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COVID-19 and Maritime Transport Impact and Responses Transport Transport COVID-19 COVID-19 and Maritime Impact and Responses UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT UNITED NATIONS Series No 15 TRADE FACILITATION TRANSPORT AND TRANSPORT UNCTAD TRANSPORT AND TRADE FACILITATION Series No 15 COVID-19 and Maritime Transport Impact and Responses UNITED NATIONS UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT TRANSPORT AND TRADE FACILITATION Series No 15 COVID-19 and Maritime Transport Impact and Responses Geneva, 2021 © 2021, United Nations This work is available through open access, by complying with the Creative Commons licence created for intergovernmental organizations, at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/igo/. The findings, interpretations and conclusions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations or its officials or Member States. The designations employed and the presentation of material on any map in this work do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Photocopies and reproductions of excerpts are allowed with proper credits. This publication has not been formally edited. United Nations publication issued by the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. UNCTAD/DTL/TLB/2021/1 eISBN: 978-92-1-604012-3 Print ISSN: 2708-1672 Online eISSN: 2708-1680 Acknowledgements The present report is an output produced under Phase I of the maritime supply chain component of the United Nations Development Account (UNDA) project on “Transport and trade connectivity in the age of pandemics: Contactless, seamless and collaborative UN solutions”. The report was prepared by Athanasios A. Pallis (consultant), under the overall guidance of Shamika N. Sirimanne, Director of the Division on Technology and Logistics of UNCTAD. It benefited from substantive contributions by Jan Hoffmann, Frida Youssef, Hassiba Benamara and Ahmad Ayoub, Trade Logistics Branch, Division on Technology and Logistics. Beyond the extensive published information, the section on responses and adjustments introduced by ports has benefited from insights generated as part of the discussions and documents produced by the COVID-19 Task Force of the International Association of Ports and Harbors (IAPH). Furthermore, it builds on the findings reported in the various issues of the publication: Notteboom T. and Pallis A.A. (2020). IAPH-WPSP COVID-19 Port Economic Impact Barometer. For any further information, please contact the Transport Section in the Trade Logistics Branch of the Division on Technology and Logistics at [email protected] or visit the UNCTAD website at https://unctad.org/en/Pages/DTL/TTL/Infrastructure-and-Services.aspx. 3 Contents LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................................................. 5 LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................................... 6 ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................................. 8 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................. 9 CHAPTER 1 ....................................................................................................................................... 10 COVID-19 IMPACT ON MARITIME TRADE AND PORT CALLS............................................................. 10 1.1 COVID-19 IMPACTS ON GLOBAL TRADE FLOWS...........................................................................10 1.2 CHANGES IN MARITIME TRADE: REDUCED PORT CALLS ..............................................................13 1.3. KEY FINDINGS AND LESSONS LEARNED.......................................................................................25 APPENDIX I – DETAILED DATA ON SHIP PORT CALLS WORLDWIDE....................................................26 CHAPTER 2 ....................................................................................................................................... 34 IMPLICATIONS FOR LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIVITY ...................................................................... 34 2.1 TRENDS IN LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIVITY.................................................................................34 2.2 LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIVITY IN SIDS.......................................................................................37 2.3 CONTAINER PORTS CONNECTIVITY BY REGION............................................................................40 2.4 KEY FINDINGS AND LESSONS LEARNED........................................................................................46 APPENDIX II – LINER SHIPPING CONNECTIVITY IN SELECTED PORTS..................................................47 CHAPTER 3 ....................................................................................................................................... 56 RESPONSE MEASURES ACROSS THE MARITIME SUPPLY CHAIN ....................................................... 56 3.1 PORTS ..........................................................................................................................................56 3.2 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SHIP AND SHORE-BASED PERSONNEL.................................................62 3.3 SHIPPING OPERATIONS................................................................................................................64 3.4 LANDSIDE OPERATIONS ...............................................................................................................67 3.5 SUPPLY CHAINS............................................................................................................................68 3.6 DIGITALISATION...........................................................................................................................69 3.7 BACK TO BUSINESS.......................................................................................................................70 3.8 KEY FINDINGS AND LESSONS LEARNED........................................................................................72 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................... 74 4 List of Figures Figure 1. Trends in global trade (Percentage change)................................................................................................11 Figure 2. Global trade by region in 2020 (Percentage change over 2019)..................................................................12 Figure 3. Total number of ship calls worldwide (2019-2020)....................................................................................13 Figure 4. Total number of ship calls worldwide per month, 2020 (Percentage change over 2019).............................14 Figure 5. Total number of ship calls worldwide, by ship type in 2020 (Percentage change over 2019)......................14 Figure 6. Total number of ship calls by region in 2020 (Percentage change over 2019) ............................................15 Figure 7. Total number of ship calls in SIDS by ship type (2020-2019)....................................................................16 Figure 8. Percentage of ports with less ship calls, Week 15-Week 29, 2020 ..............................................................17 Figure 9. Containerized maritime transport, 2020 (Percentage of ports affected by blank sailings) ...........................19 Figure 10. Trends in fleet deployment, Q1 2019 -Q2 2020 (Index: Q1 2019 = 100)..................................................36 Figure 11. SIDS liner shipping connectivity components..........................................................................................37 Figure 12. Liner shipping connectivity of the port of Shanghai.................................................................................47 Figure 13. Liner shipping connectivity of the port of Singapore................................................................................47 Figure 14. Liner shipping connectivity of the port of Ningbo....................................................................................48 Figure 15. Liner shipping connectivity of the port of Hong Kong.............................................................................48 Figure 16. Liner shipping connectivity of Busan port (Percentage change Q1 & Q2 2020 – Q1 & Q2 2019).............................................................................................................................................................48 Figure 17. Liner shipping connectivity of Dubai port (Percentage change Q1 & Q2 2020 – Q1 & Q2 2019).............................................................................................................................................................49 Figure 18. Liner shipping connectivity of Tanger Med port ......................................................................................49 Figure 19. Liner shipping connectivity of the port of Lagos......................................................................................49 Figure 20. Liner shipping connectivity of Mombasa port..........................................................................................50
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