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Hag Me]U Nama Zbornik Tekstova

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Edicija> Pod lupom Hag me]u nama zbornik tekstova Objavljivanje ove knjige omogu'ila je Misija OEBS-a u Srbiji i Crnoj Gori Mi[ljenja izra/ena u ;lancima su stavovi autora, i ne predstavljaju zvani;ne stavove OEBS-a. Predgovor Obaveza saradnje sa Me]unarodnim krivi;nim sudom za biv[u Jugoslaviju, koju je zajedno sa Dejtonskim sporazumom prihvatio Slobodan Milo[evi', jedina je pozitivna tekovina njegove vladavine. S obzirom da je u to vreme bio prihva'en kao garant mira, on nije video da 'e mu ta vizionarska odlu- ka do'i glave, tako da 'e i sam jednog dana biti optu/en za genocid i zlo- ;ine protiv ;ove;nosti, ali je njegov potpis u Dejtonu prokr;io put za sve dr/avljane Srbije i Crne Gore koji mu, zbog sumnji da su po;inili sli;na zlo- dela, prave dru[tvo u pritvoru Ha[kog tribunala. Slobodanu Milo[evi'u s vremenom je postalo jasno da stvaranje klime gde je ubijanje onih koji nisu srpske nacionalnosti vrhovni dokaz patriotizma ne mo/e pro'i bez posledica, i da 'e se Ha[ki tribunal u jednom trenutku si- gurno zainteresovati za njegov u;inak u kampanjama etni;kog ;i['enja, masovnog ubijanja i zatvaranja civila. Stoga je ubrzo pokrenuta prava haj- ka protiv Tribunala, koja se nije sti[ala ni do dana[njih dana. Po;eli su da se iznalaze oni dobro znani razlozi, kako Ustav SR Jugoslavije navodno zabra- njuje ekstradiciju lica drugim dr/avama, ili da Ha[ki tribunal nema legitimi- tet po[to ga nije osnovala Generalna skup[tina Ujedinjenih nacija. Samim tim zalaganja za hap[enje ha[kih optu/enika i organizovanje doma'ih su- ]enja za ratne zlo;ine predstavljala su vrhovnu jeres. No to je bio samo vrh ledenog brega narastaju'eg animoziteta prema Ha- [kom tribunalu, koji su podsticali najvi[i velikodostojnici Srpske pravoslavne crkve. Od njih se moglo ;uti da oni „ne bi tom sudu izru;ili ni svog psa“. Nosioci akademskih zvanja iznedrili su krilaticu o „Hagu kao srpskom Ha- du“, dr/avni funkcioneri su se i nakon 5. oktobra otvoreno rugali u lice tu- /iocima Ha[kog tribunala govore'i da se „Ratko Mladi' krije u Srbiji kao [to se Osama bin Laden nalazi u Beloj ku'i“, da bi sve to dobilo epsku dimen- ziju kada su su]enja za ratne zlo;ine po;ela da se porede sa rupama na svirali. Time je samo potvr]eno da su zlo;ini koje je u proteklim ratovima po;ini- la srpska strana dela pojedinaca, ali da su iza njih stajale institucije i podr- [ka ve'inskog dela naroda kome su pripadali egzekutori. Bez obzira na to [to su se u me]uvremenu neki od optu/enih na[li u pri- tvoru Tribunala, serijal „Hag me]u nama“ pokrenut je kao odgovor na 'ut- nju i poricanje najstravi;nijih zlo;ina za koje su odgovorne srpske snage, kao [to je, na primer, genocid nad Bo[njacima iz Srebrenice, i kao na;in su- protstavljanja zvani;noj propagandi koja je uporno ponavljala da je cilj Ha- [kog tribunala da izvede na optu/eni;ku klupu ;itav srpski narod. Serijal je realizovan u saradnji Fonda za humanitarno pravo i dnevnog lista „Danas“, a rubriku je osmislila i ure]ivala grupa advokata, pravnih eksperata, publi- cista, pisaca, istori;ara i stru;njaka za pitanja tranzicione pravde iz doma'ih i me]unarodnih organizacija, okupljenih oko ideje da upornim izno[enjem ;injenica uti;u na stvaranje klime u kojoj 'e se pitanje odgovornosti i prav- de za ratne zlo;ine postaviti kao prioritetno pitanje srpskog dru[tva. Osta- je da procenimo koliko se u tome uspelo. Osim priloga Nata[e Kandi' „Te[ke optu/be svedoka“ (@Politika#) i „Slobo- dan Milo[evi' je nesposoban da se brani“ Sr]e Popovi'a (@Danas#, rubrika @Dijalog#), tekstovi su objavljeni u rubrici @Hag me]u nama# dnevnika @Danas#, izme]u 9. aprila 2004. i 9. juna 2005. godine. U atmosferi kada su najvi[i predstavnici izvr[ne vlasti Republike Srbije ispra'ali ha[ke optu/e- nike kao dr/avne heroje, ovaj serijal se pretvorio u javni apel za utvr]ivanje krivi;no-pravne odgovornosti svih po;inilaca i naredbodavaca ratnih zlo;i- na po;injenih na prostoru nekada[nje Jugoslavije. Osim tra/enja pravde za /rtve, tekstovi u rubrici „Hag me]u nama“ u;inili su potpuno izli[nim sve poku[aje relativizovanja zlo;ina koji po;ivaju na tvrdnjama tipa – „i drugi su to radili“. Ako su ostali u;esnici u krvavom bal- kanskom ratu po;inili zlo;ine, a jesu, onda je to problem njihovih dr/ava. Za ovu zemlju je najzna;ajnije da se oni koji su po;inili takve stvari vi[e ne skrivaju iza likova smernih, tihih kom[ija na koje niko ne obra'a pa/nju, jer oni to ne mogu biti. Stoga ova knjiga ne predstavlja samo doprinos na pu- tu dosezanja pravde, ve' pre svega nastoji da pomogne ostvarenju dru[tve- ne norme da krivci moraju da odgovaraju, [to je u ;itavom svetu ve' odav- no postalo neka vrsta civilizacijske tekovine. S. K. Hag me]u nama Bogdan Ivani[evi' Praznine popunjene uobi;ajenim me]unarodnim pravom Izme]u 24. marta i 10. juna 1999. na Kosovu je postojao me]unarodni oru- /ani sukob izme]u NATO-a s jedne, i policije i Vojske Jugoslavije sa druge strane. Kada je re; o operacijama koje su srpske i jugoslovenske snage vodi- le protiv Oslobodila;ke vojske Kosova (OVK) – i obrnuto – i tu se radilo o oru/anom sukobu na koji se primenjuju odredbe me]unarodnog humani- tarnog prava. Pre 24. marta 1999. taj sukob je bio unutra[njeg karaktera. Manje je jasno da li je sukob izme]u snaga bezbednosti i naoru/anih Alba- naca ostao unutra[nji i u periodu NATO bombardovanja. Pitanje tipa suko- ba nije samo akademskog karaktera> ve'u za[titu civilima i ostalim za[ti'e- nim licima pru/aju odredbe me]unarodnog humanitarnog prava koje su primenjive u me]unarodnim sukobima, nego one koje se odnose na unutra- [nje sukobe. Na unutra[nje oru/ane sukobe primenjuju su norme me]unarodnog huma- nitarnog prava sadr/ane u tri izvora> ;lanu 3 zajedni;kom za ;etiri /enevske konvencije iz 1949. („Zajedni;ki ;lan 3“)< Protokolu II (iz 1977) uz ?enevske konvencije< i u obi;ajnom me]unarodnom pravu. Od ovih izvora, samo Pro- tokol II defini[e uslove koji moraju biti ispunjeni da bi se moglo govoriti o oru/anom sukobu. Vladinim snagama nasuprot moraju stajati „organizova- ne naoru/ane grupe koje, pod odgovornom komandom, vr[e takvu kontro- lu nad delom njene teritorije koja im omogu'uje da vode neprekidne i usmerene vojne operacije i da primenjuju ovaj Protokol“. U slu;aju OVK, uslovi iz Protokola II bili su ostvareni od prve polovine 1998. Od tada do juna 1999. OVK je preduzimala kontinuirane operacije protiv vojske i policije, i kontrolisala je – iako ne neprekidno – zna;ajne delove teri- torije. Iako OVK nije imala izrazito centralizovano ustrojstvo, Vrhovna komanda je koordinirala vojne akcije i politi;ke aktivnosti regionalnih komandanata operativnih zona. Aktivnosti OVK predstavljale su „oru/ani sukob“ koji zadovoljava uslove za primenjivost Protokola II i Zajedni;kog ;la- na 3 (uslovi koji moraju biti ispunjeni za primenjivost potonjeg manje su strogi nego uslovi za primenjivost Protokola II). 5 Fond za humanitarno pravo Zaklju;ak da je na Kosovu postojao oru/ani sukob u koliziji je sa stavom [iro- ko prihva'enim u Srbiji, prema kome je OVK samo kriminalna grupa. Na Kosovu se, po tom vi]enju, nije radilo o oru/anom sukobu, ve' o suzbijanju terorizma. Ovaj stav je neutemeljen u pravu i ;injenicama, bar u odnosu na period posle prole'a 1998. Ako se zaista nije radilo o oru/anom sukobu, pri- padnicima OVK se ne bi moglo suditi za ratne zlo;ine, ni u Hagu ni pred doma'im sudovima, jer ma kakvi zlo;ini da su po;injeni, oni ne bi mogli biti tretirani kao „ratni zlo;ini“. Postoji samo jedan na;in da zahtevi za su]enjem pripadnicima OVK za rat- ne zlo;ine imaju smisla – da se prihvati, pravno ina;e osnovan, zaklju;ak da je od prole'a 1998. OVK predstavljala pobunjeni;ku vojnu silu, odnosno da je na Kosovu postojao oru/ani sukob. To ne zna;i da neki pripadnici OVK – kao i pripadnici vladinih snaga, uostalom – nisu ;inili i ratne zlo;ine, uklju- ;uju'i ubistva i mu;enja, prema licima koja nisu u;estvovala u neprijateljstvi- ma< ti akti se kolokvijalno nazivaju „terorizmom“. Neki komentatori smatraju jedino prirodnim da se de[avanja na Kosovu u periodu mart–jun 1999. tretiraju kao celina, te da se na sve doga]aje u tom periodu primenjuju norme koje va/e u me]unarodnim sukobima. Primena tih normi utoliko se pre preporu;uje [to je osnovna premisa humanitarnog prava to da civili treba da u/ivaju [to je mogu'e [iru za[titu – a pravna za[ti- ta u me]unarodnim sukobima ve'a je nego u unutra[njim. Do zaklju;ka da je sukob nakon 24. marta 1999. godine bio me]unarodni mo/e se sti'i i ako bi bilo dokaza da je NATO ne samo finansirao i pru/ao logisti;ku podr[ku OVK, nego i koordinirao i vr[io superviziju njenih vojnih operacija. ?albeno ve'e Ha[kog tribunala artikulisalo je ove kriterijume na op[ti na;in u presudi u slu;aju Tadi', 15. jula 1999. godine. Ako, me]utim, takva veza izme]u NATO i OVK nije postojala, valjalo bi zaklju;iti da su na Kosovu posle 24.
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    Bosnia and Herzegovina 2015

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