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Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Asia Andreas Altenburger1*, Hyun Soo Rho2, Cheon Young Chang3 and Martin Vinther Sørensen1

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Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Asia Andreas Altenburger1*, Hyun Soo Rho2, Cheon Young Chang3 and Martin Vinther Sørensen1 Altenburger et al. Zoological Studies (2015) 54:25 DOI 10.1186/s40555-014-0103-6 RESEARCH Open Access Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. from Korea - the first recording of Zelinkaderes (Kinorhyncha: Cyclorhagida) in Asia Andreas Altenburger1*, Hyun Soo Rho2, Cheon Young Chang3 and Martin Vinther Sørensen1 Abstract Background: A new kinorhynch species, Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov., is described from Korea. Results: Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. is described from coastal, sandy habitats in Korea by means of light and scanning electron microscopic techniques. The new species is characterized by the presence of cuspidate spines in lateroventral positions on segments 2 and 9, ventrolateral positions on segment 5, and lateral accessory positions on segment 8; flexible tiny acicular spines in lateroventral positions on segment 2, more regular-sized lateroventral acicular spines on segment 8, and middorsal spines on segments 4, 6, 8, 9, and 11. Females furthermore have acicular spines in middorsal and midlateral positions on segment 10, whereas males have crenulated spines on this segment. The absence of acicular spines in the lateral series of segment 9 makes it easy to distinguish the new species from all previously described congeners. The new species differs most from Zelinkaderes submersus, whereas it is morphologically closest to Zelinkaderes klepali. In regard to the spine patterns, the new species only differs from Z. klepali by its lack of lateroventral acicular spines on segment 9. Conclusions: The finding of a new species of Zelinkaderes in East Asia extends the distributional range of the genus, which suggests that the genus basically could be present anywhere in the world and could be considered as cosmopolitan. Keywords: Biodiversity; Meiofauna; Morphology; Taxonomy; Zelinkaderidae Background genus are characterized by the presence of 16 indistinct Kinorhynchs are small, worm-like, invertebrate animals placids on the neck that are basally fused with the first that live among the marine meiobenthos. They have been trunk segment. The first and second trunk segments con- known since 1851, but knowledge about their diversity sist of complete cuticular rings, whereas the third to tenth is still incomplete (Dujardin 1851; Neuhaus 2013). The segments are composed of single plates with midventral current number of 217 valid described species (based on articulations. Oral styles are bipartite; middorsal spines are description of adult specimens) is expected to increase sub- present on segments 4, 6, and 8 to 11; cuspidate spines are stantially by intensified research efforts (Sørensen 2013). found on several segments; and a midterminal spine is South Korea is one of the countries where kinorhynch di- present. Currently, Zelinkaderidae accommodates two versity is relatively well known with more than ten new genera: Triodontoderes (see Sørensen and Rho 2009) with species discovered within the last 4 years (Sørensen et al. one species and Zelinkaderes (see Higgins 1990) with four 2010a; Sørensen et al. 2010b, c; Lundbye et al. 2011; previously described species. The first Zelinkaderes species Sørensen et al. 2012; Sørensen et al. 2013). to be discovered was actually described as Cateria submersa The family Zelinkaderidae and genus Zelinkaderes were Gerlach 1969. This species was found in medium coarse described in 1990 by R. P. Higgins (1990). Members of the sand near Helgoland in Northwest Germany (Gerlach 1969). However, this species was later redescribed by * Correspondence: [email protected] Higgins (1990) and assigned to the new genus, Zelinkaderes, 1Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark under the name Zelinkaderes submersus (Gerlach 1969). In Full list of author information is available at the end of the article the same contribution, Higgins (1990) reported a second © 2015 Altenburger et al.; licensee Springer. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. Altenburger et al. Zoological Studies (2015) 54:25 Page 2 of 13 species of the genus, Zelinkaderes floridensis Higgins 1990, In the present contribution, we describe the fifth spe- that was collected from localities with muddy sand, around cies of Zelinkaderes. This species is the first intertidal 20 miles off Fort Pierce at the Atlantic Coast of Florida. species known from the genus, and it also represents the Only 6 years later, Bauer-Nebelsick (1995) described a third first Asian recording of the genus. species, Zelinkaderes klepali Bauer-Nebelsick, 1995, from coral sand at the Egyptian Red Sea coast. The fourth, and Methods until now most recently discovered species, Zelinkaderes Specimens of Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. were collected at brightae Sørensen et al., 2007, was also described from Fort two localities. The holotype and some paratypes were Pierce, Florida but from much cleaner calcareous sand than collected by scuba diving on 7 September 2001 from sub- Z. floridensis and also closer to the coast. The type locality tidal sand on 3- to 6-m depth at Guryongpo, near Pohang of Z. brightae is situated 6 miles off Fort Pierce (Sørensen (Figure 1A) on the east coast of the Korean Peninsula et al. 2007), but subsequently, Herranz et al. (2013) have re- (position: 36° 00′ 06″N, 129° 34′ 17″E). Additional para- corded the species at localities only 3 and 4 miles from the types were collected on 15 May 2010 from intertidal sand coast. Generally, the taxonomy of Zelinkaderes appears to around Shinchang (Figure 1B) on the west coast of Jeju be relatively uncomplicated, and the four known species Island in South Korea (33° 20′ 42″N, 126° 10′ 12″E). At can be distinguished by their lateral spine patterns and in this second locality, the water retracts completely from particular by the position of their cuspidate spines. the area at low tide. The substrate was fine sand with lots Figure 1 Maps showing the collection areas. A. Korean Peninsula showing Jeju Island and the type locality of Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. at Guryongpo near Pohang. B. Jeju Island with the second sampling locality marked. Altenburger et al. Zoological Studies (2015) 54:25 Page 3 of 13 Figure 2 (See legend on next page.) Altenburger et al. Zoological Studies (2015) 54:25 Page 4 of 13 (See figure on previous page.) Figure 2 Line art illustration of Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. A. Female dorsal view. B. Male ventral view. C. Female posterior part ventral view. D. Male posterior part dorsal view. Drawings are based on SEM micrographs. Trunk length of the female specimen is approximately 500 μm, and trunk length of the male specimen is approximately 520 μm. Abbreviations: aclv acicular lateroventral spine, acml acicular midlateral spine, crmd crenulated middorsal spine, crml crenulated midlateral spine, cula cuspidate lateral accessory spine, culv cuspidate lateroventral spine, cuvl cuspidate ventrolateral spine, go gonopore, ltas lateral terminal accessory spine, lts lateral terminal spine, lvss lateroventral sensory spot, md4-11 acicular middorsal spines on segments 4 to 11, mdss middorsal sensory spot, mlss midlateral sensory spot, mts midterminal spine, pdss paradorsal sensory spot, sdss subdorsal sensory spot, slss sublateral sensory spot. of crustacean tubes (Callianassa japonica (Ortmann holotype, mounted in Fluoromount G®, and deposited at 1891)). Specimens at this locality were collected by digging the NHMD under accession numbers: ZMUC KIN- a small pit into the sand and sieving the accumulating 000819 to KIN-000824. Additional paratypes include water with a net of 100-μm mesh size. The specimens oc- seven adult females and two adult males, collected from curred in so high numbers that no further extraction was an intertidal sand flat at Shinchang, Jeju Island, South required. Korea; 15th May 2010: 33° 20′ 42″N, 126° 10′ 12″E, All collected specimens were fixed in 4% formalin mounted on an SEM stub and deposited at the NHMD buffered with sea water. For light microscopy, fixed under accession number: ZMUC KIN-000825. specimens were transferred to distilled water, dehydrated through a graded series of glycerin, and mounted in Synonymy Fluoromount G® on glass slides. They were examined Zelinkaderes sp. in Park et al. 2006; Zelinkaderes sp. JKP- using an Olympus BX51 microscope equipped with an 2005: 18S rRNA sequence (accession number AY746985) Olympus DP20 camera and Normarski differential inter- in GenBank (NCBI). ference contrast optics. Measurements were made with Cell^D software version 2.7. (Olympus A/S, Ballerup, Diagnosis Denmark). Zelinkaderes yong sp. nov. has middorsal spines on For scanning electron microscopy (SEM), specimens segments 4, 6, and 8 to 11 (middorsal spine on segment were dehydrated using a graded series of ethanol, trans- 10 crenulated in males), lateroventral cuspidate spines on ferred to acetone, and finally critical point dried. Dried segments 2 and 9, lateral accessory cuspidate spines on specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs, sputter segment 7, ventrolateral cuspidate spines on segment 5, coated with a platinum/palladium mix, and examined with lateroventral acicular spines on segment 8, and midlateral a JEOL JSM-6335 F field emission SEM (JEOL GmbH, spines on segment 10, as regular acicular spines in females Eching, Germany). and crenulated spines in males. Lateral terminal
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