Pavlović, R.: The morphological status of the finalist in jumping disciplines... Sport Science 5 (2012) 2: 43‐48 THE MORPHOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE FINALIST IN JUMPING DISCIPLINES AT THE BEIJING OLYMPICS Ratko Pavlović Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of East Sarajevo Original scientific paper Abstract Morphological characteristics of the athlete represents his identification card on the base that can be classified as a constitutional type, and also to get information about his body height, body weight, BMI, and even analyze and age. Different constitutional types present in the sport and are important in terms of routing, selection and pursuit of a particular sport. This is expressed especially in athletic sports in the athletics where we have a number of different constitutional types of athletes that requires Discipline. This paper analyzes the morphological status of the finalists in the jumping events at the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. The survey includes 32 athletes who competed in the finals and the measured variables to assess the morphological status: body height (AVIS), body mass (AMAS), body mass index (BMI), age of the competitor (GOD). Applying basic statistical parameters was performed descriptive analysis of variables applied to the athletes that were made based on the conclusions. Key words: morphological status, athletes, jumping disciplines Introduction Athletics as a branch of sport with a large number discipline. In addition to motor skills, which have a of sports disciplines in the men's and women very important role, no less lag have competition occupies a very important place in the morphological dimensions on the basis of which is hierarchy of sports and is often called the queen of made selection and guidance of young athletes in a sports, because of the historical emergence and particular discipline, in which is expected the development, of a large number of disciplines achievement of the best results. Namely, it is (walking, running, jumping, throwing), and the known that jumping disciplines are characterized by impact of athletic movement in a normal increased longitudinallity and transversality of the psychosomatic development and motor skeleton, lower body weight and on the basis of development of a human in sense of mastery, which is made one model of jumper. Generally, the training, upgrading and testing of motor and jumpers are tall and relatively of less weight, long functional abilities of man (Pavlović, 2010). What is legs, long and thin muscles. According to the interesting and a very common topic of many constitution the leading is leptosom type with the conversations, when it comes to athletics in participation of athletics. Long jumper and triple general, are its disciplines and the results achieved jumper are by their appearance and constitution in them, that is which the athletes achieve as their closer to the sprinters, have a very long tibia. One personal records. This imposes a number of of the main characteristic that is general for all the questions? Usually we talk about their training jumpers in the air, is their body height. Ten best technologies (type and composition of the jumpers in the world have a height of 190-201 cm equipment, what is the equipment made of , what for males and 178-188 for females. Jumpers in the are the materials, some new things in their air have long legs and comparatively short torso. models), diet and its impact on athletes' body About the possibility of increasing the body height (carbohydrates, fats, proteins), the training process of boys and girls jumping beginners can be judged (duration of the micro, meso, macrocycle, scope by their long hands and feet. If the child's hands and intensity of work); using (not) allowed and feet are long, that is the assumption that in the stimulants which lately use a number of athletes future will come to the leveling of body proportions. in order to achieve better results, although aware If the parents are high it can also be expected high of the consequences that follow, a disqualification, growth. As an indicator of physical condition of prohibition of competition in the short and long jumper, there is the potential of speed power, periods of time, and often negative consequences which is expressed at speed and a maximum strong on the permanent health of athletes. In addition to rebound when the pressure on the soil exceeds the these questions at which we have complete and weight of athlete 6-7 times. This requires a specific sometimes incomplete answers, often are those power, not only of legs but of all muscle groups. concerning the morphological and motor status of Here comes into play synchronized actions of athletes. Both spaces are very important in the muscular kinetic chains, which extends from the result success and placement and usually are foot to the muscles of arms and shoulders. To analyzed separately, depending on the discipline perform complex actions, both when entering the and its method of execution. However, best results bounce, and during the jump, a high level of are achieved if there is a high correspondence coordination of movements is needed and a good between these spaces, which requires a certain state of the vestibular apparatus. 43 Pavlović, R.: The morphological status of the finalist in jumping disciplines... Sport Science 5 (2012) 2: 43‐48 The need of larger amplitude in swing movements Materials and methods at variants of jumps requires that jumpers achieve high mobility (Bowerman et al. 1998). It is The study encompassed a sample of 32 top athletes particularly necessary good movement and mobility in four jumping disciplines (long jump, triple jump, of the spine lumbar and thoracic parts. The specific hurdles, pole) that occurred in the finals of the character of the implementation of competition in Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008 year. Variables the high jumping requires from athlete special that were taken in the analysis are those that mental state. The jumper should possess such define the morphological space and the age qualities as the ability to self-analysis, self-criticism structure of competitors: body height (AVIS-cm), of his and opponent’s abilities. Beside this is a body mass (AMAS-kg), body mass index (BMI) and special form of self-control is needed that will age (GOD). enable the proper distribution of power for long hours of struggle, competition. When it comes to Results and discussion the long jumpers and triple jumpers, one can cite an example that the height of ten world's best In Tables 1-4 are shown the previously defined jumpers is about 188 cm. Women are also of high parameters of the final participants in the throwing growth on average 175 cm. They need the same events: age (years), body height in cm (AVIS), physical and mental abilities as jumpers in the air. body mass in kg (AMAS) and Body Mass Index (BMI) based on which can be established It should be noted that they need high speed, differences between them. explosive power, strength of leg muscles, body because jump over 8.50m, is unthinkable without a Table 1. The parameters in the long jump jumpers high-speed run up which on board should be 10 m / sec and higher. Such high speeds require significant AVIS AMAS GOD BMI training and mastering the rebound with maximum Irving Saladino (P-AN) 176 70 25 22,65 output in minimum part of time (Đurašković, 1997; Khotso Mokoena RSA 188 73 23 20,67 Pavlović, 2010). Ibrahim Camejo (CUB) 175 75 26 24,50 Ngonidzashe Makusha (ZIM) 169 71 21 24,91 Wilfredo Martinez (CUB) 180 83 23 25,61 Table 1. Rating of participation of anthropological Ndiss Kuba Badgj (SEN) 192 79 25 21,46 characteristics in relation to success in some Luis Felipe Meliz (ESP) 182 76 29 22.96 jumping disciplines (Milanović et al. 1986) Roman Novotny (CZE) 180 73 22 22,53 Average 180,25 75 24.25 23.16 Long High Morphological characteristics jump jump The average age of the finalists in the long jump Longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton +3 +5 Transverse dimensionality of the skeleton +2 +3 jumpers was about 24, 25 decimal years, where the Voluminousity and body mass +3 +3 youngest contestant was 21, N.Makusha from Subcutaneous adipose tissue -2 -5 Zimbabwe (Table 1). The mean body height was Motor skills 180.25 cm, with a min. score of 169cm (Makusha) Coordination +3 +3 and max. result 192cm (Badge). The mean body Accuracy +3 +2 Balance +3 +1 weight was 75kg, with min. result 70kg (Saladino) Flexibility +3 +2 and max. score of 83kg (W.Martinez). Based on Speed of alternative movements +4 +5 height and body mass mean BMI jumpers in the Static power +4 +4 long jump was 23.16, with min. values of 20.67 The explosive power of +5 +5 and max. values of 25.61 (W.Martinez). Repetitive force +4 +4 Cognitive abilities +3 +3 Conative characteristics +2 +2 Table 2. Parameters of triple jump jumpers Functional skills The range of the transport system for oxygen +2 +2 AVIS AMAS GODBMI The stability of the transport system for oxygen +1 +1 Nelson Evora (POR) 183 74 25 22,15 Anaerobic Capacity +4 +4 Phillips Idowu (GBR) 197 87 30 22,42 Leevan Sands (BAH) 191 82 27 22,52 Within jumping disciplines can be observed some Arnie Girat (CUB) 178 71 24 22,46 differences but also and similarities in terms of the Marian Oprea (ROM) 191 86 26 23,62 Jadel Gregorio (BRA) 202 102 28 25,00 morphological status of athlete jumping long jump, Onochie Ackike (GBR) 188 75 33 21,24 triple jump, high jump, pole vault.