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The Limits of Arbitrage: Evidence from Dual-Listed Companies
The Limits of Arbitrage: Evidence from Dual-Listed Companies Abe de Jong Erasmus University Rotterdam [email protected] Leonard Rosenthal Bentley College [email protected] Mathijs A. van Dijk Erasmus University Rotterdam [email protected] May 2003 Correspondence Mathijs A. van Dijk Department of Financial Management (Room F4-21) Erasmus University Rotterdam PO Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam THE NETHERLANDS Phone: +31 10 408 2748 Fax : +31 10 408 9017 The Limits of Arbitrage: Evidence from Dual-Listed Companies Abstract We study the limits of arbitrage in international equity markets by examining a sample of dual-listed companies (DLCs). DLCs are the result of a merger in which both companies remain incorporated independently. DLCs have structured corporate agreements that allocate current and future equity cash flows to the shareholders of the parent companies according to a fixed ratio. This implies that in integrated and efficient financial markets, the stock prices of the parent companies will move together perfectly. Therefore, DLCs offer a unique opportunity to study market efficiency and the roles of noise traders and arbitrageurs in equity markets. We examine all 13 known DLCs that currently exist or have existed. We show that for all DLCs large deviations from the theoretical price ratio occur. The difference between the relative price of a DLC and the theoretical ratio is often larger than 10 percent in absolute value and occasionally reaches levels of 20 to 50 percent. Moreover, deviations from parity vary considerably over time for all DLCs. We find that return differentials between the DLC parent companies can to a large extent be attributed to co-movement with domestic stock market indices, consistent with Froot and Dabora (1999). -
FTSE Factsheet
FTSE COMPANY REPORT Share price analysis relative to sector and index performance Data as at: 27 March 2020 Brand Architekts Group BAR Personal Goods — GBP 1.2 at close 27 March 2020 Absolute Relative to FTSE UK All-Share Sector Relative to FTSE UK All-Share Index PERFORMANCE 21-Apr-2015 1D WTD MTD YTD Absolute - - - - Rel.Sector - - - - Rel.Market - - - - VALUATION Data unavailable Trailing PE 8.1 EV/EBITDA 7.5 PB 1.1 PCF 3.8 Div Yield 3.9 Price/Sales 1.5 Net Debt/Equity 0.1 Div Payout 31.4 ROE 13.5 DESCRIPTION Data unavailable The principal activities of the is a market leader in the development, formulation, and supply of personal care and beauty products. See final page and http://www.londonstockexchange.com/prices-and-markets/stocks/services-stock/ftse-note.htm for further details. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Please see the final page for important legal disclosures. 1 of 4 FTSE COMPANY REPORT: Brand Architekts Group 27 March 2020 Valuation Metrics Price to Earnings (PE) EV to EBITDA Price to Book (PB) 28-Feb-2020 28-Feb-2020 28-Feb-2020 80 25 6 70 5 20 60 4 50 15 +1SD +1SD +1SD 40 3 10 Avg 30 Avg Avg 2 20 5 -1SD 1 -1SD 10 -1SD 0 0 0 Mar-2015 Mar-2016 Mar-2017 Mar-2018 Mar-2019 Mar-2015 Mar-2016 Mar-2017 Mar-2018 Mar-2019 Mar-2015 Mar-2016 Mar-2017 Mar-2018 Mar-2019 PZ Cussons 29.7 Watches of Switzerland Group 14.6 Watches of Switzerland Group 10.3 Burberry Group 20.0 Unilever 11.2 Unilever 8.7 Personal Goods 19.5 Personal Goods 11.1 Personal Goods 7.9 Unilever 19.1 Burberry Group 10.7 Burberry Group 4.7 Brand -
Unilever Pakistan Product Catalogue
UNILEVER PAKISTAN PRODUCT CATALOGUE Brand: Lipton Product: Tea, Green Tea Product Variant Lipton - box 95g Lipton - box 190g Lipton - pouch 475g Lipton – jar 475g Lipton – pouch 950g Lipton – tea bag sachet 25/ box Lipton – tea bag sachet 100/ box Lipton Green Tea (plain/ lemon/ mint/ 25/ box jasmine) * All prices will be communicated via email * All products subject to availability Brand: Brooke Bond Supreme Product: Tea Product Variant Supreme - box 95g Supreme - box 190g Supreme - pouch 475g Supreme - jar 450g Supreme - pouch 950g * All prices will be communicated via email * All products subject to availability Brand: Knorr Product: Sauces, Noodles Product Variant Flavour Noodles 40g Chicken, chatpatta Note: Products Noodles 66g Chicken, chatpatta, containing meat, achari masti, lemon milk or egg twist, pepper derivatives cannot chicken, cream be exported to the onion USA Noodles 264g Chicken, chatpatta Cube 20g Chicken, pulao * All prices will be communicated via email * All products subject to availability Brand: Knorr Product: Sauces, Noodles Note: Products containing meat, milk or egg derivatives cannot be exported to the USA Product Variant Chilli Garlic Sauce 300g Chilli Garlic Sauce 800g Tomato Ketchup 300g Tomato Ketchup 800g Yakhni 4g * All prices will be communicated via email * All products subject to availability Brand: Rafhan Product: Custard, Jelly, Pudding Product Variant Flavour Custard 50g Strawberry, vanilla, banana, mango Custard 120g Strawberry, vanilla Custard 300g Strawberry, vanilla, banana, mango Jelly 80g Strawberry, -
Annex 1: Parker Review Survey Results As at 2 November 2020
Annex 1: Parker Review survey results as at 2 November 2020 The data included in this table is a representation of the survey results as at 2 November 2020, which were self-declared by the FTSE 100 companies. As at March 2021, a further seven FTSE 100 companies have appointed directors from a minority ethnic group, effective in the early months of this year. These companies have been identified through an * in the table below. 3 3 4 4 2 2 Company Company 1 1 (source: BoardEx) Met Not Met Did Not Submit Data Respond Not Did Met Not Met Did Not Submit Data Respond Not Did 1 Admiral Group PLC a 27 Hargreaves Lansdown PLC a 2 Anglo American PLC a 28 Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC a 3 Antofagasta PLC a 29 HSBC Holdings PLC a InterContinental Hotels 30 a 4 AstraZeneca PLC a Group PLC 5 Avast PLC a 31 Intermediate Capital Group PLC a 6 Aveva PLC a 32 Intertek Group PLC a 7 B&M European Value Retail S.A. a 33 J Sainsbury PLC a 8 Barclays PLC a 34 Johnson Matthey PLC a 9 Barratt Developments PLC a 35 Kingfisher PLC a 10 Berkeley Group Holdings PLC a 36 Legal & General Group PLC a 11 BHP Group PLC a 37 Lloyds Banking Group PLC a 12 BP PLC a 38 Melrose Industries PLC a 13 British American Tobacco PLC a 39 Mondi PLC a 14 British Land Company PLC a 40 National Grid PLC a 15 BT Group PLC a 41 NatWest Group PLC a 16 Bunzl PLC a 42 Ocado Group PLC a 17 Burberry Group PLC a 43 Pearson PLC a 18 Coca-Cola HBC AG a 44 Pennon Group PLC a 19 Compass Group PLC a 45 Phoenix Group Holdings PLC a 20 Diageo PLC a 46 Polymetal International PLC a 21 Experian PLC a 47 -
Sustainability Overview Oddo BHF – Environment Forum Paris June 8, 2017 Step Change in Growth and Long-Term Value Creation
Sustainability overview Oddo BHF – Environment Forum Paris June 8, 2017 Step change in growth and long-term value creation AkzoNobel Bullets Only use the List Level buttons to apply the AkzoNobel Branded Bullets Sustainability overview June 2017 2 Step change in growth Title area max over 2 lines and long-term value creation Accelerating growth momentum and enhanced profitability Creating two focused businesses as a logical next step Clear separation within 12 months Increasing returns to shareholders Committed to investing in sustainability, innovation and society Best placed to unlock value ourselves Insert Topic Icons Click on the picture icon and browse to the location of the Topic Icons Sustainability overview June 2017 3 Accelerating growth momentum Title area max over 2 lines and enhanced profitability Paints and Coatings Specialty Chemicals 2016-2018 2016-2018 guidance* 2020 guidance* guidance* 2020 guidance* ROS 10-12% ROS 15% ROS 11.5-13% ROS 16% ROI >18% ROI >25% ROI >16% ROI >20% Clear aim to grow faster than relevant markets 2020 guidance for AkzoNobel (current portfolio) ROS 14% and ROI >20% Insert Topic Icons Click on the picture icon * Excluding unallocated corporate center costs and invested capital; assumes no significant market disruption and browse to the location of the Topic Icons Sustainability overview June 2017 4 Strong culture to support a step change Title area max over 2 lines in growth and value creation Top quartile safety performance Our Code of Conduct: Engagement increasing for six years running Insert -
Case Study: Unilever1
CASE STUDY: UNILEVER1 1. Introduction Unilever is a British-Dutch company that operates in the market of consumer goods and sells its products in around 190 countries. Another remarkable fact is that they own more than 400 brands, what means an important diversification in both risk and the products they sell, among which there is food, personal care products and cleaning agents. In fact, twelve of these brands have sales of more than a billion euros. The importance of this multinational is reflected too in the fact 2.5 billion people use Unilever products every day, being part of their daily life. They also are responsible for the employment of 161,000 people in the different countries they operate. Finally, they believe in a sustainable business plan in which they reduce the environmental footprint and increase their positive social impact at the time they keep growing. 2. History Unilever was officially formed in 1929 by the merger of a margarine Dutch company and a British soapmaker. The margarine company of Netherlands was also a merger between the first margarine factory called in the world and another factory of the same product and from the same city, Oss, in the Netherlands. The soapmaker company revolutionized the market because it helped to a more hygienic society and the manufacturing of the product was wrapped. The name of the company is a fusion between the Dutch firm called Margarine Unie and the British firm called Lever Brothers. What Unilever did, was to expand its market locations to the American Latin and Africa. Moreover they widened the product areas to new sectors such as particular food and chemical products. -
UPL Annual Report 2019
Unilever Pakistan Foods Limited Annual Report 2019 Contents Vision & Core Values 02 Company Information 03 Directors’ Profile 04 Chairman's Review 06 Directors’ Report 08 Board Meetings Attendance 14 Board Committee Meetings Held During the Year 14 Performance Indicators for 6 years 16 Statement of Financial Postion - Analysis for 6 years 19 Profit or Loss Account and other Comprehensive 21 Income - Analysis for 6 years Statement of Wealth Generated and Distributed 23 Pattern of Shareholding 24 Statement of Compliance with 26 the Code of Corporate Governance Independent Auditor's Review Report 27 Financial Statements 29 Notice of Annual General Meeting 79 Form of Proxy 85 Dividend Mandate Form 87 Vision Unilever Pakistan Foods Limited - Annual Report 2019 Our vision is to grow our business, while decoupling our environmental footprint from our growth and increasing our positive social impact. Core Values Impeccable Wowing our Integrity Consumers & We are honest, transparent Customers and ethical in our dealings We win the hearts and minds of at all times. our consumers and customers. Living an Demonstrating a Enterprise Culture Passion for Winning We believe in trust, and We deliver what we promise. outstanding teamwork. We value a creative & fun environment. Bringing out the Making a Best in All of Us Better World We are empowered leaders, who We care about and are inspired by new challenges actively contribute to and have a bias for action. the community in which we live. 02 Company Information Unilever Pakistan Foods Limited - Annual Report 2019 Board of Directors Mr. Kamran Y. Mirza Independent Director & Chairman of the Board Mr. -
Hindustan Unilever Limited Unilever House, B. D. Sawant Marg Chakala
Hindustan Unilever Limited Unilever House, B. D. Sawant Marg Chakala, Andheri East Mumbai 400 099 CIN : L15140MH1933PLC002030 Tel : +91 (22) 3983 0000 Web : www.hul.co.in [DATE] Name Dear ___, We are pleased to inform you that upon the recommendation of Nomination and Remuneration Committee, approval of the Board of Directors of Hindustan Unilever Limited (hereinafter referred to as HUL or the Company) and approval of Shareholders of the Company at the Annual General Meeting held on ___, you are being appointed as an Independant Director on the Board of the Company. The terms of your appointment shall be as follows: 1. Appointment 1.1 You have been appointed as a Non-Executive Independent Director on the Board of Directors of HUL with effect from ________ for a period of upto five years. The appointment shall be governed by the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Listing Regulations, 2015. The appointment is also subject to the maximum permissible Directorships that one can hold as per the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Listing Regulations, 2015. 1.2 The term ‘Independent Director’ should be construed as defined under the Companies Act, 2013 and the Listing Regulations, 2015. 1.3 The Company has adopted the provisions with respect to the appointment and tenure of Independent Directors which is consistent with the Companies Act, 2013 and the Listing Regulations, 2015. Accordingly, the Independent Directors will serve for not more than two terms of five years each on the Board of the Company. The disengagement earlier than five years will be in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 or on mutually agreed terms. -
Hindustan Unilever Limited
Hindustan Unilever Limited Shift to Biomass Fired Burners CASE STUDY Figure 1: Nashik Biomass Boiler Figure 2: Orai Burner for incorporation of Vegetable Oil Residue Summary Hindustan Unilever Limited (HUL) has more than 20 manufacturing sites, where fossil fuel is being used to generate steam and hot air for process heating. To minimize our dependence on conventional fossil fuels and reduce CO2 emissions, the company started focusing on renewable energy opportunities since 2009. Prior to this, only 5 of our sites had biogenic fuel firing. A long-term road map for conversion of major fuel consuming sites was drawn-up. Since then, the company has commissioned 10 biomass fired Boilers and Hot Air Generators in India. Presently, more than 60,000 T of biogenic fuel is utilized annually for our process heating. Objective of Intervention The objective of the case study is to demonstrate the impact of biomass-based fuel usage on CO2 reduction along deliverance of cost savings. Type of Intervention and Location The intervention is to increase the share of renewable energy in HUL’s overall energy consumption portfolio by maximizing utilization of biomass fired fuels and reducing dependence on fossil fuels. The Reinforcing India’s Commitment Page 1 sites of intervention are the following locations where biomass-fired burners have been installed post-2010. These include biomass fuel-based Hot Air Generators (HAG) and Boilers (BMB): Chiplun (HAG), Goa (BMB), Haldia (HAG), Haridwar (BMB), Hosur (BMB), Mysore (BMB), Nashik (BMB), Orai (BMB), and Rajpura (HAG and BMB). Description of Intervention Since 2009, we have invested more than INR 60 crores in installation of Biomass Fired Steam Boilers and Hot Air Generators. -
Unilever Project Sunlight White Paper
HOW CHILDREN INSPIRE SUSTAINABLE LIVING RESEARCH AMONG PARENTS AND THEIR CHILDREN IN THE US, UK, INDIA AND INDONESIA AUGUST 2013 Commissioned by Unilever White Paper published to coincide with the launch of Unilever Project Sunlight, an initiative to encourage more people to adopt sustainable lifestyles Prepared by Edelman Berland CONTENTS Page Number 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... 3 2. Foreword by Tim Gill ............................................................................................ 4 3. Research Objectives and Methodology ............................................................... 6 4. Executive Summary ............................................................................................. 7 5. Detailed Findings ................................................................................................. 9 6.1 Having children inspires adults to want to make a better future ........................... 10 6.2 Children’s optimism about future possibilities (in spite of knowing about the world’s environmental problems) inspires adults to see things differently ............ 13 6.3 Parents and children learn from each other with parents being inspired to act on their children’s suggestions ...................................................................... 17 6.4 Families already understand that many small ‘green’ actions make a difference, although there is scope for more....................................................... -
Unilever Pakistan Foods Limited Annual Report 2009
At Unilever all business activities are carried out in a socially and environmentally responsible manner. To promote a greener Pakistan and as tangible demonstration of its Corporate & Social Responsibility, Unilever»s annual report has been printed on 100% recycled paper. Further information on our brands, business and Corporate & Social Responsibility initiatives is available on our website: www.unileverpakistanfoods.com.pk contents Vision 03 Core Values 04 Company Information 05 Notice of Annual General Meeting 06 Directors» Report 09 Board Meetings Attendance 16 Operating & Financial Highlights 17 Statement of Value Addition & its Distribution 20 Pattern of Shareholding 21 Statement of Compliance with the Code of Corporate Governance 24 Auditors» Review Report 26 Financial Statements 27 Form of Proxy vision WE WORK TO CREATE A BETTER FUTURE EVERY DAY We help people feel good, look good and get more out of life with brands and services that are good for them and good for others.We will inspire people to take small everyday actions that can add up to a big difference in the world. We will develop new ways of doing business that will allow us to double the size of our Company while reducing our environmental impact. core values Impeccable Demonstrating a Wowing our Consumers Integrity Passion for Winning & Customers We are honest, transparent We deliver what We win the hearts and and ethical in our dealings we promise. minds of our consumers at all times. and customers. Bringing out the Living an Enterprise Making a Best in All of Us Culture Better World We are empowered leaders, We believe in trust, truth and We care about and who are inspired by new outstanding teamwork. -
Finsbury Growth & Income Trust
Finsbury Growth & Income Trust PLC Portfolio Manager Nick Train Finsbury0B Worldwide ical Fund Information as at 28 February 2021 www.finsburygt.com @FinsburyGT Investment Objective and Benchmark Index Biography Finsbury Growth & Income Trust PLC invests principally in the securities of UK listed companies with Nick Train began his career as an Investment the objective of achieving capital and income growth and providing a total return in excess of that of Manager at GT Management in 1981, having graduated from Queen’s College, Oxford with its benchmark, the FTSE All-Share Index (net dividends reinvested). a second class honors in Modern History Five Years Performance (%) (1977-1980). He left GT in June 1998, after 17 years, on its acquisition by INVESCO. At his Past performance is not a guide to future performance. The value of investments and the income from them may resignation he was a Director of GT fall as well as arise and is not guaranteed; An investor may receive back less than the original amount invested. Management (London), Investment Director of GT Unit Managers and Chief Investment Officer for Pan-Europe. He joined M&G in 80 September 1998, as a Director of M&G Investment Management. In June 1999 he was 70 appointed as Head of Global Equities at M&G. 60 He left M&G in April 2000 to co-found Lindsell Train Limited. He is investment adviser to the 50 Worshipful Company of Saddlers. 40 30 Portfolio Manager Profile 20 Portfolio management services are provided by Lindsell Train Limited (Lindsell Train). Lindsell 10 Train was formed in December 2000.