ENGOS AND ENVIRONMENTAL BARGAINS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF FOREST CONFLICTS IN TASMANIA AND BRITISH COLUMBIA by Julia Affolderbach Diplom, University of Cologne, 2003 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Department of Geography © Julia Affolderbach 2008 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Fall 2008 All rights reserved. This work may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without permission of the author. APPROVAL Name: Julia Affolderbach Degree: Doctor·of Philosophy Title of Thesis: ENGOs and Environmental Bargains: A Comparative Analysis of Forest Conflicts in Tasmania and British Columbia Examining Committee: Chair: Dr. Nick Blomley, Professor of Geography Dr. Roger Hayter, Senior Supervisor Professor of Geography, Simon Fraser University Dr. Trevor Barnes, Supervisor Professor of Geography, University of British Columbia Dr. Alex Clapp, Supervisor Associate Professor of Geography, Simon Fraser University Dr. Christian Schulz, Supervisor Professor of European Sustainable Development and Analysis, University of Luxembourg Dr. Peter Hall, Internal Examiner Assistant Professor of Urban Studies, Simon Fraser University Dr. Greg Halseth, External Examiner Professor of Geography, University of Northern British Columbia Date Defended/Approved: ii SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Declaration of Partial Copyright Licence The author, whose copyright is declared on the title page of this work, has granted to Simon Fraser University the right to lend this thesis, project or extended essay to users of the Simon Fraser University Library, and to make partial or single copies only for such users or in response to a request from the library of any other university, or other educational institution, on its own behalf or for one of its users. 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Simon Fraser University Library Burnaby, BC, Canada Revised: Fall 2007 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY THINKING OF THE WORLD STATEMENT OF ETH ICS APPROVAL The author, whose name appears on the title page of this work, has obtained, for the research described in this work, either: (a) Human research ethics approval from the Simon Fraser University Office of Research Ethics, or (b) Advance approval of the animal care protocol from the University Animal Care Committee of Simon Fraser University; or has conducted the research (c) as a co-investigator, in a research project approved in advance, or (d) as a member of a course approved in advance for minimal risk human research, by the Office of Research Ethics. A copy of the approval letter has been filed at the Theses Office of the University Library at the time of submission of this thesis or project. The original application for approval and letter of approval are filed with the relevant offices. Inquiries may be directed to those authorities. Bennett Library Simon Fraser University Burnaby, BC,Canada Last revision: Summer 2007 ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) and their roles in forest conflicts in Tasmania, Australia, and British Columbia (BC), Canada. ENGOs challenge vested economic interests in order to give greater priority to environmental values. These challenges are often highly conflictual especially with regard to resource use. ENGOs use conflicts and more cooperative forms of behaviour to create environmental bargains with other institutions, notably business, government, labour, and Aboriginal peoples, to achieve their goals. This thesis compares and contrasts environmental bargaining in the forest economies of Tasmania and Be. Conceptually, the thesis elaborates on the theme of environmental bargaining from an institutional perspective that identifies ENGOs as central actors. Environmental bargaining is context sensitive and features the integration of multiple perspectives, dimensions, and voices. Processes and outcomes are interpreted along two dimensions, distribution of power between actors and forms of decision-making ranging from non-participatory to participatory forms. Empirically, the thesis draws upon interviews with over 80 representatives of ENGOs, companies, governmental agencies, and other NGOs in Tasmania and Be. In both places, environmental bargaining was characterized by high levels of conflict and played out on multiple spatial levels led by increasingly global ENGOs. While ENGOs in BC increased their bargaining power through international markets campaigns, Tasmanian environmental groups used national and international support to strengthen their power base. In BC environmental bargaining became more consensual and participatory over time leading to considerable changes in management practices and conservation but also changes in underlying values and perspectives. In Tasmania bargaining was dominated by non­ participatory forms of decision-making that did not reduce conflict potential even though the remapping of Tasmania's forests from industrial uses to protected area status has been relatively greater. In general, ENGOs are important in restructuring and remapping resource peripheries from economic to environmental imperatives as reflected in the bargaining outcomes. Moreover, environmental bargaining is contingent on place and a iii closer look at the cultural, economic, and political characteristics of the two regions offers explanations as to why environmental bargaining and outcomes differ. Keywords: Forest conflict; environmental bargaining; remapping; environmental economic geography; Tasmania; British Columbia Subject Terms: Forests and forestry -- British Columbia; Forests and forestry - Tasmania; Economic development -- Environmental aspects; Forest conservation -- Political aspects iv Fiir Beate und Martin In Dankbarkeit fur all das was ich von Euch lemen durfte und fUr Eure uneingeschrankte Untersriitzung, Ermutigungen und Liebe wahrend der letzten funfJahre. For Beate and Martin Without your support, encouragement and love this work would not have been possible. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to many people for their support of this thesis. First and foremost, I would like to sincerely thank my senior supervisor Dr. Roger Hayter for his guidance, encouragement, and support as well as my supervisors Dr. Trevor Barnes, Dr. Alex Clapp, and Dr. Christian Schulz for their critical feedback and suggestions throughout the process of my thesis. I am also grateful to Dr. Greg Halseth, Dr. Peter Hall, Dr. Ben Bradshaw for their time and valuable comments. A big thank you goes to the staff at the Geography Department for their help and advice, particularly to Marcia Crease and Hilary Jones. Cyrille Medard de Chardon helped with the maps included in the thesis. This work is based on the information collected in hours and hours of interviews and meetings with people from Tasmania and British Columbia who were willing to take the time to meet up, share their perspectives and knowledge with me, and show me around. I am particularly grateful to Frank Strie and his family, Gwenda Sheridan, Geraldine de Burgh Day and her family, and Barry Chipman for their hospitality and help. I would also like to thank my travel mates Richard Hoerner and Musty for their company during my fIrst visit to Tasmania. The fIeld work would not have been possible without the generous fl11ancial support of the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council. A big thank you goes to my fellow graduate students from the Geography Department, my friends, and family for their encouragement, support, and help including endless hours of babysitting. In particular, I would like to thank my parents Beate and Martin Affolderbach, Rini Sumartojo, Tomasz Majek, Cristina Temenos, Julia Mackenzie, Sarah Paynter, Dr. Mike Gismondi, and Pascale de Rotrou. Finally, thanks to Cyrille and Gaelle Medard de Chardon for their patience and love and for reminding me every day that there is much more in life besides writing a thesis. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Approval ii Abstract