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Synthesis and Characterization Of COPYRIGHT AND CITATION CONSIDERATIONS FOR THIS THESIS/ DISSERTATION o Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. o NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. o ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. How to cite this thesis Surname, Initial(s). (2012) Title of the thesis or dissertation. PhD. (Chemistry)/ M.Sc. (Physics)/ M.A. (Philosophy)/M.Com. (Finance) etc. [Unpublished]: University of Johannesburg. Retrieved from: https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/vital/access/manager/Index?site_name=Research%20Output (Accessed: Date). SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CHOLINE BASED IONIC LIQUIDS AND THEIR UTILIZATION IN THE RECOVERY OF BASE METALS FROM BCL SLAG ASSISTED BY GOLD 1 MINE BACTERIAL ISOLATES A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg In partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of a Master’s Degree in Technology: Biotechnology By LETLHABILE THAPELO MOYAHA STUDENT NUMBER: 200803857 January 2017 Supervisor : Dr. V. Mavumengwana Co-supervisor : Dr. S. Sekar Co-Supervisor : Prof. A. Mulaba-Bafubiandi 0 ABSTRACT Due to the depletion of rich ore bodies, the fact that conventional extractions become obsolete and uneconomical and additional stringency on environment related regulations, there is a call for cheaper and greener metal extraction methods. Through research and innovation, new developments and improvements of processes and products are required in both metallurgical and biological areas. As a result, research interests in the use of microbes in the optimization of metal recovery from low grade sulphide ores have grown increasingly popular. The involvement of microbes in the recovery process is thus dependent on the growth of the microbes, which is influenced by their physicochemical parameters. The availability of nutrient salts is thus essential for maintaining optimal growth, furthermore is the dependence of metal dissolution with nutrient quantities on substrate accessibility. Considering the “green chemistry” of some ionic liquids the important “technological”, “toxicological ” and “eco-toxicological” assessment of the risks related with ionic liquid design; choline based ionic liquids were selected by virtue of their low toxicity, low environmental persistence and readily biodegradable nature. As a result of the selective solubility strength of metal oxides in ionic liquids, choline based ionic liquids were considered novel media for obtaining target metals and improving bioleaching kinetics. The study thus sought to develop an economic and eco-friendly alternative technology, employing choline based ionic liquids as biocompatible substrates for the optimal recovery of base metals, improving bioleaching kinetics. Biological and molecular characterization of ultra-deep mine isolates (Gold 1 Mine East Rand, Springs Johannesburg, South Africa) revealed a halophilic community of gram positive and negative bacteria namely Raoultella ornithinolytica, Bacillus sp., Bacillus thuringiensis and Pseudomonas moraviensis. The halophilic bacterial strains indicated high biocompatibility in choline lactate, choline chlorite, choline dihydrogen phosphate, choline citrate and choline levulinate with poor biocompatibility noted in choline citrate and choline tartarate. According to literature, the biocompatibility of the leading choline based ionic liquids (ILs) was accredited to the quaternary- ammonium cation integrating a polar hydroxyl and the limited branching of the side chain. Prominent logarithmic growth in choline lactate was indicative of the metabolic advantage of choline lactate over conventional glucose sources. Furthermore, the bioleaching of BCL slag by Bacillus species and Bacillus I thuringiensis employing choline lactate as a substrate was found to effect 97 % iron (Fe) recoveries from the major iron fayalite phase in BCL slag. Producing moderate growth rates, choline dihydrogen phosphate employing Bacillus species and Bacillus thuringiensis was found to effect 31 % recovery of the zinc (Zn) element corroborated by the liberation of a new zinc silicate phase ( Zn2SiO4) in the slag residue. The studies were thus suggestive of the selective nature of choline lactate and choline dihydrogen phosphate ILs for the recovery of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) base metals. In contrast to the chemical leaching control, the use of halophilic bacteria in choline lactate was found to accelerate bacterial growth, producing competitive iron recoveries; thus alluding to the potential of these ionic liquid based reactions as an alternative to conventional hydrometallurgy methods. Keywords: Bioleaching kinetics, choline based ILs, biocompatibility, halophilic, recoveries II DECLARATION I, Letlhabile Thapelo Moyaha hereby declare that this study entitled “Synthesis and characterization of choline based ionic liquids and their utilization in the recovery of base metals from BCL slag assisted by Gold 1 Mine bacterial isolates” is my work, conducted under the supervision of Dr. Vuyo Mavumengwana, Dr. Sekar Sudharshan and Prof Antoine Mulaba-Bafubiandi. This study represents my original work and has not been submitted for any degree or examination in any other university. All other sources used, have been duly cited in text and acknowledged by complete references. X Letlhabile Thapelo Moyaha III DEDICATION I dedicate this work to my Heavenly Farther and maker for He’s abundant favour upon my life and to my guardian angels Mrs E.B Moyaha and Mr N.N Moyaha for their continual support. To God almighty be all the glory. IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Trust in the Lord with all your heart and lean not on your own understanding; in all your ways acknowledge him, and he will make your paths straight (Proverbs 3:5-6). Blessed is the man who finds wisdom, the man who gains understanding, for she is more profitable than silver and yields better returns than gold (Proverbs 3:13-14) .Glorifying God in all that he has done and been for me during this remarkable journey. My sincere gratitude to my supervisors Dr. Vuyo Mavumengwana, Dr. Sekar Sudharshan and Prof Antoine Mulaba-Bafubiandi for their generous contribution to the success of this project. I thank you for your mentorship, asking me insightful questions and offering invaluable guidance towards improving and enhancing the quality of this work. Above all I thank you for allowing me the creative space and freedom to learn. A heartfelt appreciation goes to my family, my mother Mrs E.B Moyaha and father Mr N.N Moyaha, my loving siblings Karabo Moyaha, Tlou Moyaha, Kibi Sebotja, Nomfundo Morutse, and Nonhlanhla Maphanga, my grandmother Mrs P. Huma and late grandmother Mrs A. Moyaha. I thank you for supporting me in my goals, always helping me to put my best foot forward and spurring me on with my favourite guilty pleasures when fatigue has set in. I thank you for you for your invaluable love, support and always dreaming with me. You are one in a million. My sincere gratitude to my laboratory colleagues, my partners in crime Bongeka Mbambo and Evonia Kanyane Nchabeleng for the stimulating conversations and for all the laughs we had that brightened up the late nights in the lab. I would also like to acknowledge my mentor Ms Daphney Mogano and my friends Mapula Pale, Matshidiso Tlhapane, Ayanda Timothy and Nondumiso Shongwe for their unwavering support. My infinite gratitude to Mr. E Malenga Ntumba and Ms. N. P Baloyi for their insight, expertise and mentorship in the field of Extraction Metallurgy, you always went beyond the call of duty and for that I am eternally grateful. I also sincerely thank Professor Taddese Wondimu Godetto, Nombuzo Mabuza, Harold Hussein Shiri and Bienvenue Gael Mbanga- Fouda from the Analytical Chemistry Department. A special thank you goes to Mr. E.Van Zyl, Dr. N. Niemann, Dr. Derek Dinteh, for their generous assistance and support. For the financial endorsement of this study, I sincerely thank the University of Johannesburg, through the National Research Foundation (NRF). V PRESENTATIONS AND ARTICLES PUBLISHED OR WRITTEN FOR PUBLICATION Presentations: Moyaha, L., Mavumengwana, V., Sidu, S., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A., (2015).The recovery of base metals from slag using bacterial isolates in the presence of biocompatible ionic liquids as substrate(s).Poster presentation. DST: Howard University-IT woman in stem conference. Johannesburg, Hyatt Regency hotel in Rosebank. Publications: Sekar, S., Moyaha, L., Mavumengwana, V., Sidu, S., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A., (2016) Metagenomics: DNA sequencing of environmental samples from Gold 1 Mine East Rand, Springs Johannesburg, South Africa. New Biotechnology, 33, 179. Moyaha, L., Sekar, S., Mavumengwana, V., Sidu, S., Mulaba-Bafubiandi, A. The valorisation of slag from BCL using biocompatible choline based ionic liquids as a support. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................I DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... III DEDICATION ......................................................................................................................... IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .....................................................................................................
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