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Elementary Education, Society & Politics in Hertfordshire 1918-1939

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Elementary Education, Society & Politics in Hertfordshire 1918-1939 Open Research Online The Open University’s repository of research publications and other research outputs Elementary Education, Society & Politics in Hertfordshire 1918-1939 Thesis How to cite: Parker, David Hugh (1993). Elementary Education, Society & Politics in Hertfordshire 1918-1939. PhD thesis The Open University. For guidance on citations see FAQs. c 1993 David Hugh Parker https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Version: Version of Record Link(s) to article on publisher’s website: http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.21954/ou.ro.0000ff09 Copyright and Moral Rights for the articles on this site are retained by the individual authors and/or other copyright owners. For more information on Open Research Online’s data policy on reuse of materials please consult the policies page. oro.open.ac.uk -1 - D k ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, SOCIETY & POLITICS IN HERTFORDSHIRE 1918-1939 DAVID HUGH PARKER CertEd, BEd(Hons), MPhll DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE OPEN UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF EDUCATION MAY 1993 ProQuest Number:C359735 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. uest ProQuestC359735 Published by ProQuest LLO(2019). Copyright of the Dissertationis held by the Author. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code Microform Edition © ProQuest LLO. ProQuest LLO. 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.Q. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 4 8 1 0 6 - 1346 ELEMENTARY EDUCATION, SOCIETY AND POLITICS IN HERTFORDSHIRE 1918-1939 ABSTRACT This thesis explores the elementary education policies of Hertfordshire county council during twenty-one years of unprecedented local change. It examines the influence of major local pressure groups, and it places county educational affairs in the wider context of wildly fluctuating national economic and political fortunes. It contends that against this uncertain background the apparently disparate developments in Hertfordshire were actually the results of coherent LEA policies which fulfilled a range of local needs. The LEA pursued a consistent policy of vocationally-biased rural education. Far from being associated with parsimony and poor standards, this policy brought the county national fame as an educational pioneer. Vocationalism also increasingly dominated urban elementary schools. Here, too, it stemmed from a social class perspective of education which considered a particular range of manual, technical and commercial occupations the natural climax of elementary schooling. These developments served to strengthen the desire, and the opportunity, to maintain the marked distinctions between the elementary and secondary spheres. The l e a 's success owed much to its skilful accommodation to, and sometimes circumvention of, government action. Although possessing long-term objectives, it was shrewdly opportunist in its actions to secure them. The remarkably uneven distribution of urban facilities is seen as the logical, and popular, result of a county policy of devolution, the LEA making a virtue out of the self- determination local communities possessed regarding thé advancement or restriction of elementary education. (ii) The 1936 Education Act proved both a windfall and a watershed in county affairs. It overcame the financial, political and religious impediments to expansion and reorganisation, and it heralded dramatic changes in the partnership between the LEA and local districts, and between the LEA and Anglican Diocese of St.Albans. Finally, it was instrumental in setting seals of approval and permanence on the county's interpretation of elementary education. - 2 - CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Page 6 ABBREVIATIONS Page 7 HERTFORDSHIRE REFERENCES AND NOMENCLATURE Page 9 KEY HERTFORDSHIRE FIGURES Page 10 ILLUSTRATIONS Page 12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION: THE QUESTIONS RAISED Page 14 CHAPTER 2 ANXIETIES & ASPIRATIONS: THE GROWTH & GOVERNMENT OF HERTFORDSHIRE BETWEEN THE WARS Page 20 CHAPTER 3 BIAS & VOCATIONALISM IN RURAL SCHOOLS Page 48 — 3 — (i) "..a taste for country life” The Rural Bias: early post-war initiatives (ii) ”..a certain natural connection between education and vocation" Captain Norris and the Hertfordshire Rural Syllabus (iii) "Adding reality" School Gardening : the fall and rise of the experts (iv) "..specially suitable for work in rural schools The rural pupil-teacher controversy (v) "..a model for the country" The preservation of rural schools (vi) "Very fair" The quality of rural education CHAPTER 4 BIAS & VOCATIONALISM IN URBAN SCHOOLS Page 126 (i) Introduction : What Bias? (ii) "..his recent experiences under the Admiralty will render him exceptionally fitted for the work." The inexorable rise of Practical Instruction (iii) ..75 per cent of the girls who left went into domestic service, many as a direct result of the Domestic Subjects training." Continuity and change in Domestic Subjects - 4 - (iv) '..the well known caution of the Herts. County Council in connexion with educational expenditure." Technical Education: the years of disparate developments 1918-1926 (v) "..ah age of industrial development in the schools." Technical Education: the years of active promotion 1926-1931 (vi) "..people so employed naturally look forward to their sons and daughters following the same blaCk-coated vocation." The metamorphosis of Technical Education, and its effect upon elementary education 1931-1939 CHAPTER 5 REFORM, RETRENCHMENT AND REORGANISATION: 1918-1935 Page 198 (i) Introduction (ii) "..no Education Committee in England was composed of a more fairminded body of ladies and gentlemen" From central direction to local autonomy 1918 to the early 1920s (iii) ..in every way possible to meet the wishes of the locality." The LEA and pre-Hadow development plans. The mid-1920s (iv) "Stand Therefore!" The reawakening of church interests and involvement 1918-1926 - 5 - (v) "These buildings ... were extremely good for the purpose for which they were required." Early LEA responses to post-Hadow reorganisation 1927-1931 (vi) "Let us, in these difficult days, pray ... we may not fail our country and our God." Mounting Tension: the Churches and post-Hadov reorganisation 1927-1935 (vll) "..the bottomless chasm of extravagance. The LEA, the Depression and its aftermath 1931-1935 CHAPTER 6 THE 1936 EDUCATION ACT AND AFTERWARDS Page 275 (1) Introduction (11) "..suicide within two generations. The LEA, the Churches and the Special Agreements (iii) "..this reactionary, anti-educational, undemocratic body." The LEA and the initiatives it chose not to take (iv) "i.this gift from the gods Senior schools, secondary schools and scholarships BIBLIOGRAPHY Page 321 — 6 — ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I welcome this opportunity to place on record my gratitude to my supervisors - Dr Robert Bell of The Open University, and Dr Gillian Sutherland of Newnham College, Cambridge - for their very welcome advice, encouragement and constructive criticism over the past five years. I wish also to thank the staff of:- The British Library Newspaper Library, Colindale The Public Record Office, Kew London University Institute of Education Library The National Farmers' Union, St.Albans Buckinghamshire Record Office, Aylesbury Essex Record Office, Chelmsford and, particularly, Hertfordshire Record Office, Hertford. Without the support of my wife, I doubt whether this thesis would have been completed. To Pamela, therefore, very special thanks are given. - 7 - ABBREVIATIONS AC Administrative County ACM Annual General Meeting AEC Association of Education Committees Ann Rep Annual Report ATI Association of Technical Institutions ATTI Association of Teachers in Technical Institutions BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BEC Buckinghamshire Education Committee BL British Library, Newspaper Library Board Board of Education B of Ed Board of Education BRO Buckinghamshire Record Office CC County Council CE Church of England CEO Chief Education Officer CLC County Library, Chelmsford (Essex) Col Column CP County Paper (Hertfordshire County Council) CS Central School CSMO County School Medical Officer (Hertfordshire) DCS Day Continuation School DNB Dictionary of National Biography DS Domestic Subjects EEC Essex Education Committee ERO Essex Record Office FBI Federation of British Industry FGCC First Garden City Company (Letchworth) FGCM First Garden City Museum (Letchworth) FGPSC Finance and General Purposes Sub-Committee (Hertfordshire County Council) HCC Hertfordshire County Council HCTA Hertfordshire County Teachers* Association HEC Hertfordshire Education Committee HESC Higher Education Sub-Committee (Hertfordshire County Council) HHEC Hemel Hempstead Education Committee HHTC Hemel Hempstead Town Council HMI His Majesty's Inspector HRO Hertfordshire Record Office JP Justice of the Peace kCB Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath LEA Local Education Authority LU London University, Institute of Education Library MB Municipal Borough MBE Member of the Order of the British Empire MI Mixed and Infants (School) MP Member of Parliament N/A Not available NFU National Farmers' Union NFU(StA) National Farmers' Union; St.Albans Branch Office NUR National Union of Railwayman - 8 - ABBREVIATIONS (continued) NUT National Union of Teachers NUWT National Union of Women Teachers PES Public Elementary Schools PRO Public Record Office PT&PI SC Physical Training & Practical
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