Monitoring and Habitat Surveys of the Endangered Kanab Ambersnail in Grand Canyon and Northern Arizona

Jeff A. Sorensen, Wildlife Specialist Dennis M. Kubly, Support Supervisor

Nongame Branch, Wildlife Management Division Arizona Game and Fish Department

Technical Report 125 Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Program ~hief: Terry B. Johnson Arizona Game and Fish Department 2221 West Greenway Road Phoenix, Arizona 85023-4399

April 1998 RECOMMENDED CITATION

Sorensen, J.A. and D.M. Kubly. 1998. Monitoring and habitat surveys of the endangered Kanab ambersnail in Grand Canyon and northern Arizona. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 125. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the following individuals for their contributions in the field: Ken Baker, Liz Baldwin, Nikolle Brown, Chris Franke, Jim Hoffman, Jerry Martinez, Vicky Meretsky, Clay Nelson, Larry Roberts, John and Robert Sorensen, and Larry Stevens. Logistical and administrative support was provided by: Cindy Krznarich and Dave Garrett (Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center); Christine Karas and Tom Scoville (U.S. Bureau of Reclamation); Ralph Swanson (Central Utah Project Completion Act); Debra Bills, Larry England, and Owen Gorman (U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service); Robert Black, George Andrejko, Jody Walters, Dave Weedman, and Richard Winstead (Arizona Game and Fish Department); Johnny Ray, Peter Rowlands, R. V. Ward, and Robert Winfree (Grand Canyon Science Center, National Park Service); Clay Bravo and Kerry Christensen (Hualapai Department of Natural Resources); Mike Demlong (Phoenix Zoo); Mike Herder and Mike Small (Bureau of Land Management); and Norm Henderson (Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, National Park Service). A special thanks goes to Jim Hoffman for di~section and identification of mollusk specimens. Report figure created ty Richard Winstead.

AMERICANS WITH DISABILITIES ACT COMPLIANCE

The Arizona Game and Fish Department complies with all provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act. This document is available in alternative format by contacting Terry Johnson, Nongame Branch, Arizona Game and Fish Department, 2221 West Greenway Road, Phoenix, Arizona 85023-4399 -- (602) 789-3501.

PROJECT FUNDING

Funding for this project was provided by the Ariz.ona Game and Fish Department's Heritage Fund; Arizona's Nongame Wildlife Checkoff; U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Grant No. 1425-97-FG-40- 21760; Central Utah Project Completion Act Cooperative Agreement No. 7-FC-CU-AZ0lO; and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Project E5, Job 33 (FCN5552), under Section VI of the Endangered Species Act. ABsTRACT

The endangered Kanab ambersnail (KAS; Succineidae: Oxy/oma haydeni kanabensis Pilsbry 1948) occurs in only two locations in the American Southwest: a privately-owned wet meadow at Three Lakes, Utah, and a large, perennial spring called Vaseys Paradise (VP) in Grand Canyon National Park. Believed to be relics of the Late Pleistocene glaciation, KASs are restricted to wetland habitats near limestone or sandstone cliffs. These rare landsnails are found residing and feeding on cattails (Typha spp.), watercress (Nastuniwn officinale), and crimson monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis). Habitat loss and incidental take by flooding are specific threats to KASs. In March 1996, the VP population experienced habitat loss and incidental take during an experimental 45,000 cfs (1275 m3/s) stage flood from Glen Canyon Dam. The Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) participated with an interagency monitoring team between 1995 and 1997 to study the ecology of KAS and flood impacts to VP and its population. From March 1996 through October 1997, habitat recovery in the flood-impacted low zone ( < 1275 m3/s stage) has been slow; total area of primary and secondary vegetation is 34.8% less than the pre-flood, March 1996 level. Preliminary population estimates, derived from bootstrap statistics, show an increased number of KASs, indicating a return to the 1995 level of abundance. In August 1997, visible sporocysts of the parasitic trematode, Leucochloridiwn cyanocittae, were observed in four KASs. In June 1996, AGFD began surveying and evaluating comparable habitats in Grand Canyon and vicinity for establishing additional KAS populations. Currently, 74 sites have been surveyed, including 57 sites documented in Sorensen and Kubly (1997). Between July and October 1997, we visited 17 new sites in northern Arizona. Three sites were evaluated as "more desirable" KAS habitat: one within Grand Canyon National Park (Dripping Spring) and two on the Hualapai Reservation (Travertine Falls and Bridge Canyon Creek). No additional KAS populations were found, but new occurrences of other mollusk species were recorded. TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract ......

Introduction ...... 1

Methods ...... 2 Study Area ...... 2 Monitoring ...... 2 Habitat Survey Protocol ...... 3

Results ...... 5 Monitoring ...... 5 Habitat Surveys ...... 6

Discussion ...... 8 Monitoring ...... , ...... 8 Habitat Surveys ...... 9

Recommendations ...... 9 Monitoring ...... 9 Habitat Surveys ...... 10

Literature Cited ...... 12

Personal Communications ...... 14

Metric-English Conversions 1275 m3/s = 45,000 cfs 934 m3/s = 33,000 cfs 849 m3/s = 30,000 cfs 3.2 km = 2 miles

11 FIGURES

Fig. 1. Locations of Vaseys Paradise and potential establishment sites for Kanab ambersnail in Grand Canyon, Arizona ...... 8

TABLES

Table 1. Kanab ambersnail suitable habitat correlation model ...... 4 Table 2. Kanab ambersnail habitat distribution at Vaseys Paradise, 1995-97 ...... 5 Table 3. Habitat suitability for KAS establishment at river corridor sites in Grand Canyon National Park, June 1996 to October 1997 ...... 7 Table 4. Habitat suitability for KAS establishment at backcountry sites in Grand Canyon National Park and northern Arizona, June 1996 to October 1997 ...... 7

APPENDIXES

Appendix A. Site summaries for KAS habitat evaluations...... 15 Site: Dripping Spring ...... 15 Site: Travertine Canyon Seep ...... 16 Site: Travertine Falls ...... 17 Site: Bridge Canyon Creek ...... 18 Site: Spencer Canyon confluence ...... 19 Site: Columbine Falls ...... 20 Site: Verde River corridor ...... 21 Site: Verde River "Cold Spring" ...... 22 Site: Snake Gulch Willow Spring ...... 23 Site: Snake Gulch Wildband Spring ...... 24 Site: Snake Gulch Pigeon Spring ...... 25 Site: Burro Spring ...... 26 Site: Twomile Seep ...... 27 Site: Clear Water Spring ...... 28 Site: Badger Spring ...... 29 Site: Lower Twin Spring ...... 30 Site: Montezuma Well ...... 31 MONITORING AND HABITAT SURVEYS OF THE ENDANGERED KANAB AMBERSNAIL IN GRAND CANYON AND NORTHERN AluzoNA

Jeff A. Sorensen and Dennis M. Kubly

INTRODUCTION

In 1992, the Kanab ambersnail (KAS; Succineidae: Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Pilsbry, 1948) was federally listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS 1992). Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD) also recognizes KAS in its draft Wildlife of Special Concern in Ariwna (AGFD in prep.). Specific threats to KAS involve the loss and/or adverse modification to wetland habitat and incidental take by dam releases (USFWS 1995).

Only two populations of the KAS are known to exist currently in the American Southwest. An extant population is found in southeastern Utah, on a privately-owned wet meadow dominated by cattails (Typha domingensis) and sedges (Care,x aquatilus). This population (Three Lakes; 3L) is threatened by habitat loss and possible extirpation by planned commercial development (USFWS 1995). The other population of this rare landsnail was discovered in 1991, at Vaseys Paradise (VP) in Grand Canyon National Park (Blinn et al. 1992; Spamer and Bogan 1993). Located 75.3 km downstream of Glen Canyon Dam, this site has a large, perennial spring with abundant poison ivy (Toxicodendron rydbergii), crimson monkeyflower (Mimulus cardinalis), and watercress (Nasturtium officinale). The VP population is threatened by habitat loss and incidental take from controlled and uncontrolled high water releases from the dam. This population experienced habitat loss and incidental take during an experimental 45,000 cfs (1275 m3/s) stage flow in March 1996 (Stevens et al. 1997a). Both populations are geographically isolated (92.9 km distant), and are believed to be relics from the Late Pleistocene glaciation, when wetland habitat was more abundant (Spamer 1993; Spamer and Bogan 1993; Stevens et al. 1997b).

KASs are restricted to perennially wet soil surfaces and decaying plant litter of springs and seep­ fed marshes near sandstone or limestone cliffs (USFWS 1995). A limiting factor in their distribution may be the presence of cattails, monkeyflower, and watercress, which are identified as the primary vegetation for KAS habitat. They are most abundant under fallen cattail stalks, decadent monkeyflower litter, and young watercress (USFWS 1995; Stevens et al. 1997b).

KASs have an approximately annual lifecycle, and reportedly live 12-15 months (Clarke 1991). They emerge from winter hibernation in spring with the onset of warm weather, and begin reproducing throughout the late spring and summer months. Peak reproduction typically occurs in late summer, when densities of mature KASs are highest. A seasonal decline of KASs occurs in autumn with mass die-offs of mature individuals, while young and immature KASs go into winter dormancy (Blinn et al. 1992; Stevens et al. 1997b). KASs are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive tracts (Pilsbry 1948). Young snails develop from gelatinous egg masses attached to wet plant litter. Fully mature KASs can have shell lengths up to 20 mm. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 2

The USFWS 1994 Biological Opinion on the operation of Glen Canyon Dam required that the VP KAS population and habitat be quantified. An interagency team of researchers began ecological studies on KAS at VP in 1995 and have continued monitoring through 1997. Participating agencies and institutions of KAS monitoring include: AGFD, USFWS, National Park Service (NPS), U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR),· Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center (GCMRC), and Northern Arizona University (NAU). USBR, USFWS, and the Central Utah Project Completion Act office (CUPCA) provided funding for AGFD to conduct KAS habitat surveys in Grand Canyon and northern Arizona. CUPCA has entered into a cooperative agreement with AGFD to implement KAS recovery efforts in Arizona. The establishment of additional wild populations of KAS will undergo AGFD's 12-step reintroduction process (AGFD 1987). In addition, recovery efforts will include the establishment of a KAS refugium at The Phoenix Zoo (TPZ) to maintain a supplemental genetic source. This report is provided as a contract obligation to the USBR for partial funding of AGFD Kanab ambersnail studies between July and November 1997. Further information on AGFD habitat surveys and evaluation prior to this time period are documented in Sorensen and Kubly (1997).

METHODS

STUDY AREA In this report, site locations along the Colorado River corridor of Grand Canyon follow historical convention of recording river distances as miles downstream of Lee's Ferry with metric conversions in parentheses. River right (RR) and river left (RL) describe which side of the river when facing downstream. River mileage, elevations, site names, drainages, and geologic strata were obtained from regional guidebooks (Kelsey 1987, 1995; Stevens 1983), published and government documents (Spamer and Bogan 1993; Stevens et al. 1997b), and U.S. Geological Survey 7 .5 minute series topographical maps.

MONITORING Stevens et al. (1997a, 1997b) provided detailed methodology for KAS monitoring at VP. Vegetation patches were mapped from topographic surveys using total station instruments, electronic data recorders, and USBR's STARS model (Randle and Pemberton 1988), a stage-to­ discharge hydraulic model used to estimate flow elevations. Oblique photogrammetry was used to determine areal extent of inaccessible, upper zone vegetation at VP. High-angle photographs of VP were taken in November 1994, March, April, and November 1996, and March 1997 from the upper plateau opposite of VP. Population estimates of KAS were determined from replicate 20-cm-diameter sample plots and bootstrapping statistical methods (Stevens et al. 1997a). Microhabitat attributes (e.g., substrate type, depth and moisture of substrate and litter/duff, plant cover/density, vegetation composition and height, percent live/dead vegetation, and distance to patch edge) were recorded for each sample plot. Live-trapping of deer mice (Peromyscus spp.) was done to estimate densities of potential KAS predators at VP. Incidence of KAS parasitism by Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 3 the trematode Leucochioridiwn cyanocittae was estimated each summer based on observations of visible sporocysts within the eye stalks of mature KASs.

HABITAT SURVEY PROTOCOL Selection of survey sites for habitat evaluation was based on the presence of KAS primary vegetation, a perennial water source, and accessibility. Additional sites were included to expand the range of habitat variability (optimum to unsuitable attributes). When possible, survey sites were revisited during different seasons to assess changes in flora, fauna, recreation use, and environmental conditions.

Detailed methodology for habitat surveys is provided in Sorensen and Kubly (1997). These surveys recorded jurisdictional, descriptive, and geographical data, as well as measured environmental data on soil, water, and solar exposure. Habitat vulnerability by natural disturbance and recreational use was estimated in the field and supported by historical documentation when available. Photographs were taken showing representative habitat and water discharge. Biological inventories of emergent and palustrine (marsh living) flora and site-associated fauna were recorded. Emphasis was placed on the identification of riparian vegetation regarded as primary and secondary KAS habitat in Stevens et al. (1997b). Taxonomic determinations of invertebrates were made to the lowest level of positive identification, typically to familial rank. Voucher specimens collected within Grand Canyon National Park will be archived at a NPS approved collections museum at NAU. Specimens collected from the Hualapai Reservation will be stored at their facility. Jeff Sorensen directed all field surveys and biological collections with the assistance of numerous volunteers. Due to logistical restraints, many sites were only visited once, and limited to 1-2 hours per survey.

A Solar Pathfinder instrument was used to determine solar exposure at each site, annual BTUs/sq ft, and monthly sunrise and sunset (available as a supplemental document from AGFD). To calculate daily BTUs/sq ft, we used the f-chart geographic reference for Page, Arizona (36.6° N latitude and 14° W declination), as the nearest reference for solar energy values. For sites in western Grand Canyon, downstream of Diamond Creek, we used Las Vegas, Nevada (36.1 ° N latitude and 14° W declination), as the nearest reference for that region's solar energy values.

Each site was categorized for accessibility using the following criteria: easy--accessible by automobile, boat, and/or hiking (typically < 3.2 km distant); moderate--requires backcountry hiking ( > 3.2 km distant); and difficult--requiring overnight backcountry hiking, travel through overgrown vegetation, or climbing. Inaccessible sites were not surveyed; these sites would. require technical climbing equipment or the use of a helicopter.

In Sorensen and Kubly (1997), we developed a single-species correlation model for evaluating KAS habitat (Table 1). Evaluation of habitat for reintroduction potential was rated on a scale of five levels: (1) optimum; (2) more desirable; (3) acceptable; (4) less desirable; and (5) unsuitable. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 4

We used attributes from VP and 3L sites as the baseline requirements for optimal habitat: more than one type of primary vegetation present, perennial spring source from a limestone or sandstone geologic strata, rare historic flooding events, and low natural and recreational disturbance (specifically to ambersnail habitat, not just the site). Unsuitable conditions were defined as: lack of primary or secondary vegetation; intennittent or seasonal water source; frequent or catastrophic natural disturbance; or severe impacts to habitat by recreation, livestock, agriculture, wildfire (fire impact, not fuel-load potential), industrial use, or commercial development. All survey sites fell within this range of optimum to unsuitable attributes. No variables were weighted--a single unfavorable condition would prevent a site with many quality attributes from receiving a higher ranking. This approach was highly conservative, but should increase the chance of successful KAS establishment at new sites.

Site accessibility, the species richness and diversity of associated invertebrate communities, and the presence of other terrestrial mollusks are attributes that are notable in site selection, but should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Reasonable access is necessary for reintroduction and monitoring; however, an area that is difficult to reach can provide added security from recreational impacts and other disturbances. An invertebrate community of high species richness and diversity would indicate suitable environmental conditions for many species of arachnids, insects, and mollusks. Concerns about interspecific competition and parasite introduction to resident mollusk populations at reintroduction sites were discussed in Sorensen and Kubly (1997).

ITable 1. Kanab ambersnail suitable habitat correlation model {Sorensen and Kubly 1997}. I Optimum More Desirable Acceptable Less Desirable Unsuitable

Primary More than one One type One type None None Vegetation type (only secondary)

Water Perennial spring Perennial spring Perennial spring Perennial spring Intermittent or Source or stream or stream or stream Seasonal

Historical Rare Rare Rare Periodical Severe or Flooding Frequent

Natural Low Low Moderate High High Disturbance (or less) (or less) (or less)

Recreation Use Moderate Moderate High High High (entire area) (or less) (or less) (or less) (or less) (or less)

Jurisdictional High Moderate Low Low None Protection Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 5

REsULTS

MONITORING In 1997, interagency KAS monitoring at VP was conducted in March, May, August, and October. Habitat recovery below the 45,000 cfs (1275 m3/s) stage at VP continued slowly (Table 2). After the last 19 months, the total area of low wne habitat is 34.8% less than the pre-flood, March 1996 level. Higher than normal flows (20,000 to 27,000 cfs [566 to 764 m3/s]) during the summer combined with a series of flash floods from the Paria River (25.7 km downstream of Glen Canyon Dam) have prevented habitat restoration in the low vegetation patches (below 30,000 cfs [849 m3/s] stage).

Table 2. Kanab ambersnail habitat distribution at Vaseys Paradise, 1995-97 (Stevens et al. 1997a, 1997b; Sorensen and Kubly 1997, and unpublished data).

1 Survey Dates Habitat Area (m2) Habitat Area (m ) Total Potential Habitat at (month/year) < 1275 m'/s stage > 1275 m'/s stage Vaseys Paradise (m2)

March 1995 125.1 187.0 312.1

June 1995 146.2 220.4 366.6

September 1995 105.6* 250.0* 355.6

March 1996 119.4* 199.9 319.3*

April 1996 55.0* 194.0* 249.0*

May 1996 50.2 > 144.5 > 194.7

June 1996 47.8* 129.1 • 176.9*

September 1996 70.5* 142.9* 213.4*

October 1996 81.5 145.8 227.3

March 1997 57.l** 189.9** 247.0**

May 1997 69.8** 201.9** 271.6**

August 1997 86.9** 197.3** 284.2**

October 1997 77.9** 204.5** 305.7**

Habitat categories combine patches of Mimulus, Nasturtium, and mixes of secondary vegetation as one sum. Total potential habitat combine low ( < 1275 m3/s) and upper(> 1275 m3/s) vegetation zones (not including oblique photogrammetry estimates of inaccessible patches). *Revised data from Stevens et al. (1997a). **Unpublished data are preliminary and subject to revision. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 6

Preliminary population estimates, derived from bootstrap statistics, show an increased number of KASs since the March 1996 flood. The estimated number of KASs below the 45,000 cfs stage dropped from 2126 in March 1996 to 420 in April 1996 (Stevens et al. 1997a). Preliminary estimates of KAS in the low zone for 1997: 245 in March, 4070 in May, and 2571 in August (L. Stevens, pers. comm.). October estimates are still being analyzed (V. Meretsky, pers. comm.).

Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus and P. crinitus), suspected KAS predators at VP, were live­ trapped to estimate densities and distribution of rodents. Trapping success for each survey month in 1997 is summarized: March (two trap-nights combined=ll.5%, 9 mice); May (13.6%, 3 mice); August (8.3%, 2 mice); and October (4.1 %, 2 mice). All mice trapped in 1997 were P. crinitus, although one immature P. maniculatus was observed in October (L. Stevens, pers. comm.).

In August, four KASs were found to be parasitized by the trematode Leucochloridium cyanocittae; these were the only reported occurances during the 1997 season. First discovered in August 1995, this parasite had infested eight mature(> 13 mm size) KASs that year (Stevens et al. 1997b). Only one KAS was found parasitized in 1996, during the May monitoring survey (Stevens et al. 1997a).

New observations on parasitized KASs indicate that sporocysts withdraw into the snail's body cavity and shell during nocturnal periods, and actively pulsate up into the eye stalks when exposed to natural or artificial light. Macrophotos and closeup video of two parasitized KASs with pulsating sporocysts were made by AGFD audio-visual technicians. Parasitized KASs are capable of producing egg masses. One egg mass of 10 eggs was found on wet litter within the first 48 hours of captivity, and the second egg mass, containing 5 eggs, appeared in the next 24 hours. Both parasitized KASs and egg masses were preserved as voucher specimens. Anatomical dissection of one specimen (15 mm size) with two sporocysts revealed no changes to its reproductive tract other than it had been pushed aside by the sporocysts (J. Hoffman, pers. comm.). Both sporocysts were 12 mm long and 2 mm wide, and occupied 80% of the snail's head. One sporocyst was dissected and found to contain 97 cercaria (J. Hoffman, pers. comm.).

HABITAT SURVEYS Between July and October 1997, we visited 19 sites in the Grand Canyon region and northern Arizona--17 new surveys and 2 seasonal revisits from previous surveys. Indian Gardens and Santa Maria Springs were revisited to determine seasonal changes in environmental conditions, flora, fauna, and recreation use. Site summaries for the 17 new survey sites are provided in Appendix A. Habitat suitability for 74 evaluated sites are listed in Tables 3 and 4. Optimum and more desirable KAS establishment sites in Grand Canyon are mapped in Figure 1. Three new sites were evaluated as "more desirable" KAS habitat; one located within Grand Canyon National Park (Dripping Spring) and two on the Hualapai Reservation (Travertine Falls and Bridge Canyon Creek). No additional KAS populations were found, but new occurrences of other mollusk species were recorded. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 7

Table 3. Habitat suitability for KAS establishment at river corridor sites in Grand Canyon National Park, June 1996 to October 1997.

River Site: Habita.t Suita.bili!J'.: River Site: Habitat Su.itabili!J'.: Glen Canyon Dam Less Desirable Upper Deer Creek Spring More Desirable "Dam Bar Seep" Less Desirable Lower Deer Creek Spring More Desirable Lee's Ferry -9 mile Spring Resident Oxyloma spp: Kanab Creek Seep Acceptable Hidden Slough Unsuitable 147.8 mile RR Seep More Desirable 34 .5 mile RR springs Acceptable Matkatarniba Seep Acceptable 35.0 mile banging garden Less Desirable Ledges Spring Less Desirable 38.5 mile RR Seep Less Desirable Havasu Creek Unsuitable "T-4 Grotto" Seep Less Desirable Fem Glen Spring Acceptable Buck Farm seeps Less Desirable Cove Canyon Spring Less Desirable Bert's Canyon Creek Less Desirable Lower Honga Spring Less Desirable Royal Arches Seep Unsuitable Lava Well Less Desirable Saddle Canyon Creek More Desirable Beecher Spring Less Desirable "Keyhole Spring" Optimum Spring Canyon Seep Less Desirable "Canyon Grape Spring" Acceptable Three Springs Creek Acceptable Clear Creek Unsuitable Travertine Canyon Seep Less Desirable Shinumo Creek Unsuitable Travertine Falls More Desirable Elves Chasm upper area Acceptable Bridge Canyon Creek More Desirable Elves Chasm lower area Less Desirable Spencer Canyon Creek Acceptable Stone Creek Less Desirable Columbine Falls Acceptable

Table 4. Habitat suitability for KAS establishment at backcountry sites in Grand Canyon National Park and northern Arizona, June 1996 to October 1997.

Bo.~kcguntl)'. Site: Habitat Suit!lbili!J'.: B!!~k!.QYDYY Sit!.<: Habitat Suitabili!J'.: Nankoweap "Twin Spring" Acceptable Verde River corridor Less Desirable Indian Gardens Resident Oxyloma spp. Verde River "Cold Spring" Less Desirable Santa Maria Spring More Desirable Snake Gulch Willow Spr Less Desirable Dripping Spring More Desirable Snake Gulch Wildband Spr Unsuitable Neal Spring Less Desirable Snake Gulch Pigeon Spr Unsuitable Cliff Spring Unsuitable Burro Spring Unsuitable Roaring Springs Optimum Wrather Canyon Spring Acceptable Lower Ribbon Falls More Desirable Shower Spring Less Desirable Upper Muav Spring Less Desirable "Last Reliable Water" seep Unsuitable Thunder Spring Optimum "Ca.mpside Seep" Less Desirable Sowa.ts Springs Unsuitable Pipe Spring Nat') Monument Acceptable Upper Jumpup Spring Unsuitable Little Ash Creek Less Desirable Magnum Springs Unsuitable Canyon Creek Spring More Desirable Big Springs Less Desirable Badger Spring Less Desirable Little Spring Canyon Acceptable Lower Twin Spring Less Desirable Black Willow Spring Unsuitable Montezuma Well Less Desirable Showerbath Spring More Desirable Clear Water Spring Unsuitable "Whispering Falls" Less Desirable Twomile Seep Unsuitable Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 8

~ 10 MILES N GRAND CANYON NATIONAL PARK

I VASEYS PARADISE 8 TiruNDER SPRING 2 'KEYHOLE SPRING" 9 UPPER DEER CREEK SPRING 3 SADDLE CANYON IO LOWER DEER CREEK SPRING 4 ROARING SPRINGS 11 SHOWERBATitSPRING S LOWER RIBBON FALLS 12 147.8 MILE RR SEEP 6 SANTA MARIA SPRING 13 TRAVERTINE FALLS 13 7 DRIPPING SPRING 14 BRIDGE CANYON CREEK

ig. I. Locations of Vaseys Paradise and potential establishment sites for Kanab arnbersnail in Grand Canyon, Arizona. ites 1-12 are on National Park Service land; sites 13 and 14 are on Hualapai tribal land. These sites are rated as ptimwn or More Desirable among AGFD Habitat Suitability Categories. Less suitable sites are not shown.

DISCUSSION

MONITORING Recovery of VP habitat following the March 1996 experimental flood has been slow. Low zone habitat was impacted by high, steady flows in 1997 combined with a series of flash floods from the Paria River. However, bootstrapped estimates of the KAS population indicate a return to 1995 levels of abundance, even with the reduced habitat.

More trematode-infested KASs were observed in 1997 when compared to 1996. The platyhelminthine parasite, Leucochloridiwn, selects succineid snails as intermediate hosts and passerine birds as definitive hosts (Baer 1971). The effects of this parasite on KAS population dynamics is still unknown. Direct mortality of KAS due to parasites have not been observed at VP, although numerous live snails with missing eye stalks--presumably from ejected sporocysts-­ have been observed (Stevens et al. 1997b). Indirect mortality resulting from avian predation of Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 9 infested KAS is difficult to measure. This parasite has only been detected in KAS at VP, and not in the other three Oxyloma populations in the region, or other succineid species in Grand Canyon and vicinity.

HABITAT SURVEYS Between 1991 and 1995, 81 springs and seeps in Grand Canyon were examined for mollusks (Stevens et al. 1997b). No additional populations of KASs were found. Site visits were primarily reconnaissance efforts to document presence or absence of mollusks, and did not provide detailed habitat information. Sorensen and Kubly (1997) conducted habitat surveys on 59 springs, seeps, and streamside habitats (including VP and 3L) in the Grand Canyon region between June 1996 and June 1997. An additional 17 sites were studied between July and October 1997.

The single-species correlation model provided a simple evaluation of KAS habitat suitability based on various site attributes. Some localities have many quality attributes, but a single unfavorable condition may disqualify it from a higher ranking. Potential KAS establishment sites will have to undergo review of the interagency Kanab Ambersnail Working Group (KAWG), agencies involved directly with species and habitat conservation, peer groups, and the public.

Potential wild establishment sites require jurisdictional or land management authority that provides for species and habitat conservation. Grand Canyon National Park provides the best protection for sensitive wetland habitats from multiple-use practices (i.e., livestock grazing, commercial development, mining, unrestricted recreation access). Management stipulations for most federal lands require the protection of endangered species. State and tribal lands have various land-use mandates, offering less protection to species of concern and sensitive habitats. Jurisdictional protection of KASs and their habitat on state and tribal lands will require case-by-case evaluation. Private landowners may not be willing to protect wetlands or endangered species on their property. For this reason, private land is the least preferable choice for KAS reintroduction sites. However, private landowners that are interested in participating in long-term conservation will be rated more favorably in this category.

RECOMMENDATIONS

MONITORING As a participant of the interagency KAWG and field studies, AGFD supports the continued monitoring of the VP population to provide information on KAS demographics, habitat recovery, and the role of predators, competitors, and parasites (KAWG 1997). Continued studies at VP provide us with an increased understanding of KAS life history, interactions with other fauna, habitat use, and response to natural and recreational disturbances--information needed for satisfying USFWS Biological Opinion requirements and successful recovery efforts. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 10

HABITAT SURVEYS To consider downlisting KAS to threatened status, the Kanab Ambersnail Recovery Plan (USFWS 1995) requires the provision of finding and/or establishing 10 separate populations of KASs which have demonstrated long-term viability in abundance, distribution, and stability. This criterion includes the establishment of formal land management designations and/or implementing land management plans for undisturbed, long-term KAS habitat. Conservation of existing KAS populations and habitat must be regulated through sections 6, 7, and 9 of the Endangered Species Act.

Establishment of new wild KAS populations will require moving a number of KASs (including snail egg masses) from VP and/or 3L to other suitable habitat. Snails for relocation should be removed from these sites during mid- to late summer as peak reproduction occurs and population numbers are greatest. However, if high flow releases (emergency floods or scheduled habitat­ building/maintenance flows > 33,000 cfs [934 m3/s] stage discharge) from Glen Canyon Dam occur with anticipated loss of KASs and VP habitat, all efforts should be made to transplant imperiled KASs. Relocated snails should be examined for Leucochloridium parasites. This trematode typically expresses visible sporocysts in mature, infected KASs during the late summer months (Stevens et al. 1997a, 1997b). Unfortunately, young snails and egg masses are more difficult to screen for parasite infestation.

There are several actions available to aid the recovery or enhancement of KAS. New KAS populations can be established in the following scenarios in order of preference:

1) Using existing natural habitats (unmodified) that are evaluated as having highly comparable biological, chemical, and physical characteristics to the VP and 3L sites. "Keyhole Spring," Roaring Spring, and Thunder River are examples of optimum KAS habitat. Saddle Canyon, Upper and Lower Deer Creek springs, 147.8 mi RR Seep, Travertine Falls, Bridge Canyon Creek, Dripping Spring, Santa Maria Spring, Lower Ribbon Falls, Showerbath Spring, and Canyon Creek Spring are existing natural habitats that are ranked second best for establishment sites.

2) Establishing refugium populations of KAS in academic research facilities and/or zoological gardens as supplemental genetic sources. This option requires the propagation of host vegetation in environmentally-controlled terraria. It is the opinion of the KAWG that refugium populations may be equivalent of lOG) status and would benefit the species, but not contribute to downlisting.

3) New KAS populations may be found with additional habitat surveys of other locations in Grand Canyon, northern Arizona, southern Utah, and Arizona tribal lands. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 11

4) Enter into cooperative agreements or land acquisition (including secured water rights) of the privately-owned 3L site, the extirpated type locality--"the Greens, " and other potential introduction sites. To protect the VP population, interagency cooperation is needed to manage Glen Canyon Dam operating flows that would lessen impact on VP habitat.

5) Physically modifying marginal or less-desirable natural habitats to be comparable to the VP and 3L sites. Site enhancements would include any of the following: constructing water retainment basins or channels, installing physical barriers to lessen the impact of flash floods and rockfall, increasing primary vegetation area, or adding primary vegetation to existing secondary vegetation. Ideal sites for physical modification would be: Upper Elves Chasm; Nankoweap "Canyon Grape Spring" and "Twin Springs", Kanab Creek Seep, and Pipe Spring National Monument. Each of these sites has several acceptable KAS habitat characteristics and receive moderate natural disturbances, but low recreation use.

6) Creating habitats by extensive modification of natural areas that did not have suitable habitat originally. This option would require creating spring/seep habitat by providing a diverted or piped water source, establishing riparian vegetation where none existed before, and other features detailed in option 5. The introduction of KASs into new, created habitats would circumvent any potential adverse impact to existing mollusk populations, but requires the most effort in creating and maintaining a stable, usable habitat.

KAS recovery will not benefit from a "no action" option or from continuance of current management strategies.

Introducing new KAS populations to comparable habitats requires additional work specifically addressing site environmental assessments, National Environmental Policy Act compliance, state and federal permits, AGFD's 12-step reintroduction process (AGFD 1987), agency funding and logistical support, and long-term monitoring. The Department of the Interior CUPCA and AGFD have entered into an agreement to establish a long-term refugium population of KAS at TPZ in Phoenix, Arizona. In addition, these cooperators are working on the establishment of wild populations of KASs in Grand Canyon region using the AGFD 12-step process to follow legal compliance and solicit agency, public, and peer review. Concurrent research at NAU is studying the methods and viability of translocating KASs and habitat to other sites, and captive propagation of KASs for future recovery efforts (L. Stevens, pers. comm.). General agreement of the KAWG states that zoo refugium and the Nelson/Stevens test population at Glen Canyon Dam will be equivalent to lOG) status populations, and will not count in recovery efforts toward downlisting. Natural habitats must be used for long-term species recovery. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 12

LITERATURE CITED

Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD). 1987. Procedures for nongame wildlife and endangered species re-establishment projects in Arizona. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Arizona Game and Fish Department (AGFD). in preparation. Wildlife of Special Concern in Arizona. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Baer, J.G. 1971. Animal Parasites (translated from the French by Kathleen Lyons). World University Library, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. 255 pp.

Blinn, D.W., L.E. Stevens, and J.P. Shannon. 1992. The effects of Glen Canyon Dam on the aquatic food base in the Colorado River corridor in Grand Canyon, Arizona. U.S. National Park Service report (NPS Cooperative Agreement No. CA-8009-8-0002).

Clarke, A.H. 1991. Status survey of selected land and freshwater gastropods in Utah. Final Report. Contract no. 14-16-0006-89-021 (revised) (prepared for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service), Ecosearch, Inc., Portland, Texas.

Hendrickson, D.A. 1993. Evaluation of the razorback sucker (Xyrauchen te.ranus) and Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius) reintroduction programs in central Arizona based on surveys of fish populations in the Salt and Verde Rivers from 1986 to 1990. Final Report. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program, Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Johnson, P.W. and R.B. Sanderson. 19{?8. Spring flow into the Colorado River, Lees Ferry to Lake Mead, Arizona. Water Resources Report 34. Arizona State Land Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Kanab Ambersnail Working Group (KAWG). 1997. A preli~inary draft proposal to monitor the endangered Kanab ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise, Grand Canyon, Arizona in 1997. Interagency monitoring plan.

Kelsey, M.R. 1987. Hiking and Exploring the Paria River, updated edition. Kelsey Publishing, Utah. 208 pp.

Kelsey, M.R. 1995. Canyon Hiking Guide to the _Colorado Plateau, 3rd edition. Kelsey Publishing, Utah. 288 pp. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 13

Philips, Arthur M. ID, Donald E. Bay, and DeShane Quasula. 1997. Identification and assessment of Hualapai wetlands: Final Report. Hualapai Department of Natural Resources, Peach Springs, Arizona.

Pilsbry, H.A. 1948. Land Mollusca of North America. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia Monographs II: 521-1113.

Randle, T. and E.L. Pemberton. 1988 . Results and analysis of STARS modeling efforts of the Colorado River in Grand Canyon. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Report Number 11. National Technical Information Services PB88- 183421/ AS, Washington, D.C.

Robinson, T.A., P.P. Hines, J.A. Sorensen, and S.D. Bryan. in press. Parasites and fish health in a desert stream, and management implications for two endangered fishes. North American Journal of Fisheries Management.

Sorensen, J.A. and D.M. Kubly. 1997. Investigations of the endangered Kanab ambersnail: monitoring, genetic studies, and habitat evaluation in Grand Canyon and northern Arizona. Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program Technical Report 122. Arizona Game and Fish Department, Phoenix, Arizona.

Spamer, E.E. 1993. Late Pleistocene (?) land snails (mollusca: gastropoda) in "red earth" deposits of the Grand Canyon, Arizona. The Mosasaur 5: 47-58.

Spamer, E.E. and A.E. Bogan. 1993. Mollusca of the Grand Canyon and vicinity, Arizona: new and revised data on diversity and distributions, with notes on Pleistocene-Holocene mollusks of the Grand Canyon. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 144: 21-68.

Stevens, L.B. 1983. The Colorado River through Grand Canyon; A comprehensive guide to its natural and human history, 3rd edition. Red lake Books, Flagstaff. 115 pp.

Stevens, L.E., V.J. Meretsky, D.M. Kubly, J.C. Nagy, C. Nelson, J.R. Petterson, F.R. Protiva, and J.A. Sorensen. 1997a. The impacts of an experimental flood from Glen Canyon Dam on the endangered Kanab ambersnail at Vaseys Paradise, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Draft Final Report. Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, Flagstaff.

Stevens, L.B., F.R. Protiva, D.M. Kubly, V.J. Meretsky, and J.R. Petterson. 1997b. The ecology of Kanab ambersnail (Succineidae: Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis Pilsbry, 1948) at Vaseys Paradise, Grand Canyon, Arizona: Final Report. U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Glen Canyon Environmental Studies Program Report, Flagstaff. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 14

Steve W. Carothers Associates, Inc. (SWCA) 1995. Hualapai Recreation Studies: Final Report. Prepared for the Hualapai Department of Natural Resources, Peach Springs, Arizona.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1992. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants, final rule to list the Kanab ambersnail as endangered. Federal Register 57 (75): 13657- 13661.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 1995. Kanab ambersnail (Oxyloma haydeni kanabensis) recovery plan. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Denver, Colorado. 21 pp.

PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS

Hoffman, J.E. 12450 S. Saladom Rd., Tucson, AZ 85736.

Meretsky, V.J. Indiana University, SPEA 410, Bloomington, IN 47405.

Stevens, L.E. Applied Technology Associates, Inc., contracted to Grand Canyon Monitoring and Research Center, 2255 N. Gemini Dr., Room 341, Flagstaff, AZ 86001-1637. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 15

Appendix A. Site summaries for KAS habitat evaluations.

Siu: Dripping Spring Location: Grand Canyon, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: small hanging garden under cliff overhang Trail: South Hermit Trail with a shallow catchment pool below. Elevation: 1585 m UfM: N3991450, E388150 Jurisdiction: NPS-Grand Canyon National Park 7.5min Topo Quad: Grand Canyon

Surveyed: July 17, 1997 Accessibility: moderate--hike

Site Aspect: southeast Geologic Strata: Coconino Sandstone Solar Exposure: unknown Predominant Substrate: sand/loam Annual BTUs/sq rt: unknown · Litter/Duff: low density

Water Discharge (m 3/s): low Soil Temp (°C): 22.0 median (min/max 22.0-26.5) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): 68 median (min/max 55-100) Water Temp (°C): 17.5 Soil pH: 7.0 median (min/max 6.8-7.1) Conductivity (µS): 260 Soil Depth (cm): 2.5 median (min/max 0.5-4) Water pH: 8.1 Slope (degrees): 5 median (min/max 2-17)

Natural Disturbance Pountial: low &timated Recreational Use: moderate Natural Impact Evidence: none Recreation Impact Evidence: minor trampled veg, minor Other Disturbances: none litter, worn trail, and water catchment basin NPS Recreation &timate: unknown

Primary Vegetation & &timated Area: Mimulus cardinalis (15 m2)

As.wciated Vegetation: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Gellis reticulata, various grass spp.

Mollusks: zonitids--(uodescnbed sp.)

Other Inverubrates: coloopterans--Elateridae; dipterans--Asilidae, Tachinidae; hemipterans--Gerridae Gerris remigis; hymenopterans-Apidae, Pompilidae Pepsis chrysothermis, Sphecidae Bembix sp., Sceliphron caemon tarium, Vespidae Polis/es sp.; lepidopterans--Papilionidae Papilio sp.; odonatids--Coenargionidae

Site Status: One type of primary vegetation, and diverse invertebrate community. Area secure from high natural and recreational impacts.

KAS &tablishment Recommendation: More desirable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 16

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Travertine Canyon Seep Location: Grand Canyon, river corridor Mohave County, Arizona Description: medium-sized vegetated seep at the base of a River Mile: 229.0 RL (368.5 1cm) travertine waterfall, in a narrow side_ canyon. Elevation: 427 m UIM: N3959000, E280750 Jurisdiction: Tnbal-Hualapai Reservation 7.5mio Topo Quad: Travertine Rapid

Surveyed: September 25, 1997 Accessibility: easy-boat

Site Aspect: northeast Geologic Strata: Muav Limestone Solar Exposure: mid AM to mid-day (May-Jul) Predominant Substrate: conglomerate Annual BTUs/sq ft: 57,961 Litter/Duff: high density

Water Discharge (m3/s): low Soil Temp (0 C): 23 .0 median (min/max 23.0-24.0) ~toric Max Discharge: Wlknown Soil Moisture (% sat): 60 median (min/max 40-90) Water Temp (°C): 24.0 Soil pH: 7.0 median (min/max 7.0-7.2) Conductivity (µS): 730 Soil Depth (cm): 4.5 median (min/max 3.0-12.5) Water pH: ,,,g Slope (degrees): 50 median (min/max 35-55)

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: high Natural Impact Evidence: flash flood debris and minor Recreation Impact Evidence: minor trampled veg rockfall HDNR Recreation Estimate: maximum of 117 Other Disturbances: none visitors/day reported in 1993-941

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Mimulus cardinalis (20 m2)

As.wciated Vegetation: Adianlum capillus-veneris, various grass spp.

Mollusks: limacids--Deroceras sp.

Other Invertebrates: arachnids--Opiliones; hymenopterans--Formicidae Pogonomynnex sp.; odon.atids-­ Coen.argionidae, Libellulidae Libellula saJuraJa; thysanurans-Machilidae

Site Status: Area threatened by high natural and recreational impacts.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat.

References: 1SWCA 1995. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 17

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Travertine Falls Location: Grand Canyon, river corridor Mohave County, Arizona Description: large travertine waterfall with vegetated River Mile: 230.5 RL (370.9 Ian) hanging gardens and a cattail marsh within its drainage. Elevation: 396 m UfM: N3959550, E278800 Jurisdiction: Tribal-Hualapai Reservation 7.5mio Topo Quad: Travertine Rapid

Surveyed: September 26, 1997 Accessibility: easy-boat

Site Aspect: north Geologic Strata: Muav Limestone Solar Exposure: early AM to early PM (Apr-Sep) Predominant Substrate: bedrock Annual BTUs/sq ft: 256,744 . Litter/Duff: low density

Water Discharge (m3/s): moderate (0.006 estimated)1 Soil Temp (°C): unknown (no soil depth) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): (100 estimated) Water Temp (°C): 22.0 median (min/max 21.0-23.0)1 Soil pH: 7.1 median (min/max 7.0-7.1) Conductivity (µS): 16801 (> 1990 on Sept. 26, 1997) Soil Depth (cm): 0 Water pH: 8.5 Slope (degrees): 85 median (min/max 70-90)

Natural Disturbance Potential: low Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: minor downed/scoured veg Recreation Impact Evidence: none and minor rockfall HDNR Recreation Estimate: maximum of 72 Other Disturbances: none visitors/day reported in 1993-942

2 Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Mimulus cardinalis (>25 m2) and Typha spp. (>30 m )

~d Vegetation: Adim11um capillus-veneris, Cirsium sp., Cladium califomicum, Equisetum spp., various grass spp.

Mollusks: succineids-Calinel/a spp.

Other Invertebrates: arachoids-(uodescnbed sp.); hirudineans; coleopterans-Carabidae, Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens; dipterans; hemipterans-Notonectidae, Veliidae Rhagovelia spp.; lepidopterans--Danaidae Danaus pkxippus; odonatids-Aeshnidae Anax junius; orthopterans--Tettigooiidae

Site Status: Two types of primary vegetation abundant. Invertebrate community with moderate species richness and diversity. Dense marsh vegetation and steepness of banging gardens keeps recreational impacts low.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: More desirable habitat. -

References: 1Johnson and Sanderson 1968; 2SWCA 1995. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 18

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Bridge Canyon Creek Location: Grand Canyon, river corridor Mohave County, Arizona Description: densely vegetated stream drainage in River Mile: 235.2 RL (378.4 Ian) narrow side canyon. Elevation: 439 m UfM: N3961100, E271600 Jurisdiction: Tnbal-Hualapai Reservation 7.Smin Topo Quad: Separation Canyon

Surveyed: September 26, 1997 Accessibility: easy-boat and hike

Site Aspect: northeast Geologic Strata: Vishnu Schist Solar Exposure: late AM to mid PM (Mar-Oct) Predominant Substrate: soil/loam Annual BTUs/sq ft: 291,746 Litter/Duff: medium density

Water Discharge (m 3/s): moderate Soil Temp (0 C): 24.5 median (min/max 24.0-27.0) Historic Max Discllarge: W11mown Soil Moisture (% sat): 65 median (min/max 25-90) Water Temp (°C): 23.0 Soil pH: 7.0 median (min/max 6.9-7.2) Conductivity (µS): 1540 Soil Depth (cm): 3.5 median (min/max 0-10) Water pH: 8.4 Slope (degrees): 5 median (min/max 5-35)

Natural Disturbance Potential: low Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: minor rockfall Recreation Impact Evidence: minor trampled veg and Other Disturbances: none womtrail HDNR Recreation Estimate: maxiqmm of 48 visitors/day reported in 1993-941

2 2 Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Mimulus cardinalis (>50 m ) and Typha spp. (10 m )

Associated Vegetation: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Andropogon glomeratus, Baccharis salicifolia, Cirsium sp., Cladium califomicum, Muhlenbergia asperifolia, Phragmites australis, Salix exigua, Tamarix ramosissimd

Mollusks: physids--Physa (=Physel/a), Eremarionta (previously undescribed sp.)3

Other Invertebrates: arachnids-Salticidae; iBopods--Annadillidium vulgare; coleopterans--Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens, Hydrophilidae; dipterans--Tipulidae 1ipu/a sp.; hemipterans--Reduviidae, Veliidae Rhagovelia spp.; homopterans-Cicadidae Diceroprocta apache; hymenopterans-Fonnicidae; lepidopterans--Danaidae Danaus plexippus; odonatids-Coenargionidae, Libellulidae Libellu/a saturata; orthopterans-Acrididae

Site Status: Two types of primary vegetation abundant. Invertebrate community bas high species richness and diversity. Low threat from natural and recreational impacts due to dense streamside vegetation.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: More desirable habitat.

References: 1SWCA 1995; 2Philips et al. 1997; 'identified by J. Hoffman (1997). Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 19

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Spencer Canyon confluence Location: Grand Canyon, river corridor Mohave County, Arizona Description: Densely vegetated and silt-laden tributary River Mile: 246.0 RL (395.8 km) confluence. Abundant catta.ils and common reeds. Elevation: 366 m lITM: N3967350, E253700 Jurisdiction: Tnbal-Hualapai Reservation 7 .Smio Topo Quad: Spencer Cllllyon

Surveyed: September 27, 1997 Accessibility: easy-boat

Site Aspect: north Geologic Strata: unknown Solar Exposure: early AM to late PM (Jllll-Dec) Predominant Substrate: sand/loam Annual BTUs/sq rt: 547,596 Litter/Duff: low density

Water Discharge (m 3/s): 0.031 Soil Temp (°C): 23.0 median (min/max 22.0-24.0) 1 Historic Max lfucharge: 0 .12 ( also flooded in 1993)2 Soil Moisture(% sat): 100 median (min/max 80-100) Water Temp (°C): 21.5 medillll (min/max 15.0-28.0)1 Soil pH: 6.8 median (min/max 6.8-7.0) Conductivity (µS): 765 median (min/max 680-850) 1 Soil Depth (cm): 10 median (0 range) Water pH: 8.0 Slope (degrees): 4 median (min/max 3-5)

Natural Disturbance Potential: moderate Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: flash flood debris Recreation Impact Evidence: minor trampled veg and Other Disturbances: none litter HDNR Recreation Estimate: maximum of 95 visitors/day reported in 1993-942

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Typha spp. (>50 m2)

Associated Vegetation: Baccharis salicifolia, Jwicus sp., Pliragmites australis, Populus fremonlii, Salix aigua, S. gooddingii, Tamarix ramosissima, various grass spp.

Mollusks: helmiothoglyptids-Sonore/la (undescnbed sp.)'

Other Invertebrates: coloopterans--Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens; dipterans; hymenopterans-Apidae; lepidopterans-Danaidae Danaus plaippus; odonatids-Aeshnidae Anax jwiius

Site Status: One type of primary vegetation in high abundance. Threatened by high flows from Glen Cllllyon Dam and flash floods from Spencer Canyon.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Acceptable habitat.

References: 'Johnson and Sanderson 1968; 2SWCA 1995; 3identified by J. Hoffman (1997). Arizona Grune and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 20

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Colwnbine Falls Location: Grand Canyon, river corridor Mohave County, Arizona ~ption: multiple travertine seeps, hanging ganlens, Trail: 274.3 RL (441.3 Ian) and a waterfall; submerged cattail marsh/backwater. Elevation: 366 m UfM: N3997900, E237050 Jurisdiction: NPS-Grand Canyon National Park 7.Smin Topo Quad: Columbine Falls

Surveyed: September 28, 1997 Acces.sibility: easy--boat (entire survey from boat)

Site Aspect: north Grologic Strata: Muav Limestone Solar Exposure: early AM to early PM (Feb-Oct) Predominant Substrate: bedrock Annual BTUs/sq ft: 313,153 Litter/Duff: none

Water Discharge (m3/s): high Soil Temp (0 C): 24.0 median (min/max 23.0-27.0) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): 100 median (min/max 40-100) Water Temp (°C): 22.5 Soil pH: 7.0 (single measurement) Conductivity (µS): 530 Soil Depth (cm): 0 median (min/max 0-3.5) Water pH: 8.7 Slope (degrees): 85 median (min/max 65-90)

Natural Disturbance Potential: low Estimated Recreational Use: low · Natural Impact Evidence: none Recreation Impact Evidence: none Other Disturbances: none NPS Recreation Estimate: unknown

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Mimulus cardinalis (10 m2)

Associated Vegetation: Adimuum capillus-veneris, Cirsium sp., Cladium califomicum, moss spp.

Mollusks: Physids-Physa ( = Physella)

Other Invertebrates: arachnids--Salticidae, Tetragnathidae Tetragnatha sp.; coleopterans--Coccinellidae, Hydrophilidae; dipterans--Calliphoridae, Culicidae; bemipterans-Pentatomidae; odonatids--Coenargionidae, Aeshnidae Anax junius

Site Status: Vegetated seeps are mostly inaccessible to recreational impact and low threat to natural disturbance. High lake water levels have submerged foot access--must use boats entirely.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Acceptable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 21

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Verde River corridor Location: upper Verde River, river corridor Yavapai County, Arizona Description: heavily vegetated streamside habitat, Specific: between Perlcinsville and Sycamore Creek mostly cattails, watercress, rushes, and sedges. Elevation: 1098 m lITM: N3860035, E393354 Jurisdiction: USFS-Prescott National Forest 7 .Smin Topo Quad: Perkinsville

Surveyed: August 12, 1997 (reconnaissance only) Accessibility: easy 0 -boat (launch from private property)

Site Aspect: east Geologic Strata: Redwall Limestone Solar Exposure: early AM to late PM Predominant Substrate: sand/loam Annual BTUs/sq ft: Wlknown Litter/Duff: medium density

Water Discharge (m3/s): 0.68-0.79 base flow 1 Soil Temp (°C): Wlknown (reconnaissance only) Historic Max Discharge: 42.45-210.83 (1980 flood)' Soil Moisture (% sat): unknown Water Temp (°C): 18.9 median (min/max 9.0-26.0)2 Soil pH: Wlknown Conductivity (µS): 528 median (min/max 380-542)2 Soil Depth (cm): unknown Water pH: 8.5 median (min/max 8.1-9.2)2 Slope (degrees): unknown

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: major flood debris Recreation Impact Evidence: litter Other Disturbances: livestock, old mines

2 2 Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Typha spp. (>200 m ) and Nasturtium spp. (>200 m )

Associated Vegetation: Alnus sp., Baccharis salicifolia, Carex spp., Fraxinus pennsylvanica vefutina, Juglans major, Juncus spp., Pkwanus wrightii, Populus Jremontii, Phragmites australis, Salix exigua, S. gooddingii, Tamarix penlandra1

Mollusks: limacids--Deroceras sp.

Other Invertebrates: crustaceans--Orconectes virilis; bivalves-Corbiculajwminea; a.rachnids--Pisauridae; isopods-­ Annadillidium vulgare; coleopterans-Coccinellidae Hippodamia convergens, Sca.rabaeidae Popi Ilia sp.; dipterans-­ Asilidae; hemipterans-Veliidae Rhagovelia spp.; homopterans-Flatidae; hymenopterans--Pompilidae Pepsis c/1,ysothennis; lepidopterans--Nymphalidae Nymphalis antiopa, Papilionidae Papilio sp.; odonatids--Aeshnidae Anax sp., Agrionidae, Coenargionidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae Lihellula saturaJa

Other notable fauna: river otter (LuJra canadensis) observed during trip

Site Status: Two types of primary vegetation abundant, and invertebrate community with high diversity and species richness. Area threatened by high flash flood impacts (flood debris found 3 m above channel) and livestock trampling.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat.

References: 1Heodrickson.1993; 2Robinson et al. (in press) Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 22

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Venle River "Cold Spring" Location: upper Venle River, river corridor Y avape.i County, Arizona Description: cold, clear spring in sheltered alcove along SpecirlC: between Perkinsville and Sycamore Creek the RL upper bank, drainage has aquatic macrophytes. Elevation: 1090 m UTM: N3861297, E396205 Jurisdiction: USFS-Prescolt National Forest 7 .Smin Topo Quad: Perkinsville

Surveyed: August 13, 1997 Accessibility: easy-boat (launch from private property)

Site Aspect: southeast Geologic Strata: Redwall Limestone Solar Exposure: mid AM to mid-day Predominant Substrate: soil/loam Annual BTUs/sq ft: unknown Litter/Duff: low density

Water Discharge (m3/s): high Soil Temp (0 C): 23.0 median (min/max 21.8-24.0) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture (% sat): 100 median (0 range) Water Temp (°C): 18.5 Soil pH: 6.9 median (min/max 6.7-7.3) Conductivity (µS): 260 Soil Depth (cm): 15 median (min/max 2.5-15) Water pH: 7.9 Slope (degrees): 22 median (min/max 5-40)

Natural Disturbance Potential: moderate Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: major flood debris Recreation Impact Evidence: none Other Disturbances: livestock, wildlife

2 2 Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Nasturtium sp. (>20 m ) and Typha spp. (0.5 m )

Associated Vegetation: Acer negundo, Carex sp., Equisetum sp., Fraxinus peruisylvanica veluti11a, Juncus sp., various grass spp.

Moll~ks: limacids--Deroceras sp.

Other Invertebrates: amphipods--Gammaridae; arachnids--Lycosidae, (three undescnbed spp.); isopods-- . Armadillidium vulgare; dipterans--Culicidae; hemipterans-Veliidae Rhagovelia spp.; homopterans--Cicadidae, Pentatomidae; lepidopterans; odonatids-Agrionidae, Coenargionidae (two undescnbed spp.); orthopterans--Acrididae

Site Stat~: Two types of primary vegetation available. Area threatened by high flash floods (flood debris is 3 m above channel) and livestock/wildlife trampling. Probable source of freshwater for occasional river runners.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 23

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Snake Gulch Willow Spring Location: North Kanab Plateau, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: wet seep/drainage in narrow side canyon, Specific: Snake Gulch Wilderness with travertine deposits, water pipes, and cattle tanks. Elevation: 1451 m UfM: N4063700, E363450 Jurisdiction: USFS-Kaibab National Forest 7.5min Topo Quad: Gunsight Point

Surveyed: September 9, 1997 Ac~ibility: moderate--hike

Site Aspect: southwest Geologic Strata: Toroweap Formation Solar Exposure: early AM to late PM (Feb-Nov) Predominant Substrate: sand/loam Annual BTUs/sq n: 430,937 Litter/Duff: low density

Water D~ge (m3/s): low Soil Temp (°C): 17.9 median (min/max 17.2-19.0) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): 100 median (0 range) Water Temp (°C): 17.0 Soil pH: 7.0 median (min/max 6.9-7.0) Conductivity (µS): > 1990 (exceeded instrument limit) Soil Depth (cm): 4 median (min/max 0-6) Water pH: 9.0 Slope (degrees): 33 median (min/max 5-90)

Natural Disturbance Potential: moderate Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: minor rockfall and scouring Recreation Impact Evidence: none Other Disturbances: livestock, water pipes

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: none

Associated Vegetation: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Baccharis sp., Tamaro: sp., moss sp.

Mollusks: none

Other Invertebrates: arachnids--Tetragnathidae, (one undescribed sp.); dipterans--Dolichopodidae; hemipterans; lepidopterans--Sphingidae Hylas sp.

Site Status: No primary vegetation and lacking complex invertebrate community. Area threatened by occasional flash floods and livestock trampling. Water diverted into metal water troughs for livestock and occasional hikers.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 24

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Snake Gulch Wildband Spring Location: North Kanab Plateau, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: vegetated seep aloog drainage wash, mostly SpecifIC: Snake Gulch Wiklerneas grasses and llllidentified low shrubs. Elevation: 1555 m UfM: N4064300, E365200 Jurisdiction: USFS-Kaibab National Forest 7.5min Topo Quad: Gunsight Point

Surveyed: September 9, 1997 (reconnaissance only) Accessibility: inaccessible--climbing required

Site Aspect: north Geologic Strata: Toroweap Fonnation Solar Exposure: Wlknown Predominant Substrate: unknown Annual BTUs/sq ft: unknown Litter/Duff: unknown

Water Discharge (m3/s): probably low Soil Temp (0 C): unknown (reconnaissance only) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture (% sat): unknown Water Temp (°C): unknown Soil pH: unknown Conductivity (µS): unknown Soil Depth (cm): unknown Water pH: unknown Slope (degrees): unknown

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: none Natural Impact Evidence: downed/scoured veg and Recreation Impact Evidence: none minor rockfall Other Disturbances: none

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: none

~ Vegetation: various grass spp. and llllidentified low shrubs

Mollusk§: unknown

Other Invertebrates: unknown

Site Status: Inaccessible to hikers and livestock due to steep talus slopes and dense vegetation in drainage. Area threatened by high flash floods and some rockfall.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Unsuitable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 25

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Snake Gulch Pigeon Spring Location: North Kanab Plateau, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: nearly dry travertine seep with minor Specific: Snalce Gulch Wilderness vegetation in a narrow side canyon. Elevation: 1512 m UfM: N4065150, E365250 Jurisdiction: USFS-Kiubab National Forest 7 .5min Topo Quad: Gunsight Point

Surveyed: September 9, 1997 (reconnaissance only) Accessibility: moderate--hike

Site Aspect: southwest ~logic Strata: Toroweap Formation Solar Exposure: unknown Predominant Substrate: bedrock Annual BTUs/sq ft: unknown Litter/Duff: none

Water Discharge (m3/s): intermittent Soil Temp (°C): unknown (reconnaissance only) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture (% sat): unknown Water Temp (°C): no water at time of visit Soil pH: unknown Conductivity (µS): unknown Soil Depth (cm): unknown Water pH: unknown Slope (degrees): unknown

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: scouring, minor rockfall, Recreation Impact Evidence: minor litter drought impacted Other Disturbances: livestock, old water pipes

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: none

Associated Vegetation: Adianlum capillus-veneris, moss sp.

Molh~ks: none

Other Invertebrates: none

Site Status: Intermittent water source. Very little vegetation and lacking an invertebrate community. Area threatened by high flash floods and livestock trampling. Old water pipes litter the area.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Unsuitable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 26

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Burro Spring Location: Vermilion Cliffs, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: seep at the base of cliff wall, surrounded Specific: House Rock Valley by dense thicket of Arizona rose (inaccessible). Elevation: 1902 m UfM: N4074800, E402600 Jurisdiction: USFS-Katbab National Forest 7.5min Topo Quad: House Rock Spring

Surveyed: September 8, 1997 (reconnaissance only) Accessibility: inaccessible--dense, thorny vegetation

Site Aspect: east Geologic Strata: Kaibab Limestone Solar Exposure: unknown Predominant Substrate: soil/loam Annual BTUs/sq ft: unknown Litter/Duff: none

Water Discharge (m3/s): low Soil Temp (°C): unknown (reconnaissance only) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): unknown Water Temp (°C): unknown Soil pH: unknown Conductivity (µS): unknown Soil Depth (cm): unknown Water pH: unknown Slope (degrees): unknown

Natural Disturbance Potential: moderate Estimated Recreational Use: none Natural Impact Evidence: rockfall Recreation Impact Evidence: minor litter Other Disturbances: livestock, water pipes

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: none

Associated Vegetation: Rosa arizonica, Pinus edulis, Quercus turbine/la

Mollusks: none

Other Invertebrates: hymenopterans-Sphecidae

Site Status: Base of seep inaccessible due to thicket of Arizona rose. Very little surface water at edge of thicket. Water pipes and metal water troughs for livestock.

KAS Estab&hmeot Recommendation: Unsuitable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 27

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Twomile Soop Location: Arizona Strip, backcountry Mohave County, Arizona Description: dry wash/seep with sparse vegetation and Specific: along Mt. Trumbull Rd. off Highway 93 little moisture. Elevation: 1390 m UfM: N4078900, E351850 Jurisdiction: Tnbal-Kaibab-Pauite Reservation 7 .5min Topo Quad: Pipe Spring

Surveyed: September 10, 1997 (reconnaissance only) Accessibility: easy--auto

Site Aspect: south Geologic Strata: Wlknown Solar Exposure: unknown Predominant Substrate: sand Annual BTUs/sq ft: Wlknown Litter/Duff: none

Water Discharge (m3/s): intermittent Soil Temp (°C): Wlknown (reconnaissance only) Historic Max Discharge: Wlknown Soil Moisture (% sat): unknown Water Temp (0 C): no water at time of visit Soil pH: Wlknown Conductivity (µS): unknown Soil Depth (cm): Wlknown Water pH: Wlknown Slope (degrees): unknown

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: none Natural Impact Evidence: downed/scoured veg and Recreation Impact Evidence: litter (from flooding) major flood debris Other Disturbances: livestock

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: none

Associated Vegetation: Juncus spp.

Mollusks: none

Otherlnvertebrates:none

Site Status: No primary vegetation available or surface water. Seep located in large drainage channel-threatened by high flash floods and livestock trampling.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Unsuitable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 28

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Clear Water Spring Location: North Kanab Plateau, backcountry Mohave County, Arizona Description: spring? along creek channel at base of Specifac: upper Kanab Creek corridor Gooddings willow (possibly wrong site). Elevation: 1280 m lITM: N4070200, E355450 Jurisdiction: BLM-Arizona Strip District 7.5mi.n Topo Quad: Clear Water Spring

Surveyed: September 10, 1997 (reconnaissance only) Accessibility: difficult-hike through dense veg

Site Aspect: east Gi!ologic Strata: unknown Solar Exposure: early AM to mid--day (Jan-Dec) Predominant Substrate: conglomerate Annual BTUs/sq ft: 227,301 Litter/Duff: low density

Water Discharge (m3/s): possibly low Soil Temp (°C): unknown (reconnaissance only) Historic Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture (% sat): unknown Water Temp (°C): unknown Soil pH: unknown Conductivity (µS): unknown Soil Depth (cm): unknown Water pH: unknown Slope (degrees): unknown

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: none Natural Impact Evidence: downed/scoured veg and Recreation Impact Evidence: none major flood debris Other Disturbances: livestock

2 2 Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Nasturtium sp. (=<2 m ) and Typha spp. (2 m )

Associated Vegetation: Baccharis spp., Salix exigua, S. gooddingii

Mollusks: none

Other Invertebrates: dipterans; lepidopterans

Site Status: Low amount of two types of primary vegetation in creek channel--mostly downed by flooding. Lacking complex invertebrate community. Area threatened by high flash floods and livestock trampling. This site may not be the spring indicated on the USGS topo map.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Unsuitable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 29

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Badger Spring Location: Vennilion Cliffs, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: sparsely vegetated seep/spring along side Specific: upper Badger Canyon canyon drainage; water diverted into pipes. Elevation: 1478 m UfM: N4074450, 8436050 Jurisdiction: BLM-Vennilion Cliffs Wilderness Area 7.5mio Topo Quad: Navajo Bridge

Surveyed: October 1, 1997 Accessibility: easy-hike

Site Aspect: southeast Geologic Strata: Coconino Sandstone Solar Exposure: early AM to early PM (Jan-Dec) Predominant Substrate: sand/loam Annual BTUs/sq ft: 473,305 Litter/Duff: high density

Wat.er ~ge (m3/s): moderate Soil Temp (°C): 18.0 median (min/max 18.0-20.0) ~oric Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): 100 median (min/max 90-100) Wat.er Temp (°C): 18.5 Soil pH: 6.5 median (min/max 6.3--6.6) Conductivity (µS): 250 Soil Depth (cm): 10 median (min/max 0-15) Water pH: 7.0 Slope (degrees): 60 median (min/max 26-90)

Natural Disturbance Potential: moderate Estimated Recreational Use: none Natural Impact Evidence: flood debris, rockfall, and Recreation Impact Evidence: litter from work crews scouring Other Disturbances: oW and currently used water pipes

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: none

As.wciated Vegetation: Adianlum capillus-veneris, Phragmites australis, Populus fremontii, Salix exigua, various grass spp.

Mollusks: none

Other Invertebrates: arachnids-Tetra.gnathidae; dipterans--Calliphoridae; hemipterans--Gerridae Gerris remigis; lepidopterans--Danaidae Danaus pkxippus; odonatids--Aeshnidae Anax junius, Coenargionidae

Site Status: No primary vegetation available. Area threatened by moderate flash floods and rockfall. Numerous water pipes in area (currently maiotained)--water source for Vennilion Cliffs community.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat. Arirona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 30

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Lower Twin Spring Location: Vermilion Cliffs, backcountry Coconino County, Arizona Description: wet seep/waterfall with pool at base, Specific: upper Badger Canyon vegetated drainage and hanging gardens. Elevation: 1494 m UfM: N4074600, E435950 Jurudiction: BLM-Vennilion Cliffs Wilderness Area 7.5min Topo Quad: Navajo Bridge

Surveyed: October 1, 1997 Ac~ibility: easy-hike

Site Aspect: southeast Geologic Strata: Coconino Sandstone Solar Exposure: mid AM to mid-day (Jan-Dec) Predominant Substrate: sand/loam Annual BTUs/sq rt: 219,996 Litter/Duff: low density

Water Discharge (mJ/s): low Soil Temp (°C): 18.0 median (min/max 18.0-18.1) ~oric Max Discharge: unknown Soil Moisture(% sat): 100 median (min/max 85-100) Water Temp (°C): 18.0 · Soil pH: 6.1 median (min/max 6.1-6.5) Conductivity (µS): 200 Soil Depth (cm): 15 median (min/max 0-15) Water pH: unknown Slope (degrees): 55 median (min/max 12-90)

Natural Disturbance Potential: high Estimated Recreational Use: low Natural Impact Evidence: flood debris and rockfall Recreation Impact Evidence: litter from work crews Other Disturbances: old and currently used water pipes

Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: Typha spp. (0.1 m2)

Associated Vegetation: Adiantum capillus-veneris, Lobelia sp., Phragmites austra/is, Salix exigua, Tamarix ramosissima

Mollusks: none

Other Invertebrates: dipterans; hemipterans--Gerridae Gerris remigis; odonatids--Aeshnidae Anax junius, Coenargionidae; orthopterans

Site Status: One type of primary vegetation in low abundance within drainage. Area threatened by high flash floods and rockfall. Numerous water pipes in area (currently maiotained)-water source for Vermilion Cliffs community.

K.AS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat. Arizona Game and Fish Department April 1998 NGTR 125: Kanab Ambersnail Report Page 31

Appendix A. Continued.

Site: Montezuma Well Location: Verde Valley, backcountry Yavapai County, Arizona Description: warm, travertine sinkhole with drainage Specific: east of 1-17 in Verde Valley outlet/channel, surrounded by xeric and riparian veg. Elevation: 1122 m lITM: N3834200, E431200 Jurisdiction: NPS-Montezuma Well Nat'! Monument 7.5min Topo Quad: Montezuma Lalce

Suneyed: October 8, 1997 Accessibility: easy--auto and hike

Site Aspect: south Geologic Strata: limestone Solar Exposure: mid AM to mid-day (Sep-Mar) Predominant Substrate: soil/loam Annual BTUs/sq ft: 67,384 Litter/Duff: low density

Water Di.scharge (m 3/s): high Soil Temp (0 C): 17.8 median (min/max 17.5-18.0) Historic Max Di.scharge: Wlknown Soil Moisture(% sat): 0 median (0-100) Water Temp (°C): 23.0 constant Soil pH: 7.1 median (min/max 6.9-7.2) Conductivity (µS): 1150 Soil Depth (cm): 0 median (min/max 0-15) Water pH: 7.4 Slope (degrees): 90 median (min/max 27-90)

Natural Disturbance Potential: low Estimated Recreational Use: high (outside veg areas) Natural Impact Evidence: none Recreation Impact Evidence: minor trampled veg Other Disturbances: drainage outlet is channelized NPS Recreation Estimate: unknown

2 Primary Vegetation & Estimated Area: possibly Typha spp. ? ( < 1 m )

Associated Vegetation: Adianlum capillus-veneris, Carex epp. Fraxi11us pen11sylvanica veluti11a, Toxicodendron rydhergii, various grass spp.

Mollusks: none

Other Invertebrates: amphipods; arachnids--Tetragnathidae; isopods--Armadillidium vulgare; homopterans-­ Cicadidae; odonatids-Libellulidae Libellula saturata

Site Status: Very little vegetation available--possibly very young cattails, but low numbers. Area secure from natural and recreational impact. Water source is of consistent quality and perennial.

KAS Establishment Recommendation: Less desirable habitat.