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Močno Vezane Računalniške Simulacije S Tokom Gnane Darrieusove Turbine

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Močno Vezane Računalniške Simulacije S Tokom Gnane Darrieusove Turbine Doktorska disertacija MOČNO VEZANE RAČUNALNIŠKE SIMULACIJE S TOKOM GNANE DARRIEUSOVE TURBINE marec, 2014 Avtor: Matjaž FLEISINGER Mentor: izr. prof. dr. Matej Vesenjak Somentor: red. prof. dr. Matjaž Hriberšek ZAHVALA Zahvaljujem se mentorju izr. prof. dr. Mateju Vesenjaku in somentorju red. prof. dr. Matjažu Hriberšku za pomoč in vodenje pri opravljanju doktorske disertacije. Hkrati bi se zahvalil sodelavcem Laboratorija za zahtevne inženirske simulacije in Laboratorija za računalniško dinamiko tekočin za tehnično in strokovno pomoč pri delu. Zahvaljujem se tudi Javni agenciji Republike Slovenije za spodbujanje podjetništva, inovativnosti, razvoja, investicij in turizma, ki je omogočila nastanek tega dela. Posebna zahvala velja družini za potrpežljivost, razumevanje in vzpodbudo med nastajanjem dela. KAZALO 1 UVOD .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Teza doktorske naloge ........................................................................................ 1 1.2 Cilji doktorske naloge ......................................................................................... 3 1.3 Pregled vsebine doktorske disertacije ............................................................... 4 2 PREGLED VODNIH TURBIN ................................................................................ 7 2.1 Turbine, ki delujejo s pomočjo potencialne energije (višinske razlike) ......... 9 2.2 Turbine, postavljene v prostem toku – hidrokinetične turbine .................... 10 2.3 Primerjava vodnih turbin ................................................................................ 14 3 DARRIEUSOVA TURBINA ................................................................................... 19 3.1 Različne izvedbe Darrieusovih turbin v vodnih aplikacijah ......................... 21 3.1.1 Davisova turbina .................................................................................................... 21 3.1.2 Kobold turbina ........................................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Gorlov turbina ........................................................................................................ 23 3.1.4 Polo turbina ............................................................................................................ 24 3.1.5 Achard turbina ........................................................................................................ 25 3.1.6 THAWT turbina ..................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Področje raziskav .............................................................................................. 26 3.3 Analiza delovanja Darrieusove turbine .......................................................... 27 4 RAČUNALNIŠKE SIMULACIJE MEDSEBOJNEGA VPLIVA TEKOČIN IN TRDNIN ........................................................................................................................... 33 4.1 Računalniška dinamika tekočin ...................................................................... 33 4.1.1 Modeliranje turbulentnega toka.............................................................................. 34 4.1.2 Direktna numerična simulacija - DNS ................................................................... 35 4.1.3 RANS modeli ......................................................................................................... 35 4.1.4 Dvo-enačbni modeli ............................................................................................... 37 4.1.5 k-ε turbulentni model ............................................................................................. 38 4.1.6 k-ω turbulentni model ............................................................................................ 38 4.1.7 SST turbulentni model ........................................................................................... 39 4.1.8 Simulacija velikih vrtincev - LES .......................................................................... 40 4.1.9 Simulacija odcepljenih vrtincev DES ..................................................................... 40 - I - 4.1.10 Modeliranje toka ob steni ....................................................................................... 41 4.2 Računalniška mehanika trdnin ....................................................................... 42 4.2.1 Vodilne enačbe mehanike trdnin ............................................................................ 42 4.2.2 Metoda končnih elementov .................................................................................... 45 4.3 Močno vezane simulacije medsebojnega vpliva trdnin in tekočin................ 47 4.4 Močno vezane simulacije v programskem paketu Ansys .............................. 53 5 POSTOPKI ZA PRERAČUN ZMOGLJIVOSTI DARRIEUSOVIH TURBIN .... .................................................................................................................................... 59 5.1 Pregled modelov in postopkov za preračun Darrieusovih turbin ................ 59 5.1.1 Modeli z gibalno količino ...................................................................................... 61 5.1.2 Vrtinčni modeli ...................................................................................................... 64 5.1.3 Metode z računalniško dinamiko tekočin ............................................................... 65 5.2 Vrednotenje rezultatov ..................................................................................... 66 5.2.1 Betzova meja .......................................................................................................... 66 5.2.2 Koeficient zmogljivosti .......................................................................................... 69 6 NUMERIČNE SIMULACIJE DELOVANJA DARRIEUSOVE TURBINE Z UPORABO RAČUNALNIŠKE DINAMIKE TEKOČIN ........................................... 71 6.1 Pregled stanja obravnavane problematike – dosedanje RDT analize VAWT ............................................................................................................................ 71 6.2 Obstoječi postopki za analizo delovanja turbinskih strojev v RDT ............. 76 6.2.1 Kvazi-statičen fiksiran rotor ................................................................................... 76 6.2.2 Prehoden model rotor-stator ................................................................................... 77 6.3 Postopki simulacije s tokom gnane Darrieusove turbine .............................. 78 6.3.1 Pristop z modelom gibanja togega telesa (6DOF koda) ......................................... 78 6.3.2 Pristop z MFR in programsko rutino ...................................................................... 79 6.4 Simulacije z različnimi aerodinamičnimi profili lopatic ............................... 82 6.4.1 Simulacije upoštevanjem prehodnih pogojev s predpisanimi obratovalnimi pogoji .. ................................................................................................................................ 82 6.4.2 Analiza delovanja Darrieusove turbine .................................................................. 87 6.4.3 Simulacija lopatic z izrastki na sprednjem robu profila ......................................... 92 6.4.4 Analiza ukrivljenosti relativnega gibanja ............................................................... 94 6.4.5 Rezultati simulacij z različnimi aerodinamičnimi profili in predpisanimi obratovalnimi pogoji 96 6.5 Simulacije Darrieusove turbine s pristopom s tokom gnane turbine .......... 97 - II - 6.5.1 Parametrične simulacije aerodinamičnih profilov s tokom gnane Darrieusove turbine .............................................................................................................................. 103 6.5.2 Simulacija turbine z lopaticami v obliki vijačnice ............................................... 108 6.5.3 Parametrične simulacije koeficienta zapolnjenosti .............................................. 110 6.5.4 Parametrične simulacije s spremenljivim številom lopatic .................................. 111 7 MOČNO VEZANE SIMULACIJE DARRIEUSOVE TURBINE .................... 117 7.1 Opis modela in robnih pogojev ...................................................................... 117 7.1.1 Model tekočinskega območja ............................................................................... 118 7.1.2 Model strukture lopatic ........................................................................................ 119 7.2 Uvodne močno vezane simulacije z vpeljavo postopka s tokom gnane turbine .......................................................................................................................... 121 7.2.1 Močno vezane simulacije s predpisano kotno hitrostjo ........................................ 121 7.2.2 Močno vezane simulacije s pristopom s tokom gnane turbine ............................. 121 7.3 Rezultati močno vezane simulacije medsebojnega vpliva strukture in tekočine .......................................................................................................................... 126 8 EKSPERIMENT Z MODELOM TURBINE NA NARAVNEM VODOTOKU .... .................................................................................................................................. 135 8.1 Opis preizkusne naprave ...............................................................................
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