COVER Elizabeth Hall, Stetson University, c. 1895, before the addition of its symmetrical wings. Photograph courtesy Stetson University Archives, DeLand, Florida. Quarterly Volume LXX, Number 3 January 1992 The Florida Historical Quarterly (ISSN 0015-4113) is published by the Florida Historical Society, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, and is printed by E. O. Painter Printing Co., DeLeon Springs, Florida. Second-class postage paid at Tampa and DeLeon Springs, Florida. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to the Florida Historical Society, P. O. Box 290197, Tampa, FL 33687. Copyright 1992 by the Florida Historical Society, Tampa, Florida. THE FLORIDA HISTORICAL QUARTERLY Samuel Proctor, Editor Canter Brown, Jr., Assistant Editor EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD David R. Colburn University of Florida Herbert J. Doherty University of Florida Michael V. Gannon University of Florida John K. Mahon University of Florida (Emeritus) Joe M. Richardson Florida State University Jerrell H. Shofner University of Central Florida Charlton W. Tebeau University of Miami (Emeritus) Correspondence concerning contributions, books for review, and all editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor, Florida Historical Quarterly, Box 14045, University Station, Gainesville, Florida, 32604-2045. The Quarterly is interested in articles and documents pertaining to the history of Florida. Sources, style, footnote form, original- ity of material and interpretation, clarity of thought, and in- terest of readers are considered. All copy, including footnotes, should be double-spaced. Footnotes are to be numbered con- secutively in the text and assembled at the end of the article. Particular attention should be given to following the footnote style of the Quarterly. The author should submit an original and retain a copy for security. Authors are encouraged to submit articles in IBM WordStar 4.0, WordPerfect 5.0 or 5.1, or ASCII; please include both a hardcopy and a diskette. The Florida His- torical Society and the Editor of the Florida Historical Quarterly accept no responsibility for statements made or opinions held by authors. The Quarterly reviews books dealing with all aspects of Florida history. Books to be reviewed should be sent to the Editor to- gether with price and information on how they may be ordered. Table of Contents “THE LAST SHALL BE FIRST: NORTHERN METHODISTS IN RECONSTRUCTION JACKSONVILLE" John T. Foster, Jr., and Sarah Whitmer Foster 265 “THE HISTORIC STETSON UNIVERSITY CAMPUS IN DELAND, 1884-1934” Sidney Johnston 281 NOTES AND DOCUMENTS “A NEW ENGLANDER ON THE INDIAN RIVER FRONTIER: CALEB LYNDON BRAYTON AND THE VIEW FROM BRAYTON'S BLUFF" Edward Caleb Coker and Daniel L. Schafer 305 REVIEW ESSAYS “SOLDIER OF BRITISH WEST FLORIDA: MAJOR ROBERT FARMAR OF MOBILE" J. Barton Starr 333 “A NATION DIVIDED: ROBERT LECKIE'S NARRATIVE ACCOUNT" William Warren Rogers 337 FLORIDA HISTORY RESEARCH IN PROGRESS . 345 BOOK REVIEWS ................................................................ 359 B OOK NOTES . 395 HISTORY NEWS . 404 BOOK REVIEWS Pearl City, Florida: A Black Community Remembers, by Arthur S. Evans and David Lee reviewed by Daniel T. Hobby The Conquest of Paradise: Christopher Columbus and the Columbian Legacy, by Kirkpatrick Sale reviewed by Michael Gannon The Oligarchs in Colonial and Revolutionary Charleston: Lieutenant Governor William Bull and His Family, by Kinlock Bull, Jr. reviewed by Don Higginbotham The Final Campaign of the American Revolution: Rise and Fall of the Spanish Bahamas, by James A. Lewis reviewed by Robert R. Rea Letters of Delegates to Congress, 1774-1789: Volume 17, March 1 - August 31, 1781, edited by Paul H. Smith, Gerard W. Gawalt, and Ronald M. Gephart reviewed by Robert M. Calhoon An American Iliad: The Story of the Civil War, by Charles P. Roland reviewed by Rodney E. Dillon, Jr. Two Great Rebel Armies: An Essay in Confederate Military History, by Richard M. McMurry reviewed by Edwin C. Bearss Destroyer of the Iron Horse: Joseph E. Johnston and Confederate Rail Trans- port, 1861-1865, by Jeffrey N. Lash reviewed by Robert A. Taylor Mosby’s Rangers, by Jeffry D. Wert reviewed by Everett W. Caudle Diary of a Confederate Soldier: John S. Jackman of the Orphan Brigade, edited by William C. Davis reviewed by Lewis N. Wynne Black Property Owners in the South, 1790-1915, by Loren Schweninger reviewed by Wali R. Kharif New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860- 1910, by Don H. Doyle reviewed by Jeffrey S. Adler Dirt Roads to Dixie: Accessibility and Modernization in the South, 1885-1935, by Howard L. Preston reviewed by Alex Lichtenstein Searching for the Sunbelt: Historical Perspectives on a Region, edited by Raymond A. Mohl reviewed by Kent Kester II A Ringling By Any Other Name: The Story of John Ringling North and His Circus, by Ernest Albrecht reviewed by Robert E. Snyder Hammer and Hoe: Alabama Communists During the Great Depression, by Robin D. G. Kelley reviewed by Wayne Flynt Pocahontas’s People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia Through Four Cen- turies, by Helen C. Rountree reviewed by Kathryn E. Holland Braund Alias Bill Arp: Charles Henry Smith and the South’s “Goodly Heritage,” by David B. Parker reviewed by Gary Alan Fine Sorrow’s Kitchen: The Life and Folklore of Zora Neale Hurston, by Mary E. Lyons reviewed by Mildred A. Hill-Lubin The Future of the Past, by C. Vann Woodward reviewed by Vincent P. DeSantis THE LAST SHALL-BE FIRST: NORTHERN METHODISTS IN RECONSTRUCTION JACKSONVILLE by J OHN T. F OSTER , J R ., AND S ARAH W HITMER F OSTER URING Reconstruction, many northern men and women D contributed to Florida’s social, political, and economic life. Their efforts—and those of the northern institutions and organi- zations that supported them—provided immediate assistance to the needy and resulted, as well, in the establishment of churches, schools, and other institutions that endured the test of time. Nonetheless, most Floridians have gained only a one-dimen- sional understanding of the contributions of Northerners during Reconstruction, usually through the highly critical eyes of histo- rians such as William Watson Davis. Of them, Davis, a disciple of Columbia University’s Dunning School of Reconstruction his- toriography, wrote: “The failure of the Republican government was . incident to the operations of a lot of self-seeking, reckless, shrewd, and grafting politicians, who were in local politics for all they could squeeze out of it, who controlled, by fair means or foul, the ignorant and often vicious negro majorities and therefore controlled the government and therefore the public purse-strings.“1 Within the past two decades, a number of revisionist histo- rians have examined Davis’s assessment. Most notably, Jerrell H. Shofner’s work, Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruc- tion, 1863-1877, has reviewed the complicated nature of the Re- construction era and described the good intentions of Northern- ers such as Governor Harrison Reed.2 Others have begun to note John T. Foster, Jr., is associate professor of anthropology, Florida Agricul- tural and Mechanical University. Sarah Whitmer Foster is associate profes- sor of anthropology and human services, Florida Agricultural and Mechan- ical University. 1. William Watson Davis, The Civil War and Reconstruction in Florida (New York, 1913; facsimile ed., Gainesville, 1964), 685. 2. Jerrell H. Shofner, Nor Is It Over Yet: Florida in the Era of Reconstruction, 1863-1877 (Gainesville, 1974). Richard Nelson Current’s Those Terrible Car- petbaggers: A Reinterpretation (New York, 1988) also examines Reed’s career. [265] 266 F LORIDA H ISTORICAL Q UARTERLY the significant contributions of blacks to the period and to analyze the destructive impact of Democratic Redemption upon substan- tive Republican initiatives.3 The lives and work of Northerners of the period, though, remain a territory largely unexplored. Insight as to the contributions of Northerners may be glimpsed from an examination of the Florida work of the Methodist Episcopal Church, often called the northern Methodist Church. Based upon church policy promulgated dur- ing and soon after the Civil War, Methodist ministers from the North involved themselves in every aspect of Reconstruction life—religion, education, civil rights, economic development, and politics. From a base in Jacksonville, these individuals—principal among them the Reverend John Sanford Swaim—achieved im- portant successes and exerted a lasting influence beyond that justified by their small numbers. The Methodist Episcopal Church—as opposed to the separate Methodist Episcopal Church, South—supported the Federal gov- ernment during the Civil War, and, as the struggle continued, it increasingly became “political.” By the war’s end, the church was a powerful force in national affairs. It was the nation’s “largest and wealthiest denomination,” and it published numer- ous newspapers and magazines, among them the New York Chris- tian Advocate and the Methodist Quarterly Review. 4 At the com- mencement of its publication, the Christian Advocate had “the largest circulation of any weekly newspaper in the world.“5 Exer- cising its influence during the early years of Reconstruction, the church endorsed the Radical Congressional leadership and sought the impeachment of President Andrew Johnson. Its bishops championed the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth amendments to the United States Constitution.6 3. As to blacks, see Joe M. Richardson, The Negro in the Reconstruction of Florida, 1865-1877 (Tallahassee, 1965; reprint ed., Tampa, 1973); Peter D. Klingman, Josiah Walls: Florida’s Black Congressman of Reconstruction (Gaines- ville, 1976); James C. Clark, “John Wallace and the Writing of Reconstruc- tion History,” Florida Historical Quarterly 67 (April 1989), 409-27; and Canter Brown, Jr., “‘Where are now the hopes I cherished?’ The Life and Times of Robert Meacham,” Florida Historical Quarterly 69 (July 1990), 1-36. As to Redemption, see Edward C. Williamson, Florida. Politics in the Gilded Age, 1877-1893 (Gainesville, 1976). 4. Donald G. Jones, The Sectional Crisis and Northern Methodism: A Study in Piety, Political Ethics and Civil Religion (Metuchen, NJ, 1979), 29-30.