Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment Prepared for NSW Department of Planning and Environment October 2016 Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment DOCUMENT TRACKING Item Detail Project Name Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment Project Number SYD15 - 1670 David Bonjer Project Manager 8536 8668 Level 6, 299 Sussex Street, Sydney 2000 Prepared by Lily Gorrell, Ian Dixon, David Bonjer and Rebecca Dwyer Reviewed by Robert Mezzatesta Approved by David Bonjer Status Final Version Number 3 Last saved on 6 October 2016 Clockwise from top left. Ropes creek, hollow bearing tree and threatened species Grevillea Cover photo juniperina subsp. juniperina at Ropes Creek site, 13th May 2015, Matt Dowle This report should be cited as ‘Eco Logical Australia 2015. Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment. Prepared for Department of Planning and Environment.’ ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This document has been prepared by Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd. Disclaimer This document may only be used for the purpose for which it was commissioned and in accordance with the contract between Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd and Department of Planning and Environment. The scope of services was defined in consultation with Department of Planning and Environment, by time and budgetary constraints imposed by the client, and the availability of reports and other data on the subject area. Changes to available information, legislation and schedules are made on an ongoing basis and readers should obtain up to date information. Eco Logical Australia Pty Ltd accepts no liability or responsibility whatsoever for or in respect of any use of or reliance upon this report and its supporting material by any third party. Information provided is not intended to be a substitute for site specific assessment or legal advice in relation to any matter. Unauthorised use of this report in any form is prohibited. Template 08/05/2014 © ECO LOGICAL AUSTRALIA PTY LTD ii Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment Contents Executive summary ................................................................................................................................ vi 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 7 1.1 Brief for the study ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Location and overview of subject site ........................................................................................... 8 2 Planning and Legislation ......................................................................................................... 10 3 Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 12 3.1 Database review and Likelihood of occurrence assessment ..................................................... 12 3.2 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 12 3.2.1 Flora and Fauna Assessment. Biosis Research, May 2005. ..................................................... 12 3.2.2 Ropes Creek Environmental Constraints Assessment – Riparian Corridor Strategy. GHD. November 2009 ....................................................................................................................................... 13 3.3 Site Survey ................................................................................................................................. 13 3.3.1 Flora Survey and Habitat Assessment ....................................................................................... 13 3.3.2 Fauna Survey and Habitat Assessment ..................................................................................... 14 3.3.3 Top of Bank Survey method ....................................................................................................... 15 4 Results - Terrestrial Habitats ................................................................................................... 17 4.1 Vegetation Communities ............................................................................................................ 17 4.1.1 Woodland Remnants (Cumberland Plain Woodland in the Sydney Basin Bioregion) ............... 17 4.1.2 Riparian Forest (River-Flat Eucalypt Forest on Coastal Floodplains of the New South Wales North Coast, Sydney Basin and South East Corner Bioregions) ............................................................ 20 4.1.3 Cleared Paddocks with Scattered Remnant Canopy Trees ....................................................... 21 4.2 Flora ............................................................................................................................................ 22 4.2.1 Threatened flora ......................................................................................................................... 22 4.2.2 Weeds ......................................................................................................................................... 22 4.3 Fauna .......................................................................................................................................... 25 4.4 Conservation Significance .......................................................................................................... 28 5 Results – Aquatic and Riparian Habitats ............................................................................... 30 5.1 Top of bank mapping .................................................................................................................. 30 5.2 Aquatic habitats .......................................................................................................................... 30 5.3 Riparian buffer requirements ...................................................................................................... 37 6 Recommendations ................................................................................................................... 40 References ............................................................................................................................................. 43 Appendix A Likelihood of Occurrence : Threatened Species TSC Act 1995 and EPBC Act 1999 44 © ECO LOGICAL AUSTRALIA PTY LTD iii Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment Appendix B Flora List ........................................................................................................................... 65 Appendix C - Fauna List ....................................................................................................................... 70 List of figures Figure 1: Ropes Creek Precinct ................................................................................................................. 9 Figure 2: Location of anabats and nocturnal survey effort ....................................................................... 15 Figure 3: Mapped vegetation communities, Hollow bearing trees/stags and threatened species Grevillea juniperina subsp. juniperina ...................................................................................................................... 18 Figure 4: Threatened flora and fauna ....................................................................................................... 23 Figure 5: Noxious weeds and erosion on the subject site ........................................................................ 24 Figure 6: Terrestrial ecological constraints across the subject site .......................................................... 29 Figure 7 Top of Bank and Stream Order .................................................................................................. 31 Figure 8 Recommended riparian buffers .................................................................................................. 39 Figure 9 Recommendations ..................................................................................................................... 42 List of Plates Plate 1: CPW in the south-west of the subject site (Grevillea juniperina subsp. juniperina) ................... 19 Plate 2: Modified CPW regrowth .............................................................................................................. 19 Plate 3: River-Flat Riparian Forest vegetation ......................................................................................... 20 © ECO LOGICAL AUSTRALIA PTY LTD iv Ropes Creek Precinct – Biodiversity and Riparian Assessment Abbreviations Abbreviation Description AoS Assessment of Significance CA Controlled Action CEEC Critically Endangered Ecological Community DotE Department of the Environment DP&I Department of Planning and Infrastructure DCP Development Control Plan EEC Endangered Ecological Community ELA Eco Logical Australia EPBC Act Environment Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 EP&A Act Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979 FM Act Fisheries Management Act 1994 LGA Local Government Area MNES Matters of National Environmental Significance NCA Non-controlled Action NCA-SA Non-controlled action – Specified Manner OSL Office of Strategic Lands SEPP State Environmental Planning Policy TSC Act Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 © ECO LOGICAL AUSTRALIA PTY LTD v Ropes Creek Precinct
Recommended publications
  • Dragonfly Survey Report
    Moorebank Precinct West Threatened Dragonfly Species Survey Plan Report Part 4, Division 4.1, State Significant Development September 2016 TACTICAL GROUP MOOREBANK PRECINCT WEST Threatened Dragonfly Species Survey Plan Report Author Adam Costenoble Checker Kate Carroll Approver Ketan Patel Report No 001 Date 26/09/2016 Revision Text Final This report has been prepared for Tactical Group in accordance with the terms and conditions of appointment for AA009335 dated July 2016. Arcadis Australia Pacific Pty Limited (ABN 76 104 485 289) cannot accept any responsibility for any use of or reliance on the contents of this report by any third party. REVISIONS Prepared Approved Revision Date Description by by Adam 001 26/09/16 For submission to DPI Fisheries Ketan Patel Costenoble V i CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ 1 1 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................... 2 1.1 Project Overview ................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Purpose of this report ......................................................................................................... 3 1.3 Aims of this Report ............................................................................................................. 3 1.4 Consultation .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Adam's Emerald Dragonfly
    Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly - Archaeophya adamsi December 2013, Primefact 187, Third edition Fisheries Ecosystems Unit, Port Stephens Fisheries Institute Description The Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly (also called Horned Urfly) is a moderately large, robust Dragonfly. Larvae grow to about 23mm in length and have a large two-lobed frontal plate on the head (see Figure 1), which distinguishes them from any other species found in NSW. The adults have a brown-black body with yellow markings, and a slight green or bluish metallic reflection on some parts. The abdomen length is around 46 mm and wingspan around 75 mm. Habitat and ecology Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly larvae have been Figure 1: Adult Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly (Photo: found in narrow, shaded riffle zones with CSIRO Entomology) and larva (Photo: J. Hawking, moss and abundant riparian vegetation (often Line drawing: G. Theischinger) closed canopy) in small to moderate sized creeks with gravel or sandy bottoms. Introduction All dragonflies are predatory. The larvae stalk or ambush aquatic prey while the adults The Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly (Archaeophya capture prey while flying. adamsi Fraser) is one of Australia’s rarest Adam’s Emerald Dragonfly larvae may live, in dragonflies. Only a small number of adults have particular cases, up to 7 years and undergo ever been collected, and the species is only various moults before metamorphosing into known from a few sites in the greater Sydney adults. Adults are thought to live for a few region. Some remaining areas of habitat are months at most. under threat from urban, industrial and agricultural development.
    [Show full text]
  • Technical Paper 6 Flooding, Hydrology and Water Quality
    ͧ¼²»§ Ó»¬®± É»­¬»®² ͧ¼²»§ ß·®°±®¬ Ì»½¸²·½¿´ п°»® ê Ú´±±¼·²¹ô ¸§¼®±´±¹§ ¿²¼ ©¿¬»® ¯«¿´·¬§ Sydney Metro - Western Sydney Airport Technical Paper 6: Flooding, hydrology and water quality Table of Contents Glossary and terms of abbreviation i Executive Summary vi Project overview vi This hydrology, flooding and water quality assessment vi Assessment methodology vii Existing conditions vii Potential construction impacts vii Potential operation impacts vii Proposed management and mitigation measures vii 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1 Project context and overview 1 1.2 Key project features 1 1.3 Project need 4 1.4 Project construction 4 1.5 Purpose of this Technical Paper 6 1.5.1 Assessment requirements 6 1.5.2 Commonwealth agency assessment requirements 8 1.5.3 Structure of this report 8 1.6 Study area 8 2.0 Legislative and policy context 11 2.1 Off-airport legislation and policy context 11 2.1.1 Commonwealth policy 11 2.1.2 State legislation and policy 12 2.2 On-airport legislative and policy context 18 2.2.1 Airports Act 1996 18 2.2.2 Airports (Environment Protection) Regulations 1997 18 2.3 Guidelines 19 3.0 Methodology 21 3.1 Flooding 21 3.1.1 Operational impact flooding criteria 23 3.2 Geomorphology 25 3.3 Catchment and watercourse health 25 3.4 Water quality 25 3.4.1 Existing Water Quality Environment 26 3.4.2 Water Sensitive Urban Design 26 3.4.3 Impact assessment 26 3.4.4 Water Quality Mitigation Measures 27 3.4.5 Water Quality Monitoring 27 4.0 Existing environment 28 4.1 Existing environment (off-airport) 28 4.1.1 Catchment overview 28
    [Show full text]
  • Information Kit
    Great West Walk: Information kit Contents Overview ................................................................................................................. 2 Public transport ....................................................................................................... 4 Vehicle access ........................................................................................................ 7 Parking .................................................................................................................... 9 Food and drink ........................................................................................................ 9 Water and toilets ................................................................................................... 10 Maps ..................................................................................................................... 12 Ascent/ descent graphs ......................................................................................... 14 Great West Walk highlights ................................................................................... 15 1 Overview This 65-kilometre stretching from Parramatta to the foot of the Blue Mountains, crosses a kaleidoscope of varying landscapes, including protected Cumberland Plain woodland, local river systems, public parklands, some of Australia’s oldest architecture and Western Sydney’s iconic urban landscapes. While the terrain is relatively flat and an abundance of shared paths make for easy walking, it is the scenery that
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW
    University of Wollongong Research Online Faculty of Science, Medicine & Health - Honours Theses University of Wollongong Thesis Collections 2016 Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW Angus Skorulis Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci University of Wollongong Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorise you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part of this work may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised, without the permission of the author. Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. A court may impose penalties and award damages in relation to offences and infringements relating to copyright material. Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. Unless otherwise indicated, the views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the University of Wollongong. Recommended Citation Skorulis, Angus, Historical Riparian Vegetation Changes in Eastern NSW, BSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Science, University of Wollongong, 2016. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/120 Research Online is the open access institutional repository for the University of Wollongong.
    [Show full text]
  • Sydney Green Grid District
    DISTRICT SYDNEY GREEN GRID SPATIAL FRAMEWORK AND PROJECT OPPORTUNITIES 29 TYRRELLSTUDIO PREFACE Open space is one of Sydney’s greatest assets. Our national parks, harbour, beaches, coastal walks, waterfront promenades, rivers, playgrounds and reserves are integral to the character and life of the city. In this report the hydrological, recreational and ecological fragments of the city are mapped and then pulled together into a proposition for a cohesive green infrastructure network for greater Sydney. This report builds on investigations undertaken by the Office of the Government Architect for the Department of Planning and Environment in the development of District Plans. It interrogates the vision and objectives of the Sydney Green Grid and uses a combination of GIS data mapping and consultation to develop an overview of the green infrastructure needs and character of each district. FINAL REPORT 23.03.17 Each district is analysed for its spatial qualities, open space, PREPARED BY waterways, its context and key natural features. This data informs a series of strategic opportunities for building the Sydney Green Grid within each district. Green Grid project opportunities have TYRRELLSTUDIO been identified and preliminary prioritisation has been informed by a comprehensive consultation process with stakeholders, including ABN. 97167623216 landowners and state and local government agencies. MARK TYRRELL M. 0410 928 926 This report is one step in an ongoing process. It provides preliminary E. [email protected] prioritisation of Green Grid opportunities in terms of their strategic W. WWW.TYRRELLSTUDIO.COM potential as catalysts for the establishment of a new interconnected high performance green infrastructure network which will support healthy PREPARED FOR urban growth.
    [Show full text]
  • Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata Australian the to Guide Identification
    Identification Guide to theAustralian Odonata www.environment.nsw.gov.au Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW National Library of Australia Cataloguing-in-Publication data Theischinger, G. (Gunther), 1940– Identification Guide to the Australian Odonata 1. Odonata – Australia. 2. Odonata – Australia – Identification. I. Endersby I. (Ian), 1941- . II. Department of Environment and Climate Change NSW © 2009 Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW Front cover: Petalura gigantea, male (photo R. Tuft) Prepared by: Gunther Theischinger, Waters and Catchments Science, Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW and Ian Endersby, 56 Looker Road, Montmorency, Victoria 3094 Published by: Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW 59–61 Goulburn Street Sydney PO Box A290 Sydney South 1232 Phone: (02) 9995 5000 (switchboard) Phone: 131555 (information & publication requests) Fax: (02) 9995 5999 Email: [email protected] Website: www.environment.nsw.gov.au The Department of Environment, Climate Change and Water NSW is pleased to allow this material to be reproduced in whole or in part, provided the meaning is unchanged and its source, publisher and authorship are acknowledged. ISBN 978 1 74232 475 3 DECCW 2009/730 December 2009 Printed using environmentally sustainable paper. Contents About this guide iv 1 Introduction 1 2 Systematics
    [Show full text]
  • Critical Species of Odonata in Australia
    ---Guardians of the watershed. Global status of Odonata: critical species, threat and conservation --- Critical species of Odonata in Australia John H. Hawking 1 & Gunther Theischinger 2 1 Cooperative Research Centre for Freshwater Ecology, Murray-Darling Freshwater Research Centre, PO Box 921, Albury NSW, Australia 2640. <[email protected]> 2 Environment Protection Authority, New South Wales, 480 Weeroona Rd, Lidcombe NSW, Australia 2141. <[email protected]> Key words: Odonata, dragonfly, IUCN, critical species, conservation, Australia. ABSTRACT The Australian Odonata fauna is reviewed. The state of the current taxonomy and ecology, studies on biodiversity, studies on larvae and the all identification keys are reported. The conservation status of the Australian odonates is evaluated and the endangered species identified. In addition the endemic species, species with unusual biology and species, not threatened yet, but maybe becoming critical in the future are discussed and listed. INTRODUCTION Australia has a diverse odonate fauna with many relict (most endemic) and most of the modern families (Watson et al. 1991). The Australian fauna is now largely described, but the lack of organised surveys resulted in limited distributional and ecological information. The conservation of Australian Odonata also received scant attention, except for Watson et al. (1991) promoting the awareness of Australia's large endemic fauna, the listing of four species as endangered (Moore 1997; IUCN 2003) and the suggesting of categories for all Australian species (Hawking 1999). This conservation report summarizes the odonate studies/ literature for species found in Continental Australia (including nearby smaller and larger islands) plus Lord Howe Island and Norfolk Island. Australia encompasses tropical, temperate, arid, alpine and off shore island climatic regions, with the land mass situated between latitudes 11-44 os and 113-154 °E, and flanked on the west by the Indian Ocean and on the east by the Pacific Ocean.
    [Show full text]
  • Ropes Creek Precinct
    Department of Planning and Environment 27-May-2016 D R A F T Ropes Creek Precinct Traffic and Transport Assessment Revision CCB – 27-May-2016 Prepared for – Department of Planning and Environment – ABN: 38755709681 AECOM Ropes Creek Precinct D R A F T Ropes Creek Precinct Traffic and Transport Assessment Client: Department of Planning and Environment ABN: 38755709681 Prepared by AECOM Australia Pty Ltd Level 21, 420 George Street, Sydney NSW 2000, PO Box Q410, QVB Post Office NSW 1230, Australia T +61 2 8934 0000 F +61 2 8934 0001 www.aecom.com ABN 20 093 846 92520 093 846 92520 093 846 92520 093 846 925 27-May-2016 Job No.: 60311939 AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to the latest version of ISO9001, ISO14001, AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001.AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to the latest version of ISO9001, ISO14001, AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001.AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to the latest version of ISO9001, ISO14001, AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001.AECOM in Australia and New Zealand is certified to the latest version of ISO9001, ISO14001, AS/NZS4801 and OHSAS18001. © AECOM Australia Pty Ltd (AECOM). All rights reserved. AECOM has prepared this document for the sole use of the Client and for a specific purpose, each as expressly stated in the document. No other party should rely on this document without the prior written consent of AECOM. AECOM undertakes no duty, nor accepts any responsibility, to any third party who may rely upon or use this document. This document has been prepared based on the Client’s description of its requirements and AECOM’s experience, having regard to assumptions that AECOM can reasonably be expected to make in accordance with sound professional principles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Classification and Diversity of Dragonflies and Damselflies (Odonata)*
    Zootaxa 3703 (1): 036–045 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Correspondence ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2013 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3703.1.9 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:9F5D2E03-6ABE-4425-9713-99888C0C8690 The classification and diversity of dragonflies and damselflies (Odonata)* KLAAS-DOUWE B. DIJKSTRA1, GÜNTER BECHLY2, SETH M. BYBEE3, RORY A. DOW1, HENRI J. DUMONT4, GÜNTHER FLECK5, ROSSER W. GARRISON6, MATTI HÄMÄLÄINEN1, VINCENT J. KALKMAN1, HARUKI KARUBE7, MICHAEL L. MAY8, ALBERT G. ORR9, DENNIS R. PAULSON10, ANDREW C. REHN11, GÜNTHER THEISCHINGER12, JOHN W.H. TRUEMAN13, JAN VAN TOL1, NATALIA VON ELLENRIEDER6 & JESSICA WARE14 1Naturalis Biodiversity Centre, PO Box 9517, NL-2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] 2Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. E-mail: [email protected] 3Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, 401 WIDB, Provo, UT. 84602 USA. E-mail: [email protected] 4Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. E-mail: [email protected] 5France. E-mail: [email protected] 6Plant Pest Diagnostics Branch, California Department of Food & Agriculture, 3294 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, CA 95832- 1448, USA. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected] 7Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, 499 Iryuda, Odawara, Kanagawa, 250-0031 Japan. E-mail: [email protected] 8Department of Entomology, Rutgers University, Blake Hall, 93 Lipman Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • OUR GREATER SYDNEY 2056 Western City District Plan – Connecting Communities
    OUR GREATER SYDNEY 2056 Western City District Plan – connecting communities March 2018 Updated 2 Acknowledgement of Country Western City District The Greater Sydney Commission Blue Mountains acknowledges the traditional owners Camden Campbelltown of the lands that include Western City Fairfield District and the living culture of the Hawkesbury Liverpool traditional custodians of these lands. Penrith The Commission recognises that the Wollondilly traditional owners have occupied and cared for this Country over countless generations, and celebrates their continuing contribution to the life of Greater Sydney. Greater Sydney Commission | Draft Western City District Plan 3 Foreward Chief Commissioner I am delighted to present the Western Collaboration is the key to transparent Lucy Hughes Turnbull AO City District Plan, which sets out planning and informed decision-making on our priorities and actions for improving the city’s future growth. The Greater Sydney quality of life for residents as the district Commission will continue to bring grows and changes. together all parties with an interest in the The Plan recognises what the Greater District’s future and channel the collective Sydney Commission has heard – energy into improved planning outcomes. particularly that the District’s natural By taking a leadership role, we are bringing landscape is a great asset and attractor, together public resources and expertise sustaining and supporting a unique, to create a more liveable, productive and parkland city. sustainable city. This Plan complements those natural Finally, on behalf of the Greater Sydney assets, and it puts people first. It Commission, I acknowledge the important leverages the transformative, economic work of councils whose submissions improvements from the Western Sydney and feedback on the needs of their Airport and considers the transport, neighbourhoods and centres have been infrastructure, services, affordable invaluable.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Fossil Distributions on Biogeographic Reconstruction
    Copyedited by: OUP Insect Systematics and Diversity, 1(1), 2017, 73–80 doi: 10.1093/isd/ixx005 Paleontology Research Relevant Relicts: The Impact of Fossil Distributions on Biogeographic Reconstruction Phillip Barden,1,3 and Jessica L. Ware2 1New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 2Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, and 3Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] Subject Editor: James Whitfield Received 16 May 2017; Editorial decision 9 September 2017 Abstract Localized extinction can play a significant role in obscuring reconstructions of historical biogeography. Insects, one of the most diverse clades in the tree of life, have complex patterns of local endemism, patterns of relictual distributions, and clades which are rather widespread and cosmopolitan. At the same time, insects have a rich fossil record that can contribute to the inference of ancestral geographical distributions, in light of present ranges. Here, we review current and ancestral insect distributions to explore the impact of fossil ranges on ancestral area reconstruction. Known examples of relictual distributions within Phasmatodea and termites are discussed, while we test the impact of fossil inclusion on biogeographic reconstruction within ants and dragonflies. The inclusion of fossil distributions increases the breadth of ancestral ranges across several nodes in ant and dragonfly phylogenies, which has implications for biogeographically based interpretations of past evolutionary ecology for these groups. More broadly, the incorporation of fossil data into estimates of ancestral distributions will not only improve the accuracy of those estimates but also provide additional temporal context. Key words: biogeography, dragonfly, fossil, termite, ant Present-day distributions of organisms are the direct consequence biogeographic history of organisms remains unclear given available of past instances of dispersal, vicariance, and extinction (Wiens and methodology.
    [Show full text]