture). Russelldidnotpublishanarticleunde andthe State”, as he also titled“Education this proposed(or “Education andPolitics” mation concerningtheselectures.During that followed, Russell was kept “verybusypreparingthelectures” kept that followed,Russellwas that hewouldcomealone.Inthedays and experienced amedicalsetback cabledhisScandinaviantourorganizerthatPeterhad Russell however, would makethejourneywithhim.On1October, she that September Bredsdor inform improved enoughtoallowRussell parently Russell’s letters to Peter in October 1935 provideimportantnew to PeterinOctober1935 Russell’s letters 23 22 21 Russell didnotindicateifhewouldlectureonthe Russell’s cancelled March1935lecturetothe Russell’s RusselltoMorrell,3Oct.1935.Itisdi RusselltoMorrell,18Aug.1935. W cally identi W T ed, andtheannotationstole with adetailedmedica T ort” (21 Jan. 1935, ort” (21Jan. as late4July1935ina W spend muchtime.Won’tyoudecide?” rmed. ssell’s lectures, “whichhehasallbut ra 21 the tour,Russelldoesnotmentiondelivering Rec.Acq.1,111 but I doubt whetherweshouldlearnmuch I but l explanationfortheinit ed onthissubjectfortheScandinaviantour In May, Peter informedBredsdor May, In U d October 1935. In January 1935,Peterhad January d October1935.In t enjoytalkingtotheVienna philosophers, ssell musthavebeenrevisingorupdating a, fouroftheoriginal Papers cult to identify the speci cult toidentifythe r eitherofthesetitlesbeforeorfollowing W nally made,butPeterreferredtothe 22 21:337–43). Kulturbund tters provide bibliographic infor- tters providebibliographic andPeter’shealthhadap- W letter toRussell:“Idon’tknow ve topics he had mentioned in mentioned ve topicshehad c ). Sincenonewlecturetopics inViennawasnotre- ial cancellationofthe W lecture topics are rst substantive W c lectureprep- W T nished, has W inmid- rst tour 23 for T E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) competing forces a competing forces for eachother,butthiscorrespondencealsorevealsthecontestingand and PeterduringtheScandinaviantourcertainlyre Russell 2:308).Thelettersexchangedby years oftheirrelationship(Monk Monk believesmarkedthechaotic Ray that discord” rancour, and scholarlyattentionhasbeenpaidtothe“deceit, more andmuch 1936, Philosophical Society of the University ofDurhaminJanuary1936. Philosophical Societyofthe deliverytothe Scandinavian tourbeforethepaper’smoreprominent Danish philosopherJørgenJørgensen( Copenhagen andreceivedcommentsonitsmeritsfromtheleading lecture on7Octoberin inaugural his as paper 653), butRussellreadthis the Moral Science Club in Cambridge on 28 November 1935 ( November1935 the MoralScienceClubinCambridgeon28 was Empiricism” of been assertedthat“TheLimits has the tour.It leading scholarsandscientistsattendinghislecturesduring emphasizedthatRussellreceivedimportantfeedbackfrom be should twopapers.It Scandinavian lettersprovidemoredetailaboutthese piricism” and “DeterminismPhysics”.The annotations to Russell’s the Scandinaviantourtorollouttwootherpapers,“The Limits of Em- of theCambridgePhilosophicalSociety submitted tothe arly papershepublishedin1936,hadbeen for academic appointment. “OnOrderinTime”,the philosophy tosecureahoped- to return his in tour the importanceof notbasedonlaterre the mid-1930s hammer ( Forch- tryst duringthetourwithapreviouslyunknownlover,Grethe former loverssuch as RichardLlewelynDaviesanddocumentRussell’s highlightPeter’spersistentcontactwith with Russell.Thelettersalso into theirlives,particularlythroughherinteractionwithchildren uncertainty of Russell continuedtoinjectanelement Dora and Russell, ingly incurablehealthproblemswereanobvioussourceofconcernfor ( toPeter—“withwhomforsometimeIhadbeeninlove” reference ing observers. Inhis of di shaky foundationsoftheirrelationshipandprovideanominouspreview W the in- January 1936,shortlyafterRussell’sreturnfromScandinavia, Auto delity andtribulationsrecorded Similarly, Russell spoke on “Determinism and Physics”duringhis Similarly, Russellspokeon“Determinism The second insightprovidedbyRussell’sScandinavianletters concerns U . 2: 193)—as theyedited 193)—as . 2: culties tocome. Letters 8 Autobiography T and ecting theirromanceinitsearly stages. Peter’s seem- “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” 14 ). Although Russell and Peter would marry in marry Although RussellandPeterwould ). The AmberleyPapers , for example, Russell makes a single pass- single a , forexample,Russellmakes in theircorrespondencerevealthe z in September 1935, butRussellused in September 1935, X ections byRussellorexternal Letter 3 ). togetherin1935and W rst of threeschol- rst W rst deliveredto X ect their love ect their Proceedings Papers W 10: 107 nal E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) “without disgracingmyself delivered thispaperforthe in 1935. the famous attack(knownas their published had Einstein, BorisPodolsky,andNathanRosen after hottest its controversy withAlbertEinsteinaboutquantummechanicswasat time whenBohr’s a at Bohr. Thesemasterclasseswerealsoconducted claimed that“Iatlastunderstand”( the in ing fromtwooftheleadingphysicists correspondence withPeterrevealsthathe received comprehensivetutor- ture I shall havetocon shall ture I andinmylec- point, quantum theorytohaveacriticalopiniononthe that “Imustconfess,tomyshame,Icannot su departure fortheScandinaviantour,RusselladmittedcandidlytoBohr treated causalityasrelativelyunproblematic.Writingdaysbeforehis this topicbecause,inhislaterphilosophicalwritings,hefrequently believedthatRussell hadanincompletegraspof ars havetraditionally ing Russell’sunderstandingofquantummechanics and causality.Schol- wrote about”( also referredlaterinthetourto“thatconversation[withHeisenberg]I that “WhatyousayaboutHeisenbergisextremelyinteresting”;Russell Heisenbergdwellsinmymind”andon19October with conversation Heisenberg, sincePeterinformedRussellon18Octoberthat“Your hisconversationwith of October. Hehadclearlyprovidedanaccount nextsurvivinglettertoPeterisdated15 his cannot belocated,and enberg thenextday( October, Russell informed PeterthathewouldmeetwithWerner Heis- at leastoneletterRussellwrotetoPeterinScandinaviaislost.On12 interaction withleadingintellectuals Determinism andPhysicswon’tdo”( “The resultofhislecture”,Russellnoted,“isthatwhat I hadpreparedon Russell. to Bohr expoundedhisviewsonquantummechanicsdirectly inCopenhagen,Niels Before lecturingon“DeterminismandPhysics” d.stevenson michael 108 debate duringhisScandinaviantourandsurelyleftCopenhagenfully debate Physical Review The interaction with Bohr and Heisenberg is signi Heisenberg The interactionwithBohrand 25 24 “Can Quantum-Mechanical Description “CanQuantum-Mechanical Russell to Bohr, 30 Sept.1935, RusselltoBohr,30 25 Russell walked intotheepicentreofthisintenseacademic walked Russell 47(1935):777–80. Letter 18 Letter 8 W ). ne myselftogeneralities.” z W ” ( rst timeon10OctoberinBohr’spresence ra ), butRussell’saccountofthismeeting Letter 7 Rec.Acq.369 epr is incomplete because it appears that appears it because is incomplete Letter 4 Letter 4 paradox)onquantummechanics of RealityBeConsideredComplete?”, ). ThefullpictureofRussell’s a ) after his discussions with ) afterhisdiscussions . ), andRussellrevised and W eld, andRussellpro- U 24 W ButRussell’stour ciently understand cant indetermin- E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) maintained thattheywere“defendedbytheirverydefencelessness”. population”, andbyrefusingtomaintainasigni late. Danesenjoyed“ineverywayahigherstandardof life in the general out asthecountryEnglandshouldemu- late 1936,Denmarkwassingled of Nazism.Whenhispolemical in impacted Russellandcertainly deeply countries vitality ofScandinavian who was“evidentlygoingNazi”( Society muth Gottschalk( people he met, fromthe“ratherdisagreeable”Germancommunist Hel- hisregularideologicalcategorizationofmany in ism isalsoevident Russell’s acute interest in thepoliticalextremesoffascismand commun- the “menaceofHitler”( stay ofhisScandinavianlectureschedule,andhefrequentlyreferredto pansive andthoroughdeclarationsofhisa a fascinatingrangeofcharacters.Russell’sex- with personal interactions ity to observe political, social, intellectualandeconomicevents,his re-emphasizes hisconsummateletter-wr of fascistideologybeginninginthe nineteenth century, tion. “TheRevoltagainstReason”,Russell’saccountofthedevelopment situa- ters ishiskeenawarenessoftheworseninginternationalpolitical Bohr andHeisenberg. mechanicsafterhismeetingswith quantum of versed intheintricacies (2008): 39–64. SeeBrettLintott,“R abandoned. was in accordancewithinvariablelaws the seventeenth century ithasbeenheld that science shouldfeel of of doubtwhichtheman physics recentprogressin “because scientists, return fromScandinavia.Inthisarti ( mechanics arisingoutofhistimeinDenmar personal experience of Denmark in re personal experienceofDenmarkin extraordinary delicacyoftheirme Most physicistsnownolongerbelievethis, Sunday Referee X 28 27 26 Finally, Russell’scorrespondencewithPeterwrittenfrom Scandinavia from Russell’sScandinavianlet- derived The thirdimportantinsight uenced hisdevelopingviewsonpaci

Russellhadinitiallyhopedtowriteacomple Russell’smorecompleteunderstandingof Which WaytoPeace? , 10 Nov. 1935, p. 12; 12; Nov.1935,p. , 10 Letter 8 z (London:M.Joseph,1936),pp. 26 “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” Letter 3 ) to thepresidentofAnglo-Norwegian ) thods ofobservation.”Seealso , whichcouldbediscoveredbysu cle, Russelllamentsthedeclineofin Papers sponse toareviewofthisbook( ussell’s Aborted Book on Fascism”, ussell’s AbortedBookonFascism”, Which WaytoPeace? ) hangingoverScandinaviannations. 21:276–7),whichhewroteshortlyafterhis alloccurrencesinthephysicalworld…are and their disbelief is adirectresultofthe is and theirdisbelief has has theelement been toaccentuate such as k wasevidencedin“ScienceIsTottering” as regards his own principles. Ever since Ever ownprinciples. his regards as thecontroversysurroundingquantum iting skills,hisremarkablecapac- W sm asa response tothespectre te book on this topic, but the project but topic, te bookonthis Letter 17 T ection for Peter inmanyof for ection 136–7.Hereturnedtohis ). Theprosperityand W cant army,Russell Letter 4 z waspublishedin 27 wasthemain- Papers U cient genius.… cient , n.10. 21:468–9). Russell X uence of 28 109 z 28 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) a fool to cause you and me unhappiness” ( a fooltocauseyouandmeunhappiness” his letters are matched by hisstark, contriteadmissionthathehad“been michaeld.stevenson 110 am convinced that war with Italy will be avoided somehow. IgettoEjsberg avoided be will am convincedthatwarwithItaly we couldhavesuchfuntogether. is not so badasontheNorwegianboat.Itissadthat youarenotwithme— for hisdetailededitorialassistance,NickGri thank AndersTo Peter toRussellduringtheScandi by the eventsdescribedbyRussellandextractsofletterswritten on mentary provide detailedcom- also places—are notedintheannotations,which made byRussell—suchasthe errors brackets.Textualinsertionsaswell with editorialinsertionsinangle datesareplacedatthebeginningofallletters and standardized places inal correspondencefoundintheRussellArchives.Letternumbersand the orig- abbreviations, emphases,capitalizationandpunctuation,from overlooking theNorwegiancityofBergen. gious crank”( ( beat creationforvastness” that the physical appearanceofNielsBohrandhiswife—bothhaving “noses whom he interacted also arevint sharp commentsonahostofindividualswith nations. Thedetailedand the naturalandbuiltenvironmentsofScandinavian and thebeautyof from Scandinavia,includingthedomesticpolitical situation in Denmark Russell commentedextensivelyonavarietyofmatters commitments, withGretheForchhammer.Despitehisdemandingspeaking dezvous Selscab. aself-scab,sothatsteamship-CoisDampskib- a dampsquib&Co. They calledasteamer language. odd an wind, &summerwarmth.Danishis sun,agentlefollowing bright having themostperfectweatherimaginable: My Darling— Letter 1 identifying someofthepeopleRussellmetduring his Scandinavian tour. earlier draftofthispaper,andStefanAnderssonCarolKeenefor I heard the wireless yesterday evening but have heard no newsthismg. heard I heardthewirelessyesterdayeveningbuthave Russell’s letters printed below arefaithfullytranscribed,including Russell’s lettersprinted I hope you are not unhappy & are being entertained byvisitors.Iam I hopeyouarenotunhappy&beingentertained 1 The boat is comfortable—mostofthepassengersareDanes. The food Letter 17 T gaard of the Royal Library, Copenhagen, the Editor gaard oftheRoyalLibrary,Copenhagen, ) to convert him at the summit of a mountain a ) toconverthimatthesummitof Letter 4 age Russell,rangingfromremarkson age misspelling of individual names or misspelling ofindividualnames navian tour. Theauthorwishesto )—to theattemptsof“reli- Letter 14 U n forhiscommentsonan Sunday, 6October1935 ) forhissexualren- On ship 2 I y 3 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) haven’t seenhiswife is mostkind—Bredsdor very tiring. me—also ofNielsBohr, arefullof liked itimmensely.Heisascharmingever.Thenewspapers very Iam him. on him outforbeingasocialist.Theyprintabominableattacks you couldn’tcome.Thefascistsarea I have seen nothing of Copenhagen yet—wearrivedat12.45p.m. Copenhagen I haveseennothingof is small,incrediblyclean,quitemode the place—it duly metmeatEsbjerg—wespentsometimewalkingaround since your miscarriage. ing todo.(Theboatvibrates,whichmakesmyhandwritingshaky.) at 5&toCopenhagenaftermidnight.Forthemoment I enjoy havingnoth- the Oxfordmovement, have to see acollectionofjournalists;Iamtoldtheywillaskwhat think of toanswer,&apressphotographer.ImmediatelyafterlunchI invitations My Darling— Letter 2 w morning IhavehadSundayRef here—the weatheriswarm& doesn’t applytolettersfromEjsberg. steadily better.BlessyoumyDarling. senger. Neither can beidenti can senger. Neither on whichhewasapas- vessel the name of companyorthe name ofthesteamship w I didnotexpectonesosoon.amterriblybusythis 2 1 x x Russell refers herehumorouslytothe refers Russell Italy had invaded Abyssinia on 3 Octo- on3 Abyssinia invaded had Italy Your photographis put up where I canseeitwhenaminbed.Everybody Now I must stop or I shall get nolunch.Allmylove,sweetTreasure. shall I or stop must I Now Dear lovely Peter, I feel happier with you & aboutyouthanIhavefelt you with Dear lovelyPeter,Ifeelhappier I havejusthadadearlittleair-mailletterfromyou, There is a notice up saying letters can’t be sent by air-mail, but I hopethat but air-mail, There isanoticeupsayingletterscan’tbesentby W t. y 6 )—he is a communist, wasinRussiathissummer, & 4 5 Don’t worry about your health—I am sure it will get will it sure am Don’tworryaboutyourhealth—I which 7 V From CopenhagenonHotelPhoenixletterhead whosebirthdayistoday.I keep on wishing you were “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” W &Jørgenssen ed. X W ourishes here.Bredsdor yzz ne. ButIthinkyouwould ee , 3 alecturetosweatup(itisgivenat4), ttacking Jørgenssen&tryingtohound rn, & almost all the architecturegood. all rn, &almost Your B Your B. w is Esbjerg. w matic crisis. aninternationaldiplo- ber 1935,sparking y 8 4 3 bothexpressedsincereregretsthat x x The proper spelling of this Danish port Danish The properspellingofthis In October1931(seeMonk2:130). Monday, 7October1935 W V 1 rst day rst which was ajoy,as ismarriedlately(I W z — nd thebustle z Bredsdor 2 &this 111 V 4 z E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) Elias Bredsdor Elias of 1934.Respondingto closing months started developing this seems thatRussellmighthave ever, it surrounding theScandinavian tour, how- correspondence the mer of1935.Basedon workingonthepaperinsum- began this material,JohnSlaterindicatesRussell andnotes outlines, and, inintroducing opment ofthispaperfromitsoriginal his e sins.Hefocused licly acknowledgetheir Christianity requiringadherents topub- championed anevangelisticof brand in1928. Buchman designated themselves ican moralreformerFrankBuchman ford Group, which followersoftheAmer- ferred to as the “Oxford Movement”, as ferred toasthe“OxfordMovement”, re- 1938. Whatisusually in Re-Armament as Moral itself Oxford Groupreorganized would spillover into Nazi Germany.The 1934, hopingaspiritual reawakening there very andPsychology’isa tures: ‘Mathematics the proposedlecturetopics:“Asforlec- 1935 ifJanuary he5 could change some of ment—for February 1935,Russellasked on lectures—before thetour’spostpone- Empiricism”, the needed to“sweat of up”wasLimits “The w “a.m.” here. w michaeld.stevenson 112 xiv Appendix plating thetopicforsometime. text atthislatedate,hehadbeencontem- he wasobviously tinkering with hislecture Although deliver ittoapublicaudience. w w 21: 55–7. Sunday Referee w ence’?” ( if ‘OntheConceptof you preferit, Experi- substitute ‘TheLimits of thepaper( on anearly outline combined titles appear 2 1 5 4 3 x x x x x Dated 5October1935. Russell probablyrefersheretotheOx- Russell Probably “HowtoKeepPeace”, Russell presumably intended towrite Russell presumablyintended As of W T Letter 3 ne subject, but di ne subject, orts onScandinaviabeginningin Papers ra Rec.Acq.1,111 indicates,thelectureRussell Papers 10 demonstrates thedevel- 10demonstrates , 13Oct.1935,p.4; Tz ’s suggestedscheduleof ’s W rst occasionhewould 10: 659–62). 10: ofEmpiricism’or, topic as earlythe U f cult; couldyou ). Both ofthese Papers W The rst o Tractarian movement, this reformimpulse the roots.Alsoknownas Reformation pre- tablished Churchtoitsconservative es- Henry Newmansoughttoreturnthe where in Oxford, nated in1833atOrielCollege, “OxfordGroup”, origi- distinct fromthe w death. 1920untilhis from ical Physicsthere forTheoret- Institute the 1916, hedirected faculty attheUniversityofCopenhagenin on quantummechanics. Appointed tothe Nobel physics prize in1922for his work w 1935. in Brande, Marlie as Pedersen (1911–1939), anartistalso known w converted toCatholicism. also publisheddetailedextractsfromRus- Sc in Russell’s arrival tember 1935(see tail whenhemetRussellinParisSep- hediscussed the sponsors, and de- tour in oneofthetour’s Jørgensen was Bredsdor with jor role inorganizingthe touralong ww lems” (Russell’slibrary). prob- intellectual moral aswell cerning stimulation received from his works con- learnedandallthe have I tude forall an expressionofmygrati- great man,as thegreatthinkerand Russell, trand Mr.Ber- lowing personalmessage:“To W mal Logic in thethirdvolumeofhis lationship betweenmathematicsandlogic ( discussion” full very and praising thelatter’s“excellent high regard, Russell heldJørgensenin cal IdealistandHisPhilosophy]in1935. Filoso og hans lished hagen from1926to1964.Jørgensenpub- Copen- of University of philosophyatthe U 8 7 6 rst volumeofthisbookwiththefol- rst x x x Jørgensen appearstohaveplayeda ma- Jørgen Jørgensen(1894–1969), professor Niels Bohr(1885–1962) received the Bredsdor cially lasted until 1845 whenNewman 1845 until lasted cially Bertrand Russell, enpraktiskIdealist Russell, Bertrand X T (1931). Jørgensen inscribed the inscribed (1931).Jørgensen uential Anglicans led byJohn . AstheIntroductionindicates, T PoM W hadmarriedAmelieMarie y [Bertrand Russell:aPracti- [1937],p.vii)ofthere- Letter 3 andinavia, Jørgensen , n.6). Prior to Prior , n.6). Treatise of For- Treatise of W nancial E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) met Jespersen—adearoldboy. butter &eggsismakingthepeasantsintoFascists. toeatEmpire ants herelivebyexport&townsdon’t.Ourdetermination & thesocialistsdon’t—itis an inversion of theusualsituation,becausepeas- but it has not yet been disclosed to me. DarlingIhopeyouarewell&happy. them. over hanging Hitler of menace cheerful &prosperous.Buttheyfeelthe look People spaces. ships inthemiddleoftown,&niceopen with canals the architecture,bothold&new,isagreeable—thereare come across.Mostof me itwasout-of-datenottobelieveindictatorship.Heanass. manite, &hadbeenatOxford—heaskedwhatIthoughtofXtianity, told fourturnedup,butonlyonespoke.HewasaNazi,Buch- journalists: busy asinAmerica.Yesterdayat2.15Ihadacollectiveinterviewwith turkampen politics, religion, topics suchas sell’s writingsonavarietyof My Darling Letter 3 problems. shocked, asI expected, & said Carnap had abetterwayofdealingwithmy seemed rathergood. morning soIdon’tknowwhatishappeningatGeneva election goingon quite fresh.InashorttimeIgotolunchwithNielsBohr. I gotbackatmidnight,verytired.Butsleptlate,&amnow in English. of thein uses 100 are guages thathavereallybeenspoken.Hesaysthere syntax—he onlylikeslan- a verylittleone.”)Hedoesn’tlikephilosophical train. Hestated,inextenuation,that had shoutedtoo,forfearofbeingmadetomisshis he shouting HeilHitler,so all hadgoneintothestreets&foundhimselfinmiddleofacrowd & Organization best.Hesaidhehadha manyofmybooks,&likesFreedom Anglo-Saxon.) Hesaidhehadread I will telegraph my addressinSwedenwhenIknowit.haveaskedforit, The weatherhereisglorious.town is one ofthepleasantestIhaveever At 4Ilecturedintheuniversity,onempiricism. as just At lastIhaveafewmomentsofleisure—hithertobeenkept Tonight Ihave“RevoltagainstReason” (“BertrandRussell”,no.3 3 I must read Carnap on logical syntax. I dined with Jørgenssen & ImustreadCarnaponlogicalsyntax.dinedwithJørgenssen z — z and nationalism in and nationalism y 7 & theyhavehadmildriots.Thepeasantswantin z 9 “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” 4 (Mrs.Jørgenssen Kul- d afewhoursatBerlinbetween trains he hadnotshoutedveryloud.(“It was cently established. by ananti-fascistorganizationhehadre- 31 [Sept. 1935]:2,28, y 6 to the students. Thereisageneral the to 8 z 5 I haven’tseena paper this

is a pupil of his & knows his is apupilof Tuesday, 8October1935 2 Jørgenssenwasabit From Copenhagen { ), ajournalsponsored —yesterday’s news 1 W X nitive ation 113 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) w First WorldWar”(Monk2:200). to philosophicaldebatesincethe tribution con- serious Russell’s “most arguably was paper,inRayMonk’sview, This 314–28. Bredsdor conducted byElias interview withRussell liberal Copenhagendaily liberal w from 1893to1925. ofCopenhagen theUniversity at English My time is interesting, buttiring—I shallbevery michaeld.stevenson 114 Society Empiricism”, publishedas“TheLimitsof eventually w are togetheragain.Blessyou,mydearestTreasure. son”, son”, W the FabianSociety on 25October1934and w 1934 (copyinRussell’slibrary). published in were sell in“TheLimitsofEmpiricism” byRus- addressed issues similar with dealt that syntax onlogical views His tivism. exponentsoflogicalposi- Circle’s leading oneoftheVienna was (1891–1970) nap w o strongly opposedbyNazi inGermanywere evangelistic activities contradictory,sinceBuchman’s what (i.e. Group)intheprevious letter) is some- his referencetotheOxfordMovement journalist as aNazi andaBuchmanite (see Russell’sclassi Archives. journalists canbelocatedintheRussell other recordofaninterviewwithDanish (see October 1935 w Mathematics asking for acopyof their marriage,shehadcontactedRussell in1922.Shortlyafter Danish architect, ofa (1900–1965), thedaughter prominent 4 6 5 3 2 1 rst published as “The Revolt against Rea- x x x x x x This individual is notidenti Jørgensen hadmarriedKristaKjær German-born philosopher RudolfCar- Otto Jespersen(1860–1943), professor of Russell’s views on empiricism were onempiricism views Russell’s This paperwasdelive The Political Quarterly The Political 36 (1935–36):131–50; 36 T in June 1934 appeared in the z Logische SyntaxderSprache forusebyherhusband. Proceedings oftheAristotelian Papers The Principles of The Principles red asalectureto 21:537–9).No W cation of this cation of Politiken U 6 ( cials. Papers z Jan. 1935): W ed. An on 6 on 10: y in Your B w farmers. currency devaluationendorsedbyDanish determinationtoavoid the government’s concerned issue election central here, the Democrats. AsRussellindicates Social ment headed by TheodorStauningand his strengthened govern- coalition turned a re- and the22Octobergeneralelection beendisso had liament w no. 4(Nov.1935):26–30. fornuften”, “Oproret mod would also be published. Itappeared as translation of “Revolt against Reason” and Russell Danish hadagreeda that of Scienti InternationalCongress the sell inParisat 10: 423–35.JørgenJørgensenhadmet Rus- 1–19; AncestryofFascism”, “The as This cautioncombinedwiththedecisive Italianaggression. immediately condemn to refusing crisis, the Abyssinian sponse to hadadoptedaverycautiousre- Geneva ter from Denmark” ( ter fromDenmark” Canadian butterratherthan eat pure but- to poisonthemselveswith preservatives in inducing people as year onsuchpurposes “amilliona government wasspending tion entering theBritish market. In that preventedpureDanishbutterfrom Dominion agriculturalpreference schemes w with “Dominionbaconandbutter”. £650,000 andreplaced “Canadian butter” the government on publicity campaignsto book, thestatedamountspentdirectlyby insubsequentprintingsofthe reduced, ally notusedinCanadianbutter.Russell pointed out thatpres Canada’s dairy assertion promptedasharprebuttalfrom 8 7 9 x x x Russell had a long-standing interestin Russell hadalong-standing The lower chamber of theDanishpar- The lowerchamber League ofNationsdelegatesmeetingin (1926) Russell claimedthattheBritish W c Philosophy inSeptember 1935, z glad when itisover&we glad commissioner, who commissioner, ervatives weregener- lved on1October, OE , p.182).The Kulturkampen On Educa- Papers , E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) the fatiguekilling. My Darling— should bethemostdistinguishedofDanishprofessors. residenceofwhoever the brewer forhimself,&given,onhisdeath,tobe Probably thisisduetoSunday— Danish Society, & then giveit.Iamverywell,butyouwouldcertainly ness with Einstein, must havebeengood-looking,&3nicechildren. Papineau. lecture is that what I had prepared on Determinism & Physics won’t do. won’t lecture isthatwhatIhadpreparedonDeterminism&Physics Times the Pariscorrespondentfor convinced forcesdefeat atAdowa of had Abyssinian setting forththemeritsofmenmuchyoungerthanhimself. simp Bohr iscompletelydelightful—a NielsB.talkedaboutJuan lunch, exceptforthisinterlude, at thetime.Allthrough He saiditwasquitetrue,buttheyweredrunk Letter 4 er Bohr’s broth- duty. supports theuniversity,sodonsdrinkbeerasapublic the accounts at the end of a walking-tour, because neither could do the sums. do the accountsatendofawalking-tour,becauseneithercould Spaniard who has translated 2 of my books; my Spaniard whohastranslated2of asleepveryquickly.NowIam expectinga fell I gothomeatmidnight,& pensée, likeEddington: arrière- The matterconcernscausality,&isgrave.Bohrhasnotheological brilliantly. Iatlastunderstood, & became entirely persuadedthatheisright. Professor of Psychology Professor his bro.aboutGentlemenPreferBlondes. Bredsdor say) atri z 2 Goodbye myDarling.Ishallbegladwhenalettercomes.hopeallgoes No lettercamefromyouyesterday&as Yesterday I lunched with Niels Bohr Niels Yesterday Ilunchedwith After lunch, I having said I couldn’t understand his present controversy After lunch,Ihavingsaidcouldn’tunderstandhispresent In theevg.IlecturedtostudentsonRvR—agreatsuccess. wasthere,&Iveri z 14 , for example, thatItalianleader , forexample, —they arenotJews. V X , tall,closely shingled, rather good-looking, anartist,&(Ishould 13 e formidable.Thechairman [N.B. Both the Bohr’s have noses thatbeatcreationforvast- [N.B.BoththeBohr’shave 8 he took me up to a blackboard &lectured for 1½ hours, W z 17 z 9 ed thestoryofhim&Littlewood it is all straightforward science. The result ofhis result The itisallstraightforwardscience. “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” —then ImustsweatupmyspeechtotheAnglo- 15 ] After the lecture they had asupperwithspeeches; they lecture ] Afterthe The le-minded enthusiast,withnoegoism, League and Italy”, 7Oct.1935,p.11). Italy”, and League negotiate areasonab to ready Benito Mussolini“willnowbe z 12 , whohasagrandhousebuiltby was a manwhoremindedmeof was yet I have hadnonethismorning. 6 Niels B. has a nice wife, NielsB.hasanice y 16 thenIgotolunchwitha Wednesday, 9October1935 From Copenhagen 1 Thebrewerystill le settlement” (“The z z 3 quarrellingover z 5 inAmerica& 11 ImetMrs 7 who W 115 nd 10 4 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) cannot be located inthe located cannot be ics geniusestoperformsimplearithmetic concerning theinabilityoftwo mathemat- can fromit.AllmyLove. well withyou—Ikeeplookingatyourpicture,&extractingwhatcomfortI michaeld.stevenson 116 of HaraldBohr,J. w team inthe1908summerOlympics. cipating ontheDanishnationalfootball ematician, was also agifted athlete,parti- w G. 1928. The book served as the basis of a 1928. Thebookservedasthebasisof a w 1950. 1928 to from Cambridge at Mathematics and was the College, Trinity at Cambridge, Whitehead succeededA. mathematician, English w Bohr livedtherefrom1932to1962. Niels thehouse; in toreside Dane eminent selectan would andLetters of Sciences Academy Danish theRoyal son,Carl, his will hadstipulatedthat,afterthedeathof Jacobsen’s Brewery. er oftheCarlsberg Jacobsen (1811–1887),thefound- Christian w tlewood andHardy( accounts publishedbyLit- tobiographical academic collaborator).Similarly,theau- w Farm inLulworth. 1919 atNewlands during thesummerof lived withLittlewood well, andhehad dote directly;Russellknewbothmen very anec- the tlewood orHardytoldRussell Lit- It isentirelypossiblethat Littlewood. toworkwith Cambridge in Bohr stayed while probably occurredin1912or1913 the incident,which mention chives donot intheRussellAr- located with Russell respectively) andtheircorrespondence Miscellany 6 5 4 3 2 1 x W x x x x x This house was constructed byJacob This housewasconstructed y Unidenti John EdensorLittlewood(1885–1977), Harald Bohr(1887–1951),Danishmath- A publishedaccountofthisanecdote Anita Loos published this1925; novel in H. Hardy(Littlewood’s primary lm version (now lost)wasreleasedin (now lm version z and W W ed. rst RouseBallProfessorof A Mathematician’sApology y E. Littlewood, and E. Littlewood, A Mathematician’s Collected Papers y N. , z Your B w (quoted in belled Eddington’s views as “hogwash” however,hela- these books;privately, publishedsional restraintin evaluations of verse cal World science, including several popular bookslinkingreligionand British astronomer and physicist, wrote w 1912. in (1890–1984) w lyn Monroe. mous 1953Hollywood the morefa- 1949 Broadwaymusicaland 41 tion withBohr: Russell’sCopenhageninterac- of a result into Russell’smanuscriptandseemtobe passages werewrittenonleavesinserted 228–45; ham PhilosophicalSociety ics”, tour appeared asPhys- “Determinismand were polishedduringhisScandinavian w for thetour. to thepagesthatRussellbroughtwith him also revisions Thereare before publication. to thepaper inserted infurtherrevisions were ofthepassages some 13.Perhaps 80: w Review Complete?”, ality BeConsidered Quantum-Mechanical DescriptionofRe- “Can 1935: PodolskyandRosen in stein, authoredbyEin- paper title astheearlier underthesame position waspublished ofquantummechanics.Bohr’s nature engaged inaprotracteddisputeabout the Einstein and tainty principlein1927,Bohr length as “Patriotismen ødelœgger den civ- 9 8 7 11 10 z x x x – x After Heisenberg proclaimedhisuncer- After Arthur Stanley Eddington(1882–1944), Bohr hadmarriedMargretheNorlund x Bredsdor Russell’s views on this subjectthat onthis Russell’s views z 71: 36;76:41 (1933).Russelldemonstratedprofes- Proceedings of theUniversityDur- Proceedings 48(1935):696–702. Papers (1928)and SLBR T reportedthelectureat 10:68–80.Thefollowing z – Papers z 2:297). z 77: 29; 78:7–19;79:35 The NatureofthePhysi- The ExpandingUni- W 10:41 lm starringMari- 9(March1936): z – z 69: 33;70: Physical z – z E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) written Oct.6.BasildeSelincourt’sreview My DarlingLove— w author andculturalhistorian. lost the book is amusing. Dear Child, Iwastouchedbyyourdreamsof my being w dents’ Society], dents’ Society], Brilliant LectureattheStu- and Glittering Civilized World; BertrandRussellGivesa [PatriotismDestroysthe trand Russell” Foredrag iStudentersamfundetafBer- og aandfuldt glimrende Verden;et iliserde Letter 6 w Letter 5 quite di I havetolectureon screamed—Today afterwards, whereNielsBohrtalkeddi there—nevertheless itwento me,&ratherputmeo of Soc. on theadvantagesofscepticism. the Anglo-Danish had I middle ofbeechwoods,rathernice.Intheevening “The WitandHumour of his publishedworks.SeeK.Blackwell, tent withRussell’s use ofnasalanalogiesin Address careProfessorTegen w sell’s lettersof10and12December1931. 1931(710.106222)andinRus- of October Peter’s. He isreferred 1 14 13 12 x Einar Tegen (1884–1965), professor of philosophy philosophy at Lund University, 1931–37. of Tegen(1884–1965),professor Einar x x x Yesterday Igottwolettersfromyou,whichwasagreatcomfort—both Yesterday I sentyouatelegramaboutmyaddress—IshallbeatLund14th&15th Yesterday Ilunchedwithapsychologistabout12miles out, byalakeinthe Papineau was aformer boyfriend of Peter P.Rohde(1902–1978),left-wing This observationaboutnosesisconsis- z 2 —I thinkyoudolikeme. V erent thingsfromwhatIhadprepared,whichisdi Politiken to inaletterofhers , 9Oct.1935. Principia Math- “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” V V z 1 —a youngmanfromtheLegationwasalso LundSwedenallwelllove all right. I was tired, but had to go to a supper right. Iwastired,buthadtogoa all 3 A fatEnglishparsonwasjustinfront Determinism & Physics, & must say Determinism&Physics,must w X oneofseveralreasonswhyBohr Jewish, w ematica two men is found in theRussellArchives. two menisfound correspondencebetweenthe unclear; no tourare to sponsorRussell’sScandinavian Rubin’s willingness gen. Thereasonsfor Copenha- at theUniversityof psychology books ofRussell’s two as theonlytranslatorof deEspaña cional ofthe catalogue electronic w ness Y 17 16 15 ed Nazi-occupiedDenmarkin1943. x z x x 1 Niels Bohr’s mother,EllenAdler,was Niels Bohr’s Edgar Rubin (1886–1951), professor of Edgar Rubin(1886–1951),professor Probably JulioHuiciMiranda.The z cult talk at me tillIcouldhave at cult talk isunfortunate—he neversuggests and z by1935 Telegram fromCopenhagen z ”, On Education + Thursday, Russell Thursday, 10October1935 z — z z inMadridlistsMiranda 31(2011):156n.27. z The Conquest ofHappi- The Conquest From Copenhagen , . 10October1935 Y cult. Biblioteca Na- 117 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) My Darling— w tic bloomofaltruisticwisdom.” gigan- produceone self-seekers will norant ofweakandig- that hugeaccumulations surdity oftheSocialistdream is thenotion Russell’ssocialism: advocacyof “The ab- court spent muchof his text criticizing review mentionedbyRussell,deSelin- and WilliamBlake.Inthe Whitman Walt other books,biographiesof lished, among Observer aregularliterarycolumnto tributed (1877–1966)con- deSelincourt 1935. Basil begin withbusiness. 1 michaeld.stevenson 118 Letter 7 not could searched &searched,but walking together:“Icalled& while in whichtheybecameseparated adream ber (710.106354),Peterdescribed w with you,myTreasure. to bepleasant—&Idomissyoudreadfully. Letters notbyairmailwilltake4days. pay £10+3 likethefee.Ithinkiftheyarewillingto should I also things looktothem; appeared in the forbiddenperiod. they will have tobetoldso.(b)Itisa 2 1 x x This reviewof In her I have had3lettersfromyou Yes re 1t 7BRYNJULFBULL, 21 to27 will telegraphifIget a (I better PosteRestante,Stockholm 16th to 20th As forNobelHouse,thematterisdi Goodbye Beloved—Imustprepare my lecture for tonight. Allmyheartis am wishingIwerehomeagain.Itis I intheinterwarperiodandpub- W SundayTimes. rst letter to Russell of 6Octo- of rst lettertoRussell z The Observer The rd return fare, I will go; but the relation to chemistry must be such be must chemistry to returnfare,Iwillgo;buttherelation address) Uranienborgvej 11,Oslo,Norway. In Praise of Idleness In Praiseof 4 Per contra, I should liketomeetthemen& seehow should I Percontra, on6October 2 z 1 sinceIlastwrote,whichwasverynice.will W The nd z 4 very longway.(c)Itis, as you say, in Your B three occasions in the 1950s and 1960s. and the1950s in three occasions on gian lawyer,servedasmayorofOslo inal tour),RussellaskedBredsdor (shortly beforehepostponedtheorig- 1935 Religion andScience wrote lished paperpreparedwhileRussell Religion” ( w on.” wentdrearily search sleepthe when Idid again inthehopeof again togosleep tried I waked myselfup. Imusthave calledaloud& think I you. w fact whatIshalltalkabout.” andReligionwillbein rate thatScience ofScepticism’;oratany ‘The Advantages the title‘Scienceand change oneofthelect Y interesting being herebuttootiring 3 4 x x cult. This lecturewas probably “Scienceand Brynjulf Friis Bull(1906–1993),Norwe- 3 (a) Iknownochemistry,& Papers Friday, 11October1935 10: 238–45), an unpub- 238–45),an 10: From Copenhagen (1935). On 14 January (1935).On14 Religion’ ratherthan ure titles:“Pleaseput W nding you, but nding you, T to E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) passes very that surprisedme,exceptBohr’smodesty. but communismmakes something ofabarrier.Hitherto Ihaveseennothing tiring seeingonlypeople whose language one doesn’t know.IlikeBredsdor radio, &thenasmallgroup of Bredsdor the on R about Abyssinia&theywereveryintelligent.TonightIhaveRv had adiscussionwiththem classes onallsortsoftopics—anexcellentplan.I little letterfromtheHungaria as nottoinvolveaknowledgeofchemistry. w to spelldia…. hopewhenIgethomeyouwon’tneed chill—I glad youhavegotoveryour than itseems. he isright,butthepoint islessimportant Bohr spokeafterwards—Ithink Igotthroughwithoutdisgracingmyself. Bohr, whichwasalarming—but try somethingstronger.Ithinkpresentlyacompromisewillbearranged. whether wearegoingtobe content with ine before—in 1932.”ImperialChemicalIn- delightful. Remember,theyaskedyou would be Chemicals; tolecturethem “Tell mewhattodoaboutImperial w Peter. 106357) wasthe 9Octoberletter(710. The October. to seeyourhair.Bytheway,IOldPigbrushmycoatmeticulously. w pers 1935 afterreturningfromScandinavia( heful commitment the tospeakat Russell included arequestfor items oneofthese Presumably, closed”. “other thingsofinteresten- there were 3 2 1 x x x Dated 7 October, 8and9 Dated 7 In her7 October letter,Peterhadasked: In her7October lette Goodbye myDarling.Iloveyouverymuch&wishwere home. The time kind—they sentmeroses&chocolates—butitis The Jørgenssensarevery As forsanctions, abouttheshrubberyetc. schemes I quiteapproveyour Today I went to see a College for Unemployed, for Today IwenttoseeaCollege physics inthepresenceof & determinism Last nightIhadtolectureabout 21:lxxiv). Sunday Times slowly. z 7 W Iamgladyouarehavingthecompletemassage&curious rst written that dayby that rst written z BookExhibition,a W lled on8November 9 it all seems going smoothlyatpresent;Idon’tknow seems itall r, Peternotedthat “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” z 6 a nicelongonewrittennextday.Iamvery & Pa- Your B text of Russell’s 1937 speech,see“Chem- text ofRussell’s1937 plant there—on25February 1937. Forthe associatedwiththe Club—probably totheArdeerChemical speak eventually did Imperial ChemicalinScotland,buthe agree tolecturerepresentativesfrom Russell evidentlydidnotimmediately House, 195 West GeorgeStreet,Glasgow. Ardeer operationwerelocatedatNobel ofthe sity ofGlasgow,theheadquarters held bytheUniver- records ofthisentity thedescriptionofarchival to according and, Ardeer,Scotland, at established been main planthad Ltd. Nobel’sExplosives’ Co. themNobel’s among Explosives tions, combining fourlargechemicalcorpora- 1926by in hadbeenfounded dustries V ’s friendstoarguecommunismetc. V ective sanctions,orwillpresently 10 wheretheycangoto 5 Ihavehadyour 8 119 ici V , E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) My Darling He leftmehisMSinhopesIwouldgetitpublishedEngland. X glands. Perhapsheisright—youdon’tseemtoknowthesensationofgoose- my lecturesbutavoidedmorethanawordortwohitherto.She translatesmy usual assortmentoflunaticletters. Heisenberg or tomorrow—TomorrowIshallmeet night. NowIhavenolecturestonight hourstalkingtofo many of fatigue ably “diarrhoea”. Inher w engagement toremainwithher. speaking a Russelltodecline caused have of Pe known severity duringthistime,althoughthe Scotland tospeakin hesitate tomakethejourney would he this letter.Itisalsounclearwhy ters referredtobyRussellatthestartof cycle—inanyofthethreelet- menstrual period”—presumably referringtoher w 289–97. Power istry’s of andDeath”, Life d.stevenson michael 120 Letter 8 it is physiologically di it is schalk, whohas written a scienti very nice—noneofthemhadthecynical all ground. Theywere people, male&female,mostlycommunists,notall—Wewentovertheusual of somanycommunists,&nonewere w elyn Davies. having dinnertherewith Crompton Llew- from London’sHungariaGrillRoomafter w in frontofTelegraphHouse. tailed herplanstothinouttheshrubbery 4 7 6 5 esh that I associate with jealousy—but he wasaratherdisagreeable man. esh thatIassociatewithjealousy—but x x x x In her 7 October le In her7October The incompletewordhereispresum- mention the“forbidden Peter doesnot Peter had written her 8Octoberletter her Peter hadwritten Last nightI had broadcasting & thenBredsdor Today I have to lunchwithGrethe I Today tired—it wasonlythenatural was I I amverysorryworriedyousaying In the afternoon I had a visit from a German communistnamedGott- German a In theafternoonIhadavisitfrom z 1 &spendthedayincountryifitis z — z ter’s periodsmight tter, Peterhadde- V erent inmen&women,withadi W rst letterof9 Papers W 21: c book on jealousy, c bookon 4 reigners &lecturing.Isleptito z 5 & her husband—I haveseenthemat W w can’t spell itwhen youare away.” no moredia— have “My chilliscured&I Peterhadnotedthat October toRussell, the tourwithRussellinParis). dor request (seeJørgensen’slettertoBreds- The visitwasatRussell’s cences”, p.24). of thestudents”(“SomePersonal Reminis- fromsome answered questions lecture and dor whereBreds- education, college ofadult w will beimposed.” dering aboutwhat sort of sanctions,ifany, about the [Ethiopian] war—andamwon- tothink what mented: “Idon’tknow w brush yourcoat,youoldpig!” admonishing Russell:“Don’tforgetto erce. 10 9 8 x x Peter had closed her9Octoberletterby In her 9 October letter, Peter hadcom- In her9Octoberletter, x T T Probably this was Borups Højskole,a Probably thiswasBorups of 18 September1935,afterdiscussing of saysRussellgave“alittleimprovised V Saturday, 12October1935 z ’s party—about12young W 2 ne. claimingtoprovethat From Copenhagen V erent e

V superiority 3 ect onthe Igetthe V each E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) with youagain,my Darling. I don’t like beingawayfromyou.Allmyheart. I sentthemstampedaddresseden books intoDanish—whetherwellorbadlyIdon’tknow. w The AmberleyPapers for was beginningresearchonhisfamily Lady Agatha Russell, when he atatime aunt, late because shementionedhis 1935, 17October dated Lindquist, Swede, Ligne a mighthavekeptthisletterfrom Russell sell Archives, and itis hardly “lunatic”. theRus- tobefoundin is Scandinavia in appended to by Peterandthenote from thosewritten Russell’se out w Jealousy] (Copenhagen:Fremad)in1936. lished w w British publisher. correspondence withAllenandUnwin,his mention ofthebookisfoundinRussell’s have been published inEnglish, and no w sity ofCambridge. College,Univer- Christ’s Lodge, Master’s the at with Heisenbergon3March1948 recordsameeting 1947–48 pocketdiary Russell’s 1935 meetinginCopenhagen, prizephysics in1932. Inaddition tohis Copenhagen andwasNobel awarded the of theUniversity Bohrat Niels with quantum theory in1927while working of proposed theuncertaintyprinciple (see “LettertoDoraRussell”, Hillin1929 “Gretha” workingatBeacon School.Russellreferstoa Beacon Hill versity, Forchhamme Denmark. Educated atCopenhagenUni- to personal roleinRussell’strip important (née Høgstrøm,1903–1957)playedan 3 5 4 2 1 x x x x x Werner Heisenberg(1901–1976)had Gottschalk’s manuscript—with or with- Gottschalk’s manuscript—withor Margrethe (“Grethe”)Forchhammer Helmuth Gottschalk (b. 1902)pub- Helmuth Gottschalk(b. Unfortunately, onlyoneletter It seems more like a month than a week sinceIlefthome.wishwere week a It seemsmorelikeamonththan haven’t writtentomethough They children. the about dream I hadabad Skinsygens Problemer Letter 17 T orts—does notseemto . r was ateacher at z — z Russell received Russell [Problemsof “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” Russell z — z apart velopes beforeIcameabroad. z 11 letter (seethepreviousnote) admits havingana hammer sell’s 1935visitandmarriedOlafForch- husband sometimeafter Rus- her divorced be attributedtothem.Forchhammer can of hisbooks translations 1927. Noother Your B a most private nature”. The thirdand of have towriteyouis I what of “much that would bepostponed)andindicating hisupcominglecturetour(that noting tant lettertoRusselldated27Dec.1934, ex- hagen, Forchhammerwroteasecond men. After moving from BerlintoCopen- children possibly having Cornwall” concerninghisfearofDora ing whatRussell saidevening in “onan away fromBeaconHill School,remember- months”; shealsoapparentlymetRussell Russell that“askedfornewsofthelast responds toanow-lostletterfrom mer undated letter,Forchham- her tionship. In intimaterela- continuation ofanearlier vian tour(see Scandina- with Forchhammerduringhis Russell’ssexualtryst (Telegraph House)”. BR’sschool at “Teacher a shewas stated Russell writtenintheearly1930sthat to an undatedletterfromForchhammer sell’s lastsecretary,alsoattachedanoteto [1991]: 7),andChristopherFarley,Rus- w brother-in-law. a covering Forchhammer’s of herkleptomaniacmother-in-lawdis- Jan. 1935containsaratherbizarre account dated8 extant letterfromForchhammer Russell’s translated trøm andNelsForchhammer 6 x Before their marriage, Grethe Høgs- Before theirmarriage,Grethe z — On Education z Nels’s uncle,withwhomshe Letter 14 T air inher8Jan.1935 6 fathered byother fathered intoDanish in ) was perhaps a ) was T z — air withher z in 1941. in W 121 nal E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) starting Igotadear letter writte My DarlingLove— thoughts—I worry about the childrenorwhateverthereistoworryabout— thoughts—I worryabout last December. but notsinceyouwenttoIreland said, think foratimeitmighthavebeen & Imustgotobed.Goodnightsweetlove. & sleep—being away makes me know how much this is so. Now it is 12.30 with him,butthatisnotobjectivetruth. My DarlingPeter,mypoorchild, Letter 9 d.stevenson michael 122 Letter 10 w that Peterwaspregnant. thatyearafterdiscovering of September ture tourin1936thathewouldcancel w face America without you only halfrealizethatitcomes of not being with you. I feel I shan’tbeableto expectations”. Igetreallyunhappy,& of separationhavesurpassedevenmy grief & pain “the mean to word code I expected—nexttimeshallarrangea away fromyoufarmoreeventhan in exactlywithmymood—Imindbeing w ing aconcert. from London’s BernersHotelafterattend- war &Richard—itmakesmelongtobewithyoucomfort you. “was not as“was nice as Iusedwas tobe,I that Housegraph andinformed her thatshe Tele- at spenttheevening had individual (710.106358), Peternotedthatthis Russell ter’s. Inhersecond former—and fairlyrecent—loverofPe- hewasevidentlya termined, although 2 1 3 x x x Peter hadwrittenthis10Octoberletter The identityof“David”cannotbede- Russell had scheduled an American lec- American scheduledan Russell had I amjustbackfromalargeformaldinner-party—very dull—Just before Don’t letDavid Dear PeterIloveyouverydeeply—youhavebecomeaneed to me like air I gotsuchamelancholyletterfromyouyesterday, z 4 Heofcoursefeelsthedi letter of9Octoberto z z 3 persuadeyouarelessagreeablethanwere.I z 2 —I havenomeansofpushingawaydepressing n fromyoutheBernersHotel. From LundonGrandHôtelletterhead Your B was also there. also was sonRichard Their Davies. ton Llewelyn thehomeofMoyaandCromp- Raheny, to RussellfromFurryPark, mate letters w sible relationshipwithPeter. Russell andhadnothingtodowithapos- quest with from meeting Low a to arrange a re- concerned caricaturist, andtheletter Sept. 1933)is from David Low, the noted found intheRussellArchives(dated8 with agive person a only lettertoPeterfrom The him.” with love in to beasnice&softwhenIwas hecouldn’texpectme him harder. Itold 4 x V Peter stayed near Dublin, writing inti- erence of your not being inlove erence ofyournotbeing Saturday night,12October1935 + Tuesday, 1 about rheumatism & aboutrheumatism From Copenhagen n nameof“David” , 15October1935 1 It W tted E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) kins forms, wasathoroughlymodernma these up, & utter words which mean“thanksforthemeal”.Myhost,inspiteofall host &hostess assoonyouget with ing; &afterameal,youshakehands party, & marched out the same way.Thereisendlessetiquetteaboutdrink- marchedinarmarm,likeadinner We which hecameontomymerits. Bishop urine. should askhimtoT.H. personal complicationsthatmightresult.Iamentirelywillingyou any youmightsavehislife,whichismuchmoreimportantthan consequences; ni Mag- a speech,sayingthathewasgladtowelcomeathisboardtheRector W Crompton wouldalwaysbefor think should should notwaitformyreturn.I should getworseifwetaketrouble.Wewilldowhateverisbest. isanyreasonwhyit there (or atleastinwarmth)always.Idon’tthink soon asthechildren’sholidaysareover, & try to managewinterinMalaga cathedral ( physical presence.GoodbyemyHeart. will do my best to comfort youwhenIgethome.Onecan’tdomuchwithout Sweden, theysay,isasfarfromheretoRome. toStockholm.Fromherethenorthof journey before 8&havehours’ by an Oxford man whowritesofF. less tiredthanIwas.Todayambeing here, &seewhattheresultis.Iammuch (wh. Ididsay);willsaythesame pers all quoted me as sayingto the patriotismstudents, who,Iamtold,aremostlynationalists. TheDanishnewspa- is worse than drunkennessR v R have I lecture inGerman(itwasLimitsofEmpiricism).Tonight my or theft would bemainlynaval,&hardlycallforeverybodyto Ididbefore.Andiftherewereawarit than in warwithItaly,anymore ghting wheneverthereisachanceofit. W After lunch therewasjusttimetopreparemyevening lecture (at which the As towar: About rheumatism: I got here yesterday morning: a small university townwithalarge I gothereyesterdaymorning:asmalluniversity My dear Darling, I love you, & I hate to think ofyoubeingunhappy.I to hate I & My dearDarling,Iloveyou, As toRichard: cus, the Vice-Rector, the Professor of this & the Professor of that—after cus, theVice-Rector,Professorofthis& z 9 etc. He says pregnancy can be detected within a week by analysis of the of analysis by week a within detected be can pregnancy says He etc. 10 waspresent!);thenavastsupper,atwhichwehaddiscussionof C 11). z 3 I haven’t seen a paper yesterday or today, butIdon’tbelieve Ihaven’tseenapaperyesterdayortoday, z 7 They had a very formal luncheon, at which thehost at luncheon, Theyhadaveryformal z 4 If I were you,Ishouldseehim,regardlessofpossible I If 2 we must take it very seriously: go abroad in Jan. as 5 after Igethome,butamequallywillingthatyou “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” y H. Bradley. taken motoring in the country all day motoring inthecountryall taken Your B 6 n, a bio-chemist,friendofHop- 11 Tomorrow Icatchatrain W ght. z 8 made 123 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) cated his sonwould his cated ter informedRussellthatCromptonindi- letter,Pe- reciprocated. Inher11October a her 1935,although ary 1934 orinJanu- in love withRichardlate solicitor. Peterhadfallenin friend and (1868–1935),Russell’slong-time Davies only sonofCromptonLlewelyn was the w d.stevenson michael 124 w see him?” thatIshould desirable it Peter asked,“is Inthemeantime, entering themilitary. from him tourtodissuade Scandinavian his with Richardafterreturningfrom talk him”, butshehopedRussellwould from Peter maintained,“tobreakaway want”, “I crisis. the engulfed in Abyssinian w ture”. crea- turn herintoa“uselessmiserable physical in tained anespeciallyde but thisparticularlettercon- matism, lament thedebilitatinge w Russell onthatday. second letter(710.106362)Peterwroteto w surrounding theAbyssiniancrisis. situation international ribly disillusioning” denly dyinginMarch 1931. AlthoughRus- sud- whom Frankhadlefthisestateafter ing the death of acertain MissOtter, to Russell assumedownershipin1934follow- tohouseBeaconHillSchool,and 1927 property inJune Dora hadrentedthis Frank, thesecondEarl Russell. Russell and Peters estate locatedontheSouthDownsnear 1 5 4 3 2 x x x x x Dated 11 October 1935, this was the Dated 11October1935,thiswas Telegraph House, the 230-acre country Telegraph House,the230-acre Much of Peter’s letterdetailedthe“ter- Much of The majority of Peter’s letterstoRussell of The majority Richard Llewelyn Davies (1912–1981) Davies Richard Llewelyn W eld built by Russell’sbrother by eld built W rmitiesshe that feared would W ght if Britainbecame tailed accountofher T T ections werenot ects ofherrheu- w rational” ( rather more,perhaps,thanwaswholly he]admiredrebels anarchism …[and ment”, Russellnoted,“hewasinclinedto Times for Air Raids”, (“Precautions measures defence raid Council protestingBritishair public appealfromtheNationalPeace Hopkins weresign and winning Cambridge Hopkins (1861–1947),theNobelprize- w 1145. in secrated w House in1937(see environment. RussellsoldTelegraph pastoral towerstudyand theless lovedits the PostO lost his he ence and oned forhersupportofIrishindepend- supported Sinn Fein—hiswife was impris- of Russell’spaci ( and rather absurd” House as“ugly sell describedTelegraph w ofLundfrom1925to1948. Bishop w receiving his doctorate. clear, buthe spent time in Englandbefore link deln). Segerstedt’s (Lund: A. as Bradley (1846–1924)waspublishedin1934 on theBritishphilosopher Francis Herbert doctoral dissertation atLundUniversity Torgny T.Segerstedt(1908–1999),whose w vii 9 8 7 6 11 10 x x x x Value andRealityin Bradley’s Philosophy x Unidenti Presumably Sir Frederick Gowland Frederick Sir Presumably wasactuallycon- The LundCathedral Crompton LlewelynDaviessharedfew x ). This “Oxfordman”wasprobably Edvard MagnusRodhe(1878–1954), , 18Sept.1935,p.15; Auto y B. GleerupskaUniv-Bokhan- U W ed. ce as aresult.“Bytempera- ce . 1:58). W st views and ardently and st views Letter 18 Auto. civil servicejobwith biochemist. Russell biochemist. with Oxford is un- is Oxford with atories toarecent 2:153),henone- Papers ). 21,App. The E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) Middle West. old the the whole,Scandinaviaseemsademocrat’sparadise,reminiscentof regarded asafossil.On is he but Kant indiscussion,is,Iamtold,aNazi, being anAustrianCatholic!Heknows&likestheBp.ofChichester. to besocialists,arenotmainly especially, can now get nothing out of Germany.Butthestudents,whoused is nopoverty,muchcomfort,littlewealth. to warmup.They are pleasantbutdonotseemtohave muchquality.There & 3hurrahs—bedat12;trainthismg.7.58. Swedishceremoniesofdrinking Castle wasthere—thenalatesupper,with Letter 11 w about sixteenkilometressouthofLund. waslikely sell visited castle Rus- in 1879.Thesixteenth-century Thott(1854–1933) Erik Gustaf Otto Count Hallenborg (1857–1936),whomarried w I =God. they pickoutyourremarkaboutthereaderbeingnot reassured tolearnthat Treasure—I loveyouwithallmyheart. the Bishop about Hitler’s quarrels with the Church, Bishop aboutHitler’squarrelswiththe the divine; shehadlovelybeechwoods,amoat,&all the etceteras. Iquestioned was rathernice.Herhousefullofbeautifulthings&herlibrary me outmotoringtoa travels throughacountryofbirch&pinelakes. Yesterday the Bishoptook My DarlingLove— your activitieswithbulbs to Dora.Ican’tsleeprestfullyawayfromyou—Ilongbehomeagain—All of oilinPrussia, & the American iste 2 1 x x Probably Augusta Eleonora Gustava Although Hitler had guaranteed the Although Hitlerhadguaranteed Sweden, they say, has turned from GermanytoEngland;theuniversities, Sweden, theysay,hasturned drink need & is clean&tidyhonest—thepeopleareshy Scandinavia I amgladTimesLitSup&Joadsaynicethingsintheir reviews, onRvR,ratherwell—Theoldladyfromthe In theeveningIlectured Today I am enjoying 8hours’holidayfrompolitenesswhilethetrain Today Iamenjoying I have bad dreams at night—that you are angry & thatthechildrenturn I havebaddreamsatnight—thatyouareangry 5 7 AnAmerican&aSwedenexttome are discussing the Skabersjö,located C 16 castle inhabited by an oldaristocraticwidow 16 castleinhabitedby “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” z 8 sound so restful &satisfying.Goodbyedearest restful soundso

nationalists. Oneoldphilosopher, lling ofhisexperiencesinoilU.S.A. Your B in July 1933, Catholic o in July1933, signing theConcor by the CatholicChurchinGermany of rights tion ofHannsKerrlinJuly1935. try of Ecclesiastical A after HitlercreatedtheMinis- particularly andharassment, geted forpersecution + On GrandHôtelletterhead Wednesday, 2 wh.heattributedtoH’s In traintoStockholm T dat with theVatican , airs under thedirec- 16October1935 U 6 cials weretar- who upheld 4 &that 3 z 1 W who elds 125 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) ens, 23Dec.1953, thought himacharlatan” (to Cyril Clem- ence uponmewhatsoever,andinfactI commented later that “Joadhadno in in thelatter’s Joadofplagiarism Russell in1935accused “the mostlucidexpositoroftheday”— Joad’s review—whichdescribedRussellas the inthe12October1935issueof published was unsignedbutwri ofthe issue Idleness w d.stevenson michael 126 w losopher C. reviewbyBritishphi- 1976). Thesecond artist Alan Francis Clutton-Brock (1904– w New YorkTimes ample, “FoodParcelsStillNeeded”, ii War World several appealswithBellafter chester from1929to1958.Russellsigned bute ittomebecauseyou had dreamt that it,thoughregretfully.Didyouattri- own forthatremarkaboutI=God,dis- “As lettertoRussell: October Fichte, inan18 had been about forthepassage responsible rejectedthesuggestionthatshe playfully thebook’spreface— in acknowledged Russell assistance Peter—whose although hadpickedout“yourremark”, Joad that referswhenhetellsPeter Russell to what TLS didnotappearinthe 92). Thisquotation reader isnotwho hemeans ‘God’;butthe ‘I’ when hesays istrue,explain it te, sell’s masteryofunderstatedirony:“Fich- Ancestry ofFascism”)todemonstrateRus- (from“The quoted thefollowingpassage 3 5 4 forfoodreliefEurope.See,ex- x x x Joad’s reviewof George Bell(1883–1958),Bishopof Chi- The New Statesman review,anditisnotentirelycertain appeared in the 10 October1935 appearedinthe W rst ofthesereviews Times LiterarySupplement y E. y M. Joad(1891–1953)was Guide toPhilosophy , 3Nov.1945,p.14. ra lly reassured”( lly . Whilepleasedwith ). In PraiseofIdleness s, after awhile, that tten bythepoetand In Praiseof IPI and The , p. X z ; it u- w 1924]: 5; forthcoming in in 1924]: 5;forthcoming New Leader, ofAmerica”, (“Impressions America” partof hopeful “Politically, themost States, Russellhadidenti lecturetourintheUnited from his1924 there. Afterreturning one parentborn least at bornthereorhaving these states of population this region,with38%ofthe Scandinavia andGermany had from and NorthDakota.Immigrants Wisconsin, ofMinnesota, western states bythemid- beensupportedheavily had fromthe1890sto1930s States United w to 1949. theoretical philosophy at Lund from1929 professorof as who succeededLarsson (1884–1968), buttoAlfNyman Larsson probably refersnotto instead ofhisage) for (presumably fossil an alleged Nazi whowas regarded as a after-the-fact receiptofinformationabout 1901to1927.Russell’s from University scholar whowasaphilosopheratLund Kantian and humanist liberal 1944), a (1862– Larsson Hans probably Russell was Kantinhismeetingwith who supported philosophers here.The“oldphilosopher” w it is yourown.” couldn’t havebeen so chaoticstageinthehouse,I the most am sureI thatattime,angry? I was at tower onsuchacarpetofcrocuses.” fromthe lovely itwillbetolookdown during thenextfewdays.Thinkhow Thereare2000crocuses togoin spring. garden oughttolookveryprettynext outside Telegraph House:“Yourlordship’s noted thatcrocusbulbs were beingplanted 7 6 8 x x x In her 12 October letter to Russell, Peter letter In her12October The Progressivemovementinthe Russell seemstocon London, 8, no. 8 [22 Aug. [22 8 London,8,no. witty. No, my dear, my witty.No, his politicalviews X W Papers ate two Swedish two ate ed these states as ed thesestates 16). X ocked to The E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) is notonthebook.Someofstoriesarerathergood,abadkind. which name, The lady,thoughfromKenya,isDanish.Iforgether snobbish. Heisenberg’s personality made the whole lot of them pale. them of personality madethewholelot Heisenberg’s got from tive intheir customs—they haveformalitiesaboutdrinking, wh.theysay conserva- are 4 youngmensang,inSwedish&German.TheSwedes which dark pines,verybeautiful.Lecture all right in theevening—thensupper,at admirable themis to deal—it comesoutindreams.Whatyousaidyourletter luncheon party given by a very successfulwomandoctor; a by luncheon partygiven that shehaswrittenabookcalled“SevenGothicTales”. I metthereapaintedladyfromKenya,whomdisliked;foundafterwards sl of a littlepresent,&minewasbox big ships in the middle of it. Lunch with 2 dull Jews, dull 2 big shipsinthemiddleofit.Lunchwith I say people should be—reasonable, kindly, prudent, with no inclination for say peopleshouldbe—reasonable,kindly,prudent,withnoinclination I glad you are going to Dartington. to glad youaregoing hardly anyonenoticedit. Letter 12 Str. housemaid in “The Way of All Flesh”. housemaid in“TheWayofAll you beingsuddenlysick; straight home? I feel wewouldbemorealonetogetherinLondon.—Howsad sometimes itgrowsquitemaddening. sometimes the restofworld— & person withasheetofplateglassbetweenme feeling ofbeing old troubled bythe Tonight dinnerwithmySwedishpublisher, kind ofbookTinyGrantDu gave mehercopy(withallthewordsshedidn’t know underlined)—it is the My DarlingLove made me so anxious to be home that I looked up boats in the Travel-Bureau the in here &telegraphedtoyou boats up looked I that home be to anxious so me made tryi also device ofunder-statement,& “I thinkyoudolikeme”Iamadoptingmyusual say I know thatwhen The Scandinaviansseemtomeestima Darling, Iamverygratefulforwhatyouwrotetothechildren,& I am no longer tired, but bored. When I get away alone like this, Iam this, like I amnolongertired,butbored.Whengetawayalone I got a very nice typed letter from letter typed I gotaverynice 2 PerhapswemightstaythenightinLondon?Orwd.yourathergo C . 18 6 Yesterday’s journey was lovely—yellow birch trees mixed with mixed Yesterday’sjourneywaslovely—yellowbirchtrees z France. Today lovely brightweather—adelicioustown,with Today France. “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” y 3 1 I wonder why. I am much pained about the Iwonderwhy.ammuchpainedabout From StockholmonCarltonHotelletterhead to make it seem real. I arrive King’s X,notL tomakeitseemreal.Iarrive V zz z 12 5 Ihavebeenworrying about them a good wouldwriteifshecould,fantastic& you today—written Oct.14.Don’tyou you a ghost,ortheWanderingJew, 9 eeping pills.Itseemedanodd choice. —In CopenhagenIwenttoalarge 4 ng nottoseemfatuous?Yourletter Whenthebookwas ble, butratheruninteresting—Ifelt 8 thenRvR. + Thursday, z 10 13 7 shegaveeverybody They arejustwhat whomIdisliked. 11 , Mrs.Jørgenssen 17October1935 W rst published 127 z l E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) yourself. Iloveyou. goodnightBeloved.Takecareof so lecture Now Imustthinkaboutmy away fromyou. am I when caves Peter. Allsortsofspectrescrawlouttheir busy from now on.—I come backfrom BergentoNewcastle.Idolongforyou I shallbemuchless gone. completely is care ofit,itnevergotbad,&now posthumously published Butler’s Samuel reading been shehad that murder. (Swedenhasneverbeenatwarsince1815. d.stevenson michael 128 w sell’s mentionofthisstorywaslocated. Rus- to terribly subversive.”Noreference W did people thinkofitwhen What book. agood is Was thisalteredinareprint?It to seduce. much later,thatheattempted someoneelse, was it seduceher; He didn’t side. onhis hadright duced ahousemaid se- Pontifex you forsayingthatErnest W to for asexualassault:“Iamshocked time parents’ housemaid ends upmarrying his Pontifex, ter, Ernest Flesh w stations inLondon. w ble…. cold—perhaps that was what made me feel so tired at tired so cold—perhaps thatwaswhatmademefeel nightmares “thatyouarefallingover preci- father topreventhi their to themtowrite she encouraged sent to JohnandKateat Dartington Hall; Peter includedalength w cable unlessthrough denly sickall over my noted thatafterdinner she had“beensud- w w in 1934afterleavingBeaconHillSchool. John and KateRussellattended beginning boarding facilityesta 6 5 4 3 2 1 rst came out? It must surely have seemed rst cameout?Itmustsurelyhave themanwhowroteandscolded that nd x x x x x x Telegram notextant. Dartington Hall School, theprogressive Dartington Hall In her 14 October letter toRussell,Peter October 14 In her King’s Cross and Liverpool Street, train Liverpool King’s Crossand In her 14 Octoberle In her14OctoberlettertoRussell, I Page-Barkeredmyhair, (1903), inwhichthecentralcharac- (1903), m fromexperiencing blished in 1926 where blished in1926 eating toofast)”. after serving prison after serving frock (quiteinexpli- tter, Peterindicated y portionofa letter The WayofAll 15 you will begladtohear.Ihadaslight you B w vour you,orsomethingofthatsort.” de- sionto thatIamawildbeast about undertheimpres- somnolent condition, is yetinasemi- to hammermewhilehe Iamthere,to wakeif upscreaming, and, from, andthaton these occasions he isapt there- consequences unpleasant ous and in adangerousmannerandsu otherwise comportingyourselves pices and w [1994–95]: 123). Conrad”, Admiration forJoseph Monk, “TheMadnessofTruth:Russell’s ever tolonelyimpotence”(quotedin possible, andIknowmyselfdoomedfor- some sortofhumancontact,butitisim- sees;one no agonizinglyItrytomake intoaghostwhom aquarium, orturned self behindplateglass,likea ter tohisdaughter, 1948 let- a expressed similarsentimentsin world” (Monk2:319).Russell corporeal a spectrethatdidnotquitebelonginthe hewas that feeling expressed “the quently thesisthatRussellfre- Monk’s primary the in w reformviews. social and sell’s progressive Kultur in1922andshared of Rus- many aristocrat husband to Kenya,aristocrat husband where they herSwedish with Danish author,moved w w 8 7 11 10 9 x x x x Johan Hansson(1879–1973)founded Unidenti This confessioncert x Karen Blixen (née Dinesen, 1885–1962), (néeDinesen, Blixen Karen Unidenti X uential publishinghouseNaturoch W W ed. 14 ed. ) Itisallveryadmira- W rst—but Itookgreat Kate: my- “Iimagine ainly reinforcesRay T W ering seri- ering Russell sh in an sh in z 14 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) w Award-winning Academy ofthe1985 thebasis served as 1937, cemented her literary reputationand during thistime&longtobebackwithyou. on Monday—theyaretiresomeinnotlettingmeknowmore. car, returningtonight. I traveltoOslo biographical biographical the pseudonym Isak published during theGreatDepressionand failed returned toDenmarkaftertheplantation co established a w Letter 13 Djørup in 1897; in 1934,theymovedtoa Djørup in1897; w World War”( Second four untilshediedduringthe of age the from friends “were Jackson and and Russellnotedthathe broke Lodge, atPem- Russell asachild known had She Governor ofMadrasfrom1881to1886. Grant Du ofSirMountstuart was thedaughter author of arrangements & the time is taken up in wild telephonings. I may I arrangements &thetimeistakenupinwildtelephonings. My Darling back to Bergen—it is a nuisance. I shall be at Bergen 22 Bergen at be back toBergen—itisanuisance.Ishall Oslo, &then to back tion withOslo.IhavetogofromOsloBergen,then then takes metoUpsala.) who son, deal sooner thanIexpected. good a Jespersen wasillsoIonlywent there to tea, not weekend. there. mightsendaletterPosteRestanteBergen—Iknownootheraddress You traits of Heisenberg Russell found lacking Russell traits ofHeisenberg 1 13 12 x Otto Jespersen had Otto Jespersenhad x x Must stop—Goodbye my Darling, my Love—I loveyoumore& Love—I my Must stop—GoodbyemyDarling, I haveonlytimefora short lettertoday.Norwayhas madeamuddleofmy I can’t tell you in advancemuchofmyplans,asIdon’tknowthem.Mrs. you tell I can’t It is not clear which speci It isnotclearwhich Annabel HuthJackson(1870–1944), T Seven GothicTales A VictorianChildhood , along-servingBritish Out ofAfrica Auto. T W ee plantationin1914.She lm ofthesamename. 1:25). Dinesen. Herauto- married AneMarie , published in W “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” in 1934 under 1934 in c personality From StockholmonCarltonHotelletterhead (1932), mp and Alas, no—just had a telephone conversa- telephone a Alas, no—justhad (Today I lunch with the publisher Han- (Today Ilunchwiththepublisher by day on Sunday, to Bergen probably Bergen to Sunday, on day by Your B care product. Dandru Scurf and ean) city of Elsinore donated by theRoyal donated ean) cityofElsinore home neartheDanish(andShakespear- w tion ofneutralityinEuropeana had since thenconsistentlyadopteda posi- 1815.Sweden in Vienna of by theCongress Norway toSweden,asettlementrati attacked Denmark,forcingthecessionof Swedenthen Leipzig. at French alliance won bytheanti- Grand Armythatwas depleted over Napoleon’s the victory w York: W. Heisenberg Werner and Scienceof C.Cassidy, (David mathematics, music,eventabletennis” hedid— everything toexcelin drive self-con pher documentstheGermanphysicist’s in Scandinavians, butHeisenberg’s biogra- 15 14 x x Russell refersheretoDr.Page-Barker’s In 1813 Swedish forces participated in W dence and his “enormous lifelong “enormous dence andhis y H. Freeman, 1992],p.15). H. Freeman, + Friday, z nd T Lotion,apopularhair , 23 Uncertainty: TheLife 1 Today Upsalaby , 18October1935 z rd , perhaps24 get home T airs. [New 129 W z ed th . E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) write anordinarylettertomorrowinthetrain. dreams. My Dearest is not certain which dayRussellmadethe is notcertainwhich from 12 Elsinore 1935.It to in 18 February with theJespersens stay for theRussellsto for Russell’s original itinerary tourcalled byadistinguishedscholar.The use for Letters and ofSciences Academy Danish d.stevenson michael 130 Dearest P.— Letter 15 w Letter 14 telegram has just come—it wasgoodofyoutosendit. just has telegram hearttosaymoreatthemoment.—Yournice no weak goodnature.Ihave have been so strong that Ifeelnowyou that beensostrong have loathing thatIhave felt for her wayoflife or evenlikedher.…Thecontempt& less ifyouhadloved have mindedfar saythatIwould only ing aboutit.Ican wayupinthecar.…Itisnousetalk- the that youmadelovetoGrethe, & I wept all inpart:“OfcourseIfeelverysad reading sense nated her of anger andbetrayal, butPeter’sdetailedreplyillumi- chives, extantintheRussellAr- is ing thistryst letterfromRusselltoPeterannounc- No with her whileinCopenhagen. slept ently 8 ship withGretheForchhammer (see thenatureofRussell’srelation- Whatever letter fromPeterdated17October. a curt caused Russellsuchpainwasappendedto ) beforehisScandinaviantour,heappar- 1 x This undated letter(710.106368a)which The letterIhadbeendreadingcame I am having a less busy time now. No lecture yesterday ortoday,today all lecture No I amhavingalessbusytimenow. 1 I have beenafooltocauseyou& me unhappiness from a moment’s From StockholmonCarltonHotelletterhead Letter gaged inCopenhagen. en- 12 and13October,whenhewasstill tioned herebyRussellreferspresumablyto men- butthe“weekend” the Jespersens, with tea 40-kilometre triptoElsinorefor B simply: “Allwell.Love”. w toScandinavia. ence fromRussell’svisit tion ofthea their lettersresumed theregular a closed, and considered thematter have immediately wish to.”BothPeterandRussellseemto that I willretaliate.Ihaveno fear need not whenyoucomehome& about it nothing worthy. Iwilltryhardtosay been because youhave to—not ine remorse,becauseyouought genu- feel don’t I amsorrythatyou me.… must havedeliberatelyintendedtomock you if seemsas this ones—and for big good way,sacri decent & hurt me.Ihavetriedsohardtoliveina could notmorecrudely& 2 x todayas in & wasjust my bad Peter’s telegramof19Octoberstated On CarltonHotelletterhead z + Saturday, T Sunday, 20October1935 air in the extant correspond- extant air inthe 2 Thankyou.Iwill with no furthermen- , 19October1935 In traintoOslo wicked,onlyun- T W ectionate toneof ectionate cing littlethings X agrantly have E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) w prizewinners. of theannualbanquetforNobel location onitssoutheastcorner;itisthe tower marked byanimposing106-metrehigh TownHallis red-bricked Stockholm 1923, therectangular, between 1911and National Romanticstyleandconstructed Labour Partywasbetter. mountains. journeythroughsnow fares, &Ienjoythetrain.Itisaverysensational mg.Itseemsfoolish,buttheypaymy Bergen onSunday,&sailMonday castle nearLund—&evensheisaddressedbyherbutlerasthou. except amongafewold-fashionedpeopleliketheladyin hardly exist & Imustsayverysuccessful.Universityteachingisfree,classdivisions Russia—most people are Social Democrats,buttheinstitutionsareLiberal, of arefewcommunistsinSwedenbecauseofthetraditionalhatred There “Upsala School”, but Ididmybesttoanswerthem. dealtwithinmybooks, have letter askedastringofquestions,allwh.I about “Gov you holm TownHall, me overStock- took is incrediblyclear.Yesterdaymg.thepublisherHansson is theatmospherewh. thing best The alike. day intrain.Nicecountrybutall in “The LimitsofEmpiricism”toappear of a Swedishtranslation allow this meetingto arguer, as he probablyconvinced Russell at 1946. Wogauseemstohavebeenagood professor intheoreticalphilosophythere in University sala pleted hisdoctoratein philosophy at Upp- w was spentarguingwithaphilosophernamedWogau, translation, “Empirismens gränser”, gränser”, “Empirismens translation, 2 1 x x Designed byRagnar Östberginthe Designed Konrad Marc-Wogau (1902–1991) com- (1902–1991) Marc-Wogau Konrad Theoria I suppose everybody is excited about the GeneralElection.Iwishthe about I supposeeverybodyisexcited I havetogoBergenonTuesday&thenbackOslo Hansson isaHenryGeorgeLiberal Hansson In the evg. I wrote to Cromptonabouthispiedish , thejournalheco-edited.The z t by Social Justice”. 1932 and wasappointed 3 ofwh.Ihadneverheardbefore 1 amagni 9 “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” I shall be glad to get letters from you at Oslo.Ilove you from letters Ishallbegladtoget W cent a 8 The- He is a masterful man, hard to disobey. 6 V air, butnotmoderninstyle.Theaft B Uppsala School”, Robert T. Sandin, “The Founding of the l and Circle Vienna ism andwastheSwedishequivalentof the ophy rejectedmetaphysicsandsubjectiv- philos- of to 1933,theUppsalaschool 1893 at Uppsala Universityfrom philosophy of of his w Ideas ni oria energy on trying to make up theworkthat energy ontryingtomake spare ofhis spent “most Davies June 1935, manuscriptonatrainin After losingthe script on philosophy as his “pie-dish”. Davies referreddisparagingly to his manu- w z 7 3 4 book & insistedonmyreadinga x W x Founded byAxelHägerström,professor As Russell recounts inthe As Russellrecounts cant coupfora 2(April1936):107–27,wasasig- 23[1962]:496–512). Autobiography z — z 4 z &yourincome. 2 Journal oftheHistory Journal whobelongstothe X , CromptonLlewelyn ogical positivism (see ogical positivism edgling publication. W rst volume 5 His 131 z n E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) Dearest w to maketheperfectpie-dish. attempt twenty yearsofhislifeinafutile thelast play, thecentralcharacterspends in1908.Inthe Dublin’s AbbeyTheatre Fitzmaurice, whichpremieredat George to aplayofthesamenamewrittenby from John seeing 432–3). AlthoughRussellstopped tal” (see“TheSingleTax”, tion betweenlandand other formsofcapi- international monopolies and War, whenthegrowthof First World the ported thesingletaxuntil Russellstronglysup- AuntAgatha, by his ideasan adolescent as atPembroke Lodge Poverty equalities, mostnotablyin in- social and toredresseconomic values (1839–1897) advocatedthetaxationofland Scandinavian tour.The his after Russellreturnedfrom shortly 1935 November on23 days—died Cambridge intimate friendfromhisundergraduate W was lost;butthepi d.stevenson michael 132 Letter 16 w Archives. Russell the reply istobefoundin Russell’s to Copenhagenbuthehadn’tusedit. w intervention. of Russell’s clearly enteredintoasaresult 1936–37, soadi in this as £277.3.3; secretarial andtypingexpenses 1935–36 his Russelllisted sell’s secretary. come PeterreceivedfromactingasRus- 7 6 5 nished” (1:62).Davies—Russell’slast x x x This matter seems torelatethein- This matter American reformerHenryGeorge Neither Davies’ letter to Russell nor Neither Davies’letterto I have had no letter from you since IleftStockholm,buthadaniceone I havehadnoletterfromyou W gure declined sharply toonly£29.1.7 (1879).IntroducedtoGeorge’s z — 1 2 z inanenvelopeyouhadsenthim.Ihimoneaddressed W nance “blurred thedistinc- nance T erent arrangement was erent arrangement e-dish was never was e-dish pie-dish allusionis Progress and Papers 14: w 1960, Krumreig,3Sept. (Russell toWilliam never been able todoanythingaboutit” important group.Iregretthis,buthave ofanypolitically become theprogramme countryatleast, this they havenot,in became acquaintedwhenIwasaboy,but with whosewritingsI of HenryGeorge, 1960 that“Ihave always been anadmirer thetic toGeorge’sge socialism, henonetheless remained sympa- analternativeto as land nationalization w cannot belocated. of thesametitlewritten by another author publish abookwiththistitle,and gramme” (quotedin National Government“andhasnopro- bour was“doingnothing”toconfront the La- the LabourParty,notingin1932that mained surprisingly Russellre- replaced byBaldwinin1935, before being nated governmentheled MacDonald andtheConservative-domi- negative opinionof Russell’s tion. Despite from theLabourPartytoleadcoali- following RamsayMacDonald’sdefection victory inthe 1931election Government were reducedfromthelandslideNational althoughthesemajorities in Parliament, lar voteandnearlythree-quartersofseats dates securedmorethan53%ofthepopu- candi- Baldwin, NationalGovernment vember. UndertheleadershipofStanley tookplaceon14No- United Kingdom 8 9 x x Unidenti The 1935GeneralElectioninthe Bad writingduetoshakytrain. ra On CarltonHotelletterhead 1 720). + Monday, W ed—Henry George did not ed—Henry Georgedid In trainOslotoBergen neral aims,in writing unenthusiastic about unenthusiastic SLBR , 21October1935 z 2:308). E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) me upafunicular crank.Shewasverytrying.took religious a Guatemala, &hasbecome very much. munists, but home viaBergen. Society. NextdayIgobacktoOslo,le journeys inthe world. Tomorrow I lecture atBergentotheAnglo-Norwegian from9till9—fortunatelyoneofthemostbeautifulrailway lasts journey He left me at 10, & then I had to do aSunday Referee he hadmissedmephonedtoeveryhotelinOslotillhitontherightone. article. found had He hadgotthetimeofmyarrivalwrong,&whenhe up. turned Sundays. SoIwenttoahotelfeelingrathernon-plussed.Butpresentlyhe outtobeastudents’clubwithnooneabouton turned address, which there to meet me, but wasn’t.HeisnotonthetelephonesoItookataxito his Letter 17 w w represented by a middle-aged lady represented byamiddle-aged shy oftalkingEnglishthattheygotthemselves so were students people. Butthe a mancalledFigenschou, was me, sothatIcouldn’tenjoyit.ThePresidentoftheAnglo-Norwegians Wars Are Unknown”, Wars Are jointly. tonight. MeanwhileIamanxious. IhopeBrunjolfBullwillhavesomething for me Bergen. to on had torush My Darling w http://russell.mcmaster.ca/brletters 27 Oct. 1935,p.18; Oct. 27 3 2 1 x x x Images ofthisle Probably “In Lands Where Slums and Probably “InLands Dated 16October1935(710.105236). I am unhappily wondering whatyouarefeelingaboutme—Ilove wondering I amunhappily Bull isaniceyoungmanbutincompetent—can’tquitestandthecom- When I reached Oslo yesterdayevening,BrynjolfBullshouldhavebeen Oslo When Ireached At Bergen I was invited by the students & the Anglo-Norwegian Society At BergenIwasinvitedbythestudents&Anglo-Norwegian since IleftStockholm,nodoubtbecause you from I haveheardnothing 2 They treated me very kindly & the Anglo-Norwegians were pleasant were Anglo-Norwegians the They treatedmeverykindly& 1 W nds theSocialiststoomild. Papers tter maybeseenat z 4 The SundayReferee to a place of very great beauty, & then triedtoconvert then & toaplaceofverygreatbeauty, 21:60–2.This “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” 5 in the iron & steelbusiness.Hehad lately been in . z 3 , whohadanEnglishhusbandin cture thereFri.&Sat. then start for B tion anyaspect of the Scandinaviantour. article referredtoin of hislecturetour—the impressions ofScandinaviatothatpoint Russell’s of overview an provided article On CarltonHotelletterhead + Wednesday, In train,BergentoOslo Letter 2 , 23October1935 Sunday Referee did notmen- did 3 Todaymy 133 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) w Fløyen mountainoverlookingBergen. and transportedpassengerstothetopof what Ishouldhaveimagined. am returning. IlefttherestbyoversightathotelinOslotowhich paper &envelope. get peopletotell me the news, but theyareallhopelesslyvague.Forgivemessy sure thereisnotruthinwhathesays. but thatemployerscomplain.HeisevidentlygoingNazi,onecan’tbe &sworethatworkingmenlookmuchhappierthanbefore1933, Hamburg d.stevenson michael 134 w enhagen. Cop- losophy papersdeliveredinitiallyin technicalphi- Religion” andnotthetwo against“Revolt Reason” or“Science and gian Society,thelecturewasprobably oftheAnglo-Norwe- members dents and composed primarilyofstu- audience was lecture in Bergenon22October.Since the w w house. have since become a steady reader of your of reader steady becomea since have smallboy,butI a ago. Iwasatthattime 25years visit tomyhomeinBergensome your recall 1961: “Youmaynot November 23 on inthisletter,wrotetoRussell to schou, thesonof the referred businessman Figen- Rasmus vidual cannotbelocated. w life.” in somuchpleasureandhelp have Iderived thusiastic readers.Fromnootherauthor en- note asatributefromoneofyour this accept Museums:“Please of theBergen 22 October1935andwrittenonletterhead AlvrakertoRusselldated note fromEgil 5 4 3 2 1 x x x x x Included withthisletterwasashort Biographical information onthisBiographical information indi- Unidenti It appears that Russell delivered a single It appearsthatRusselldelivereda The Fløibanenfunicular opened in 1918 Goodbye. Ilongforaletter. Thank you for telling me about Doraseeingthechildreno me Thank youfortelling My dearestPeterIloveyouverymuch. I don’twriteaboutpoliticsbecausegetthenews 2 or3dayslate.Itryto 7 Iwonderifanythingcameofit. W ed. 6 You wrote once about some peopletobuythe Youwroteonceabout Your devotedB them being seen o them beingseen the trainstation toschool:saw “ZitaBaker count ofDoraseeing John and Kate o hadpassedonasecond-handac- Peter w books.” w become tooobvious to a soon will ling. Iamsurehermadness worryaboutthemmydar- happy. Don’t up toher.Thatsavesthembeingun- of conveniencetheyhavelearnedtoplay use tellingherthings.Ithinkforthesake them—remember howthey no was said it her anythingthatworried never tell cares aboutthem.Iamsuretheywould thinkshe istheonlyonewho that they her uncomfortabletoseeit.…Don’tfeel made it and looked extremelyembarrassed tothem.Zitasaidthey clinging was tant carriage,all the awayfrom others, and train.Shehadledthemtoadis- tington visit. tomorrow.” Nothingresultedfromthis to seetheplace coming Theyare price. the by who areapparentlynotabashed and Withers whowanttobuythehouse, from that hehasheardofsomepeople that “Crompton has justtelephonedtosay 6 7 x x In her15October In her letter to Russell of15October, Russell In herletterto T by DoraontheDar- by letter, Peternoted T ect themmuch.” V —it isjust T at E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) before yesterday sure thaneverthattherewill not be war. IhavereadHoare’sspeechtheday war withItaly,itwillshowthemthat wicked. Such people (as those who allege this proof of wickedness) of wicked. Suchpeople(asthosewhoallegethisproof My dearestDarlingLove— saysthe Queen of Norway (who here,becausetheygivemeinterestinginformation.He men seeing business is English Germany. Iwasthemoreinterestedashehimselfisratherpro-German.like for City Society. Hesayshehasbeenastonishedbythefriendshipof Govt’s. friendshipwithGermany. war areallright,Ithink.Butofcoursebehinditisthe which avoid at Göttingen, & a very distinguished man) distinguished at Göttingen,&avery dismissing Landau(the for excuse given by the same post. by thesame course ofthatconversationIwroteabout. date. Heisenberg,who studied under Landau,spokesneeringlyofhiminthe gaseswillsoonbeoutof poison their hope tosurviveinthemodernworld; Letter 18 At his luncheon I satnextaProfessorofMathematics relief, great a is you sayaboutthechildren sooner. Iwasafraidyouhadstoppedwriting—All that Ihadnotgotthem which setmymind at ease.ItwasthefaultofincompetentBrünjolfBull de Aryan de people thede which is proper forschoolboys.But grown-up presses thematthetime,&thene home here—from what hesaidshesoun here—from home He gavethelatterde W Just afterIhadtelegraphedtoyoutoday I lunched today with a banker who is president of the Anglo-Norwegian the of president I lunchedtodaywithabankerwhois By allmeans let us comestraighthomewhen Iarrive,&letushavethecar sin x= sin A= nition is W nition of the sine in trigonometry. You know that the“Aryan” that nition ofthesineintrigonometry.Youknow AB BC

– W

nition is x 1.2.3 z 5 & z 3 4 Iwon’tworryaboutthemanymore.thinkDoraim- + W W

nd thatIcannotseriouslyobjectto his policy. Sanctions

1.2.3.4.5 nition, whichdoesn’tappealto“intuition”,so he was y “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” x z 5 — ..&soon From OsloonSavoyHotelletterhead she has irrational fears—& I feel more shehasirrationalfears—&Ifeel V JewishProfessorofpuremathematics ect gradually wearso ect ded just like theEmpressFrederick. 11 z 3 & I had a nice letter from Kate from letter nice a had I & 1 z z 6 9 I got2lovelylettersfromyou, ) hasnevermanagedtofeelat wasthathehadgivenanon- + Thursday, z 8 whotoldmethat the , 24October1935 V . If there is no . Ifthereis z 10 cannot 135 7 2 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) w England, &Dartmoorisnotawarmplace. sweetest. Ihopeyou haven’t got a fearful chill—Iseeithasbeenverycoldin may I should arriveKing’sX4.15p.m.but to drive down,ortravel d.stevenson michael 136 w visit toDartington describingher of 19October(710.106371) second handwrittenletter addition toher w people who are looking at the housewillbuyit.Ishallloathe the at people whoarelooking the hope I shallarrive.Ofcourseiftheweatherisbadmaybelater.—I the boat.IcantelegraphfromNewcastle,so you will know by 11 a.m. when but Ican’tgoonspending£2000ayearofcapital got 100kroner(about£4)fo I hadthedaystarted. that cash £10 comfort tobelivingwithinmyincome. in thriving,despitethebaleful were John and October reassuredRussellthatKate w w tonessoundedso their havescaredthembadlyaboutwar, must Dora going tobewar.Ithink wasn’t there if seemedas it that they bothsoonsaid the impressionofbeingworriedatall& give international situation:“Theydon’t cember 1935afterthe beforcedtoresigninDe- Hoare would mands forterritoryandrawmaterials. satis that Oct. 1935,p.14) (“The British Position”, League” the of ment withintheframework Italy andcalledforan“honourablesettle- against sanctions ofNations League mild con the Abyssinian 1935on eign policyspeechon22October Hoare (1880–1959)deliveredamajorfor- 5 4 3 2 1 x x x X x x Telegram notextant. British Foreign SecretaryForeign British Sir Samuel Peter’s second handwritten letterof19 Peter’s secondhandwritten Probably Peter’sletterof 20 October,in Dated 16October1935(710.106768). I loveyou My Beloved,Ifeelaliveagain after the 2 letters I got today—Blessyoumy I have spent so littleduringthistourthatIhavenotyetbrokenintothe I havespent uence ofDoraandheroutlookonthe X ict that endorsed the ict thatendorsed leaking oftheHoare- seeJohnandKate. deeplyrelieved.” The Times W W ed Italy’sde- rst inthetrain,whicheveryou prefer. I told you I r broadcastinginDenmark. , 23 I hadalittlemoneybesidesthat,& of Denmark,her Prince Carl King Edward VII. Shemarried Britain’s of theyoungestdaughter was w death ofherhusband. the ended fourmonthslater,following German Empressbeginning inMarch1888 the her Prussian reign as aristocracy,and with thoseof odds at glophile idealsoften An- liberal shared Frederick and Victoria 1858. in William Frederick Prince Prussia’s married and ofQueenVictoria eldest child w gian throne as KingHaakonVII. theNorwe- ascended 1905,Carl Sweden in After Norwaybecameindependentfrom B Society inOslobeforethewar.” you gavealecturetotheAnglo-Norse 1957, notingthat“Iintroduced you when January 22 on Schieldrop wrotetoRussell ofOslofrom1929to1961. University 1965),professor amathematics atthe w most ofAbyssinia. basically recognizedItaly’sconquestof Laval (whowasalsoPrimeMinister)that Hoare withhisFrench counterpart Pierre anagreementLaval Pact, reached by 8 7 6 x x x Probably Edgar B. Schieldrop (1891– B. Schieldrop Probably Edgar be anhourearlier—itdependson Princess Victoria(1840–1901)wasthe Princess MaudofWales(1869–1938) 14 z z 12 —It wouldbeagreat W 13 rst cousin,in1896. giving it up, E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) owing to the fact that the only that owing tothefact teaching, religious of that theelementaryschoolsherehaveafrightfulamount views— lovely I didn’tcatch)totakemeawalkonthehills.Therearevery name specially studiedtheSu My dearestDarling— between English&German. perfect, thoughrathercold.Today Brunjulf Bullsent ayounglady tired. Theweatherhasbeen all at not arrive shall & an easytimeinNorway amhaving half oftheirholidays.ButwecouldstaytillEasterholidays.—I Malaga beforeXmas,becauseofthechildren.Ishouldnotliketomissour are rightaboutXtine. the operation hasnotcuredtheoldtroubles. the operation w found intheRussellArchives. isnottobe versation withHeisenberg accountofhiscon- these letters,Russell’s w w Praise ofIdlenessby about now. much to do when she is gone.—There should be acheque from Norton&always for lies when convenient. But I am much afraid of your havingtoo Letter 19 w and supplemented twice thereafter (seeIan and supplementedtwice andMollie’sdivorcein1916 before Frank created agreement convolutedlegal a of death in 1931,wasobli wife Mollie, whichBertie, despite Frank’s annual paymenttoFrank Russell’s second upkeep forTelegraphHousewasa£400 giving anon-geometricde textbook in1934 tingen afterpublishinga th postat his resign was forcedto Jewish mathematician, a desire to know what theywouldbelikedrunk know a desireto of common sense in action & opinion, buthavedreamymysticaleyes—Ifeel learn notonlyBiblebutendlessdogmasbyheart.ThemenImeet are all full but youdon’tsaywhatthismatter 9 12 11 10 x x x Edmund Landau (1877–1938),German- x Your “domestic”letter As mentionedintheintroductionto Included costs inthe prohibitive of The text in parentheses was inserted. was parentheses The textin W ords &mountains.ShehadbeenattheSchoolofEconomics, e UniversityofGöt- gated topayaspart 2 You say the “matter of thebill”clinchedyourdecision, “matter the Yousay W V nition of “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” rage movement in England. I in rage movement z 1 came today & all it said interestedme.Ihopeyou it cametoday&all religionisLutheranism;thewretchedchildren 5 P —I amsorryyouaresotired,&very . z 3 From OsloonSavoyHotelletterhead was.Clearly she lied about Kate’sbag, Watson, “Mollie, Devon. themoorsofDartmoorin nes, near SeymourHotelinTot- letterhead ofthe 19Octoberhadbeenwrittenonthe of Dartington HallSchool;her second letter w the tourorganizers. by expense heincurredwasfullycovered every thetheorythat moneyreinforces any w 1942. in whodied Mollie, to duce hispersonaldirectcontributions tore- placed intrustandallowedRussell were £5,500, andsomeoftheproceeds not sell 14 13 x x z 23 [2003]: 67–8). TelegraphHousewas Russell’s statementaboutnot spending Peter had visited John andKateat Peter hadvisited W nally sold until1937fornearly nally sold 6 Idon’tthinkwecangoto z + — Friday, z they arejusthalfway Countess Russell”, Countess Russell”, W nd fromeverybody , 25October1935 z 7 (whose z sorry Rus- 137 4 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) inspire suchdevotion. 138 michael d.stevenson michael 138 w for beingangry.” excuse an thing implyingthatitwasonly some- said She she justwouldn’tlisten. whenDorawasangry,but defend Xtine been scolded, andshe Itoldheryouhad said. locked, asXtine was case herdressing that clared de- emphatically “Kate keeper Christine: to itas involvingDoraand the house- visit toDartingtonreferred recounting her not known,butPeter’s20Octoberletter w reasons.” alreadyhalfformedforother decision clinched a this incidentofthebillonly Xtinenoticeandsayingthat letter giving written averytactful just mination: “Have the employee’ster- ber informedRussellof note onher“domestic”letterof22Octo- mitted bya sub- bill £10 nearly ofa hiding Christine’s October (710.106373)recounted 21 ter of graph House.Peter’s w tains ofwork.Blessyou,Beloved.Ta you—it will be glorious to be home again. AndIaminamood to do moun- w w home.” you willlike that, as youare awayfrom “This is avery domest ties House aroundTelegraph thatday: heractivi- tober (710.106374a)recounted envelope forthisletterismarked“Re- The for$392.40. publisher, sell’s American indeed arrivedfromW. Peter informedRussellthatachequehad 5 4 3 2 1 x x x x x Peter’s In a letter to Russelldated18October, In aletterto The word“matter”wasinserted. “Xtine”domestic wasservant a atTele- The complete natureof Poor Joan Malleson—I am sorryforher.ItseemsoddthatMilesshould Poor JoanMalleson—I Now I must prepare mylecture Now Imustprepare W rst typewrittenletterof 22 Oc- W shmonger, and ahandwritten W ic letter, butperhaps ic said she had tried to tried shehad said rst handwritten let- y W. Norton, Rus- 8 thisincidentis not z 9 z —God, Iamsickofbeingawayfrom ke careofyourself&keepwarm. w cheque shouldhavearrived. the news whenheindicatedthat this heard notpreviously had Russell, soRussell tour”, indicatingtheletterhadnotreached w them again.” nuisance&Imusttryignoring damned atall.Itisa caused bytheappendix weren’t sotheyobviously syndromes, notedthat“Istillhaveallmyold 106374) of21October(710. handwritten letter about money&everything.” Hersecond toodi is everything is itself tiring. This morningIfeel that which ofmassage, & forwards, and wards back- only fatigue:—theresultofrushing wretchedly unwell,butthinkitisprobably letters &restalittle.Havebeenfeeling sagewith andstayingcope athome to quite exhausted, &amcancellingmy mas- her physical andemotional state: “Ifeel openedwithafrankaccountof October w mention JoanMalleson. do not Scandinavia Russellwasin while Archiveswritten her lettersintheRussell Peter spurredRussell’sobservationhere; Possibly aseparateletterforwardedby one ofRussell’smostin Colette O’Niel, of the formerhusband (1888–1969), Malleson Miles married had rightscauses.In1923,she and abortion championed birthcontrol who a physician Your B w 6 9 8 7 x x x x Joan BillsonMalleson(1899–1956)was Unidenti Unidenti Peter’s W W W rst handwrittenletterof21 ed. ed. U cult, & amworrying cult, X uential lovers. uential E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) Angel, myTreasure,sweetchild—Iloveyou&longforyou. & bytravelling1 do asyoulike.—TodayIwastakentoseethe Viking ships, genuine 9 had avery My DarlingLove— Letter 20 prevented mygoingovertheaccounts. deliberately lostit.This because shehad been have must manner wasodd,andit announced thislossthather when she it hadcompletelyvanished.Ithought thenextmorning thereonenight and was It book. very mysteriouslylosttheaccount before Itookthemover,shesuddenlyand just toseethebooks, asked when Ilast endured. Idon’tthinktoldyouthat been de ities regarding household bills: “She has of Christine’ssuspectactiv- earlier account w parents, NorwegianCaptain,alsoHalfdan’s our met Yesterday atmylectureI X.Ithinkthereissomethingtobesaidforthetrain King’s That makesitclearshemustgo. accounts. I must say I should nothavesuspectedherofactualdishonesty. accounts. Imustsayshould Spectator ispleasing. the in he hadacquiredasortofforcedjauntiness.—DeanInge’sreview has not)—they areverynicepeople,bu w that day(andinduplicate). letter(710.106375)sentbyPeter written much cheered. years ago—beautiful, theshapeofacurragh years lady hadachildatNeal’s to tea—one out taken was I Then enough for40oarsmen&aboutothers. 2 1 x x Dated 22 October 1935, the secondtype- Dated 22October1935, Peter hadaddeda toher bit more detail This ismylastletter,&perhapsthiswon’tarrivebeforeme.Hurray!—I I don’t care whether you come with or without thecartomeetmeat without I don’tcarewhetheryoucomewithor Must stop—mylastlecture W nitely deceitful and thatcan’tbe and nitely deceitful 9 ofwhomthefather,to my horror, has become a Buchmanite z th century, buried in the tomb of aQueen&discoveredabout50 tomb century,buriedinthe niceletterfromyoutoday. z st we can get privacy, whichwedon’tgetinthetrain. get can we 11 Isawwhat the Archbaggersaidaboutdivorce “No Poverty,MuchComfort,LittleWealth” z 7 &anotherhadtwograndchildrenatDora’s. z 13 is nearly due.BlessyoumyDearest, isnearly From OsloonSavoyHotelletterhead t heseemedless nice than formerly— B w large debt.” That is why I have just discovered this ald Fairhair, the ( Asa pothesize carriedtheremainsofQueen somescholarshy- Oseberg Ship,which Gokstad excavation,prob datedbyRusselltothe Queen”, although 1904). Russell’s mention of the“tomba (excavated theOsebergShip and 1880), vated 1867),theGokstadShip(excavated Ship(exca- Tune logical discoveries—the housed three major ninth-century archaeo- w “car”. to write letter—he presumablyintended 1 4 3 HowbeastlyaboutXtine&the x x This is the originalword inRussell’s By 1932, Oslo’s Viking Ship Museum c z . 5 z exceptfortheprow, 800–850), thegrandmotherof Har- + Saturday, W rst rulerofauni , 4 26October1935 very interesting, very z — ably refers to the z it iswarmer, 6 butlarge z 12 &was z 10 3 (she But 139 W ed 8 2 E:\CPBR\RUSSJOUR\TYPE3102\russell 31,2064 red.wpd January 25, 2012 (9:31 am) and Oslo.Hismother London in interests business to establish the foreignservice diplomat beforeleaving Kielland (b.1893),hadbeenaNorwegian Tangen von Trygve father, House. His theschoolfromTelegraph sell moved Beacon HillafterDoraRus- remained in Russell atBeaconHillSchool”, Medical Care “New Evidence onLife,Learning, and Bruneau, William February 1933(see HillSchoolaslate enrolled atBeacon w identi areun- sentence tioned byRussellinthis by Russell.Thetwowomenmen- ported methodssup- progressive educational Sussex in1921,practi School,foundedin whose Summerhill w Norway. michaeld.stevenson 140 w divorce fromPeter. W provedtobeoneofthe 1948,which sell in a (b. 1900),wouldhavean 18 October 1935 issue of of 18 October1935issue Russell’s viewed w his studyofreligion Although criticalofRussellforbeginning w Movement (Group)in w with animalskins. coast of Ireland andtraditionallycovered wood-framed boatoriginatingon the west w 1934. in Essex HousetoBoyle’sCourtin graph from Tele- moved BeaconHillSchool 5 10 9 8 7 6 11 nal complicationsleadingtoRussell’s x x x x x x A currach (anglicized “curragh”)isa A currach(anglicized After her separation fromRussell,Dora Halfdan Kielland (b.1926)hadbeen Halfdan Kielland Presumably A. Russell insertedthequalifyingphrase. x William RalphInge(1860–1954)re- See Russell’sreferencetotheOxford W z 23[2003]:151);itis not certain ifhe ed. Religion andScience y S. Neill(1883–1973), “with presuppositions sed manyofthesame , RagnhildKielland Letter 2 T The Spectator air with Rus- . z in the . w to loosenthedivorcelaws.” you isprobably grateful toyouforhelping beforeorwaslikelytoread you had read every personwho you werepainted,and must realise thatyouare notso blackas case any would neverreadyourbooksin ofbigotswho except thesmallminority e no that Russell’sdivorcefromDorahad ment reportedin 106375), Peter had referencedLang’sstate- to Russelldated22October1935(710. thematter.Inhersecondletter on policy ofEngland ultimately determineChurch that thelaity—notclergy—should Legislation”, divorce” (“DivorceLaw:thePrimateand legalgroundsfor tension ofpresumably someex- for the growingpublicdemand “it was impossiblefor that indicate churches,hedid and notin should beconductedincivilceremonies formerspouses of personswithliving Lang personallybeli Conference.Although bury Diocesan theCanter- at 1945), on21October1935 terbury, CosmoGordonLang(1864– madebytheArchbishopofCan- divorce w 1911 untilhisretirementin1934. can Church—was DeanofSt.Paul’sfrom who ledthe modernist wing oftheAngli- Dictionary of NationalBiography Conservative” (MatthewGrimley, able”.romantic andiconoclastic Inge—“a cism ofcosmicpurposewas“unanswer- criti- his liant sword-play”andnotedthat Russell’s “bril- Inge nonethelesspraised which predeterminehisverdictagainstit”, T 12 13 ect onRussell’spopularity:“Everyone x x Unidenti Russell refers tostatementsconcerning W The Times ed. The Times eved that remarriages that eved Parliament toresist , 22 Oct.1935)and , andnoted [online]) Oxford