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Home , All About My Mother

PEDRO ALMODÓVAR’S “HOMAGE” TO

MICHAEL S. D. HOOPER

“ has marked my life.”1

The filmic qualities of Tennessee Williams’ plays and stories, their perceived adaptability and the writer’s own willingness to explore the possibilities of an emergent Hollywood cinema in the early part of his career have contributed in no small part to the wide reach of his success and reputation. Indeed, his experimentation with dramatic forms, evident as early as 1944 with The Glass Menagerie and its “plastic theatre”,2 has been seen as an extension of the techniques Williams no doubt assimilated from a youth spent in movie houses:

The drama of Tennessee Williams derives its lyric naturalism from the adaptation of the modern short story for the cinematic theatre. Throughout the canon, film techniques undermine the conventions of stage realism. Music comes out of nowhere. Lighting is symbolic.3

Williams often seems to have had one eye on a broader canvas, one which eschews the limitations of theatrical mimesis and which measurably assisted the transition of his work to the big screen. Notwithstanding these artistic overlaps, we have, in the post-war Hollywood versions of his plays, a second Tennessee Williams, one that may, for a variety of reasons, have reached a receptive public

1 Manuela in Todo sobre mi madre, directed by Pedro Almodóvar, , 1999. 2 In his “Production Notes” for The Glass Menagerie, Williams writes about this as a concept that “must take the place of the exhausted theatre of realistic conventions”. See Tennessee Williams, The Glass Menagerie, in The Theatre of Tennessee Williams, New York: New Directions, 1971, I, 131. 3 Roger Boxill, Tennessee Williams, London: Macmillan, 1987, 23.

348 Michael S. D. Hooper ahead or instead of his work for the stage. And, because adaptations can themselves become influential or even adaptable properties, Williams’ affinity with the theatre risks being diluted further still. This is not to say that the playwright has been sacrificed amidst the wider commercial distribution of the films – Williams is still a considerable draw at the theatre – but just that some of the exclusivity of theatrical productions has been transcended. While Williams’ writing continued to be a source of inspiration beyond the heyday of the Hollywood adaptations, few directors have acknowledged the legacy of the films as openly as the Spanish auteur, Pedro Almodóvar, especially in his most celebrated film to date, Todo sobre mi madre (All About My Mother, 1999). The winner of seven Goyas in Spain and the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film, this story of Manuela’s search for her ex-husband after the death of their son, Esteban, draws on scenes from Elia Kazan’s 1951 version of A Streetcar Named Desire, especially its ending – an enforced change from that of the original play. An obvious admirer of Williams, Almodóvar has also earned a reputation for referencing a plethora of artistic works in his films – anything from visual echoes of familiar Hitchcockian scenes to the subtle inclusion of novels by celebrated writers like Alice Munro in his recent film La piel que habito (). A complex patchwork of allusion, his films fully exemplify the postmodern sensibility of crafting art from the fragments of earlier works, on the premise that originality in the conventional sense does not exist; it is only to be located in a simultaneous admission of its impossibility and in the plagiaristic amassing of conscious and unconscious influences. Todo sobre mi madre is no exception in this respect. Indeed, it represents a zenith of intertextuality and references – visually or in its script – texts and artists as seemingly disparate as , Music for Chameleons, Blood Wedding, Gaudí and Chagall.4 None of these, though, either singly or in conjunction with the others, is quite as instrumental as A Streetcar Named Desire, which “takes on an active role” by marking the protagonist’s life.5

4 Ann Davies, Pedro Almodóvar, London: Grant and Cutler, 2007, 92. 5 Pedro Almodóvar, “An Act of Love toward Oneself”, interview by Guillermo Altares, in Pedro Almodóvar: Interviews, ed. Paula Willoquet-Maricondi, Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2004, 146.