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Jukka Anteroinen National Defence University Department of Military Technology Series 1: Publication No Jukka Anteroinen National Defence University Department of Military Technology Series 1: Publication No. 33 Enhancing the Development of Military Capabilities by a Systems Approach The political environment of security and defence has changed radically in the Western industrialised world since the Cold War. As a response to these changes, since the beginning of the twen- Enhancing the Development of Military Capabilities by a Systems Approach ty-first century, most Western countries have adopted a ‘capabil- Enhancing the Development of Military ities-based approach’ to developing and operating their armed forces. More responsive and versatile military capabilities must be Capabilities by a Systems Approach developed to meet the contemporary challenges. The systems ap- proach is seen as a beneficial means of overcoming traps in resolv- ing complex real-world issues by conventional thinking. Jukka Anteroinen The doctoral dissertation of Commander G.S, M.Sc. (SED) Jukka Anteroinen explores and assesses the means to enhance the de- velopment of military capabilities both in concept development and experimentation (CD&E) and in national defence materiel col- laboration issues. This research provides a unique perspective, a systems approach, to the development areas of concern in resolv- ing complex real-world issues. Furthermore, this dissertation seeks to increase the understanding of the military capability concept both as a whole and within its life cycle. This dissertation makes contribution to current studies about mili- tary capability. It presents two interdependent conceptual capa- bility models: the comprehensive capability meta-model and the holistic capability life cycle model. These models holistically and systematically complement the existing, but still evolving, under- standing of military capability and its life cycle. In addition, this dissertation contributes to the scientific discussion of defence pro- curement in its broad meaning by introducing the holistic model about the national defence materiel collaboration between the defence forces, defence industry and academia. This dissertation also contributes empirical evidence regarding the benefits of en- terprise architectures (EA) to CD&E. The EA approach may add 33 Publication No. Series 1: value to traditional concept development by increasing the clarity, consistency and completeness of the concept. National Defence University Tel. +358 299 800 ISSN 1796-4059 Department of Military Technology www.mpkk.fi ISBN 978-951-25-2483-9 (pbk.) P.O. BOX 7, FI-00861 ISBN 978-951-25-2484-6 (PDF) Helsinki Finland JUKKA ANTEROINEN ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY CAPABILITIES BY A SYSTEMS APPROACH Doctoral dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Military Sciences to be presented, with due permission of the National Defence University, for public examination in the Maneesi of Kruununhaka at the National Defence University on 8th of August 2013 at 12 o’clock. NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY HELSINKI 2013 NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGY SERIES 1: PUBLICATION NO. 33 MAANPUOLUSTUSKORKEAKOULU SOTATEKNIIKAN LAITOS JULKAISUSARJA 1: JULKAISU NO. 33 ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY CAPABILITIES BY A SYSTEMS APPROACH JUKKA ANTEROINEN NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY Department of Military Technology HELSINKI 2013 JUKKA ANTEROINEN: ENHANCING THE DEVELOPMENT OF MILITARY CAPABILITIES BY A SYSTEMS APPROACH NATIONAL DEFENCE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF MILITARY TECHNOLOGY SERIES 1: PUBLICATION NO. 33 DOCTORAL DISSERTATION Author: Commander, G.S., M.Sc. (SED) Jukka Anteroinen Supervising professor: Professor Juha-Matti Lehtonen, National Defence University Preliminary examiners: Professor Mika Hannula, Tampere University of Technology, Finland Professor Gunnar Hult National Defence College, Sweden Official opponents: Professor Gunnar Hult National Defence College, Sweden Professor Lauri Ojala University of Turku, Finland Cover design: Annele Palonen The dissertation can be read at: http://www.doria.fi ISBN 978-951-25-2483-9 (pbk.) ISBN 978-951-25-2484-6 (PDF) ISSN 1796-4059 Maanpuolustuskorkeakoulu – National Defence University Sotatekniikan laitos – Department of Military Technology Juvenes Print Tampere 2013 I am like Leonardo, I want to know everything. Creating relations between things is my constant preoccupation – Salvador Dali ABSTRACT The political environment of security and defence has changed radically in the Western industrialised world since the Cold War. As a response to these changes, since the beginning of the twenty-first century, most Western countries have adopted a ‘capabilities-based approach’ to developing and operating their armed forces. More responsive and versatile military capabilities must be developed to meet the contemporary challenges. The systems approach is seen as a beneficial means of overcoming traps in resolving complex real-world issues by conventional thinking. The main objectives of this dissertation are to explore and assess the means to enhance the development of military capabilities both in concept development and experimentation (CD&E) and in national defence materiel collaboration issues. This research provides a unique perspective, a systems approach, to the development areas of concern in resolving complex real-world issues. This dissertation seeks to increase the understanding of the military capability concept both as a whole and within its life cycle. The dissertation follows the generic functionalist systems methodology by Jackson. The methodology applies a comprehensive set of constitutive rules to examine the research objectives. This dissertation makes contribution to current studies about military capability. It presents two interdependent conceptual capability models: the comprehensive capability meta-model (CCMM) and the holistic capability life cycle model (HCLCM). These models holistically and systematically complement the existing, but still evolving, understanding of military capability and its life cycle. In addition, this dissertation contributes to the scientific discussion of defence procurement in its broad meaning by introducing the holistic model about the national defence materiel collaboration between the defence forces, defence industry and academia. The model connects the key collaborative mechanisms, which currently work in isolation from each other, and take into consideration the unique needs of each partner. This dissertation contributes empirical evidence regarding the benefits of enterprise architectures (EA) to CD&E. The EA approach may add value to traditional concept development by increasing the clarity, consistency and completeness of the concept. The most important use considered for EA in CD&E is that it enables further utilisation of the concept created in the case project. Keywords: military capability, systems approach, development, concept development and experimentation, enterprise architecture, collaboration, defence materiel, centre of excellence i TIIVISTELMÄ Turvallisuus- ja puolustuspoliittinen ympäristö on muuttunut läntisissä teollisuusmaissa merkittävästi Kylmän sodan jälkeen. Muutoksen seurauksena useimmat läntiset maat ovat 2000-luvun alusta lähtien siirtyneet asevoimiensa kehittämisessä ja käytössä suorituskykyperustaisuuteen. Asevoimien toimintaan kohdistuu myös taloudellisia paineita. Muutostekijät edellyttävät, että asevoimista kehitetään aiempaa mukautuvampia ja muutoskykyisempiä vastaamaan nykyisiin ja tuleviin haasteisiin. Systeeminäkökulma on koettu hyödylliseksi keinoksi tällaisten monimutkaisten ongelmien ja haasteiden ratkaisemisessa. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on kartoittaa ja arvioida keinoja ja tapoja tehostaa sotilaallisten suorituskykyjen kehittämistä sekä konseptien kokeellisessa kehittämistoiminnassa (CD&E) että kansallisessa puolustusmateriaaliyhteistyössä. Tutkimus lähestyy tutkimuskohteita systeeminäkökulmasta. Tutkimus pyrkii myös lisäämään ymmärrystä sotilaallisesta suorituskyvystä kokonaisvaltaisesti. Työn tutkimusstrategiana (research design) on erityinen systeemimenetelmä, Yleinen funktionaalinen systeemimenetelmä. Menetelmän soveltamista tukevat yksityiskohtaiset säännöt, jotka ottavat kantaa tutkimuskohteen määrittämiseen, analysointiin ja tuloksiin. Tutkimus tuottaa hyödyllistä ja uutta tietoa sotilaallisesta suorituskyvystä. Tutkimuksen tuloksina esitetään kaksi toisiinsa liittyvää käsitteellistä suorituskykymallia. Ne täydentävät nykyistä ymmärrystä sotilaallisesta suorituskyvystä ja sen elinjaksosta kokonaisvaltaisella tavalla, ja siten ne edistävät kommunikaatiota suorituskyvyn kehittämiseen ja käyttöön liittyvien sidosryhmien kesken. Tutkimuksessa esitetään myös systeemiperustainen kokonaismalli kansallisen puolustusmateriaaliyhteistyön tehostamisesta vaihtoehtona nykyiselle, osina toteutettavalle mallille. Malli liittää keskeiset yhteistyömekanismit toisiinsa osoittamalla mekanismien väliset vuorovaikutussuhteet ja sen, miten mekanismit voivat tukea toisiaan. Tutkimus lisää myös empiiristä tietoa yritysarkkitehtuurien hyödyistä konseptien kokeellisessa kehittämistoiminnassa. Yritysarkkitehtuurit ja niiden avulla tehdyt mallit voivat lisätä konseptien selkeyttä, yhdenmukaisuutta ja kokonaisvaltaisuutta. Tällaiset mallit tukevat erityisesti konseptien jatkohyödyn- tämistä suorituskykyjen kehittämistyössä. Avainsanat: Sotilaallinen suorituskyky, systeemilähestymistapa, kehittäminen, konseptien kokeellinen kehittäminen, yritysarkkitehtuuri, yhteistyö, puolustusmateriaali, osaamiskeskus ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My interest in
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