TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research

Vol.4 No. 2, 16- 21 (2015) Received: Sept.2015; Accepted: Nov, 2015

Status of Potassium Fractions in District of

Mohamed Raffic 1, B.P.S.Raghubanshi, S.V.S.Chauhan, Reeta Mishra, S.K.Dubey2 and Y.P.Singh 1&2 RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.),RVSKVV, KVK, Morena (M.P.)- 476001

Abstract

Over all 150 surface soil samples (0-15 cm) were collected from 15 different villages (10 soil sample/ village) of five Blocks, namely Morena, Ambah, , and of of M.P during the year 2011-12. From each block 25 sites were selected for sampling. Results indicated that the amount of water soluble, exchangeable and non- exchangeable, lattice and total –K of Morena district: ranged from 4.2 – 19.2, 34.0-186.0, 291.3-1628.1 with the mean value of 9.6, 101.1 and 820.0 mg kg -1 respectively. The amount of lattice and total-K of Morena district; ranged from 0.42-1.95 and 0.45-2.11% with the mean value of 1.08 and 1.17%, respectively.

Electrical conductivity of soil showed negative relationship with all the forms of potassium but they are not reaching the level of significant. In general, organic carbon content of the soils of showed positive relationship with all the forms of potassium. The coefficient of correlation of organic carbon with water soluble, (r= 0.586**), exchangeable (r= 0.615**), non-exchangeable –K (r=0.579**), lattice –K (r=0.482**) and total K (r=0.500**) were observed which were significant at higher level (1%). Highly significant and negative correlations were observed between different forms of potassium and sand particles content of the soils. In general, clay particles of the soil showed positively and significantly relationships with all the forms of potassium. A highly significant (1% level) and positive relationships were observed between different forms of K, these relationship indicated that there existed an equilibrium between these forms of K and depletion of one is instantly replenished by one or more of the other forms of K. Key words : Forms of potassium, relationship, status of soil Introduction equilibrium are markedly affected when The major crops of the investigate applied soil solutions K is either taken up area are paddy, sesame, pearl millet and by plants or leached into the lower soil sorghum in kharif whereas mustard, wheat horizons or converted into unavailable and potato in Rabi. Under intensive forms consequently. Non- exchangeable K cultivation, readily available exchangeable is released as exchangeable forms when K is removed by crop. This is followed by levels if exchangeable and solution K are further release of exchangeable K from decreased by plant uptake and leaching. non- exchangeable forms. The dynamic The dynamics of potassium in soil depends

16

TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research on the magnitude of equilibrium among 1) was found in Beelpur and Nidhan village various forms which has relationship with of Ambah and Joura Blocks respectively. physico-chemical properties of soil. Organic carbon status of Material and methods investigated area was found in the range of Random soil samples from 0-15cm 1.7-7.9 g kg -1 under different villages with depth were collected from 15 different the average value of 3.8 g kg -1. It is clear villages (10 soil samples / village) of five from the results, that average value of Blocks namely Morena, Ambah, Porsa, organic carbon content in all the villages of Joura and Kailaras of Morena district. The Morena district were observed in low sample were processed and passed through category (<5.0 g kg -1). However maximum a 2 mm sieve and analyzed for soil average value of organic carbon content characteristics. The soil pH was measured (4.9 g kg -1) was observed in Torka village in 1:2.5 soils water suspension by pH of Kailaras block whereas minimum value meter using glass electrode pH meter. The (3.1 g kg -1) was found in Kuthiyana village EC was measured in 1:2.5 soils-water of Ambah block of Morena district. suspension. Organic carbon was determined by walkley and black method Calcium carbonate was found in the range of 0.50-9.50 percent under [8] and rapid titration method was fallowed different villages with the average value of for the estimation of calcium carbonate in 2.30 percent. Maximum average value of soil samples. Different forms of potassium, calcium carbonate content (2.96 percent lattice K and total K were determined by was observed in Kuthiyana village of standard procedures. Simple correlation Ambah block whereas minimum value coefficient equations were computed (1.58) percent was found in Torka village relating different forms of K content of soil of Kailaras block. Which clearly indicates with other physic-chemical properties. that the most of the soils of Morena district Results and Discussion were range in normal in respect of calcium Physico-chemical properties: carbonate content. The data given in table 1 Indicate Forms of Potassium and their that the soil pH ranged as 7.30-8.90 under Distribution: different villages with the average value of The water soluble K status of 7.67. Maximum average value of soil pH Morena district (table -2) was found in the (7.82) was observed in Kuthiyana village range of 4.2 – 19.2 mg kg -1 under different of Ambah block whereas minimum value villages with the average value of 9.6 mg (7.53) was noted in Mudhyakheda. Sand, kg -1. Average maximum value of water silt and clay per cent varied from 47.3- soluble K (11.9 mg kg -1) was observed in 70.2, 8.0-25.0 and 14.2-36.7 with mean Mudhyakheda village of Morena block value 58.85, 16.54 and 24.61, respectively. whereas minimum value (7.9 mg kg -1) was Electrical conductivity of investigated area found in Visangpura village of Joura was found in the range of 0.11-0.76 under block. This form represented 9.49, 1.09 different villages with the average value of and 0.082 % of exchangeable, non- 0.42 dSm -1. Maximum average value of exchangeable and total –K respectively. electrical conductivity (0.49 dSm -1) was Results on the same line with different soil observed in Kuthiyana village of Ambah types have also been reported earlier [3,12]. block whereas minimum value (0.36 dSm -

17

TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research

Exchangeable K status of Morena found in Visangpura and Bijlipura village district (Table-2) was found in the range of of Joura and Porsa block respectively 34.0 – 186.0 mg kg -1 under different and contributed 92.31% of the total K [9,12] . village with the average value of 101.1 mg kg -1 .Average maximum value of Total-K status of Morena district exchangeable -K (115.5 mg kg -1) was was found in the range of 0.45 – 2.11 % observed in Mudhyakheda village of under different village with the average Morena block whereas minimum value value of 1.17%. Average maximum value (75.7 mg kg -1) was found in Bijlipura of total -K (1.40 %) was observed in village of Porsa block and contributed Bhatpura villages of Kailaras block 0.864 percent of the total K content of the whereas minimum value (1.01 %) was district. Similar results have been reported found in Visangpura and Bijlipura village in the past [9, 12]. of Joura and Porsa block. Result on the same line with different soil types have Non exchangeable K status of also been reported earlier [10, 12] . Morena district (Table -2) was found in the range of 291.3 – 1628.1 mg kg -1 under It is clear from Table-3 that the different village with the average value of exchangeable K showed significant and 820.0 mg kg -1 . Average maximum value positive correlation with organic carbon of non exchangeable -K (1003.6 mg kg -1) content and clay particles of the soils. was observed in Gidoli village of Porsa Which might be due to the fact that with block whereas minimum value (570.2 mg increase in organic matter in soils, the kg -1) found in Visangpura village of Joura clay-humus complex becomes more active block which is contributed 7.00 percent thereby providing more exchangeable sites of the total K content of the district. These and access to K. these results are in findings confirm the work of many others agreement with the findings of many [5, 11, 13, 15 &16] [2, 9] . others .

Lattice- K status of Morena district Negative and significant was found in the range of 0.42 – 1.95 % coefficients of correlation of sand particles under different village with the average were observed with all the forms of K in value of 1.08 percent. Average maximum the soils of Morena district. This type of value of lattice -K (1.30%) was observed relationship between sand and forms of in Bhatpura village of Kailaras block potassium was also observed by earlier [1, 7, 13 &14] whereas minimum value (0.94%) was workers . Table1 Physico-chemical characteristic of soils in Morena district (M.P.).

Block Name of village pH Ec CaCo 3 Organic Mechanical composition (dSm -1) carbon (g Sand Silt Clay kg -1) (%) (%) (%) Morena Mudhiyakheda 7.53 0.47 2.04 3.3 60.5 14.8 25.0 Ganjrampur 7.68 0.46 2.13 4.8 57.8 16.2 25.7 Jigni 7.72 0.46 2.63 4.1 60.0 16.0 23.9 Ambah Kuthiyana 7.82 0.49 2.96 3.1 58.6 16.3 25.5 Beelpur 7.54 0.36 2.13 4.1 58.3 17.3 24.5

18

TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research

Nayapura 7.56 0.38 2.00 3.6 59.3 18.0 22.8 Porsa Kasmada 7.59 0.47 2.38 3.3 58.10 16.67 25.29 Bijalipura 7.73 0.40 2.13 3.5 61.50 14.58 23.62 Giddy 7.58 0.39 2.88 4.3 57.88 15.58 26.56 Joura Mai 7.63 0.40 2.58 3.9 56.4 19.4 23.9 Visangpura 7.66 0.42 1.92 3.6 57.9 16.3 26.3 Nidhan 7.60 0.36 1.88 4.1 60.1 16.4 23.2 Kailaras Torka 7.55 0.47 1.58 4.9 60.9 15.4 23.3 Khera 7.78 0.38 2.75 3.8 57.2 17.5 25.3 Bhatpura 7.78 0.47 2.71 4.4 58.2 17.8 24.3 Range 7.30 - 0.11 - 0.50 - 1.7-7.9 47.3 - 8.0 - 14.2 - 8.90 0.76 9.50 70.2 25.0 36.7 Mean 7.67 0.42 2.30 3.8 58.85 16.54 24.61 Table 2 Forms of potassium in different block of Morena district.

Block Name of village Water Exchangeable K Non- Lattice Total – soluble (mg kg -1) exchangeable –K (%) k(%) K(mg kg -1) K(mg kg -1) Morena Mudhiyakheda 11.9 115.5 984.1 1.17 1.28 Ganjrampur 11.2 109.1 896.8 1.20 1.31 Jigni 9.7 102.1 812.9 0.99 1.09 Ambah Kuthiyana 9.4 105.0 840.9 1.14 1.24 Beelpur 8.7 97.4 778.5 1.03 1.12 Nayapura 8.6 95.6 751.2 0.97 1.05 Porsa Kasmada 8.5 89.5 760.8 0.99 1.08 Bijalipura 9.3 75.7 656.3 0.94 1.01 Giddy 10.5 108.4 1003.6 1.24 1.35 Joura Mai 10.1 110.5 903.7 1.12 1.22 Visangpura 7.9 86.6 570.2 0.94 1.01 Nidhan 9.8 107.0 809.0 1.08 1.17 Kailaras Torka 10.3 112.5 861.4 0.99 1.09 Khera 10.2 111.8 923.1 1.26 1.37 Bhatpura 9.8 107.1 884.3 1.30 1.40 Range 4.2-19.2 34.0-186.0 291.3-1628.1 0.42- 0.45-2.11 1.95 Mean 9.6 101.1 820.0 1.08 1.17 Table 3 Coefficient of correlation (r) between forms of potassium and soil properties.

W.S. -K Ex. -K Non -ex. -K Lattice -K Total –K pH -0.126 -0.162* -0.138 -0.011 -0.012 E.C. -0.010 -0.045 -0.083 -0.054 -0.054 O.C. 0.586** 0.615** 0.579** 0.482** 0.500** CaCo3 -0.054 -0.077 -0.032 -0.031 -0.031 Sand -0.276** -0.314** -0.283** -0.389** -0.388** Silt 0.055 0.109 0.063 0.083 0.083 Clay 0.310** 0.311** 0.313** 0.428** 0.425** • Significant at P 0.05 & ** Significant at P 0.01*

19

TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research

Table 4 Correlation matrix of different forms of potassium.

W.S.-K Ex.-K Non-ex.-K Lattice -K Total –K W.S.-K - 0.953** 0.945** 0.725** 0.758** Ex.-K - - 0.965** 0.741** 0.774** Non-ex.-K - - 0.761** 0.795** Lattice –K - - 0.998** Total –K - - Inter- Relationship amongst Different potash – bearing minerals which might Forms of Potassium have materially contributed to its larger K A highly significant and positive reserve [4, 6] . relationship was found between water A highly significant (1% level) and soluble K and other forms of potassium. positive correlation was also found The results indicate(Table-4) that the between lattice K and total K, indicated positive significant coefficient of that there existed an equilibrium between correlation of water soluble K with these forms of K and depletion of one is exchangeable K (r=0.953**) and with non instantly replenished by one or more of the exchangeable K (r=0.945**), were other forms of K. observed in the soils of Morena district. References Positive and Significant 1. Arora, Sanjay and Chanhal, D.S. relationship between water soluble K and (2003). Distribution of Available exchangeable K and as well as in 1N Potassium in Banchmark Soils of HNO3 –K indicates the existence of Punjab in Relation to Soil dynamic equilibrium between these forms Characteristics. Journal of [4, 5] of K. . Potassium Research, 19 : 41-44. The correlation of coefficient 2. Chand, Subhash and B.N. Swami between forms of potassium indicated that (2000). Different forms of exchangeable K had significant positive potassium in some important soils correlation with non exchangeable K association of Bharatpur district of (r=0.965**) and total K (r=0.774**) in the Rajasthan. . Journal of Potassium soils of Morena district. Research, 16 : 59-61. Exchangeable K show Positive and 3. Chandrasekhara rao, C. and Significant relationship between 1 N Krishnamurthy, V. (2007). HNO3 and total K, indicates the existence Quantity-intensity relationship of of dynamic equilibrium between these potassium in fule-cured Virginia forms of K. these results are in agreement tobacco soils of Khammam district, with the many others [5,11,13 & 16] . Andhra Pradesh. Journal of Indian Non exchangeable K showed a Society of Soil Science, 55 (2): positive and highly significant correlation 212-215. with lattice K (r=0.761** and total K 4. Chaudhary, K. and B. Prasad (r=795**) in the soils of Morena district. (1997). Distribution of different This relationship indicates that forms of potassium in alluvial soils these soils contain significant amount of of Bihar (). Journal of

20

TECHNOFAME- A Journal of Multidisciplinary Advance Research

Potassium Research, 13: 3: 233- soils of Vidarbha, Maharashtra. 238. Journal of Maharashtra 5. Das, K. Dipak Sarkar and D.C. Agricultural University, 28 :3-7 Nayak (2000). Forms of potassium 13. Sharma, Anil; Jalali, V.K. Arya, and their distribution in some soils Vivek M; and Rai, Pradeep. (2009). representing red and laterite Distribution of various forms of ecosystem of West Bengal Journal potassium in soils representing of Potassium Research, 16:1- 6. intermediate zone of Jammu 6. Gangopadhyay, S.K; Sarkar, region. Journalof Indian Society of Dipak; Sahoo, A.K. and Das, K. Soil Science, 57 (2): 205-208. (2005). Forms and Distribution of 14. Sharma, Vikash and Sharma. K.N. Potassium in Some Soils of Ranchi (2001). Distribution of different Pletue. Journal of Indian Society Forms of Potassium in Potato of Soil Science 53 (3) : 413-415. Growing Soils of Punjab Journal of 7. Havlin, J.L., Beaton, J.D., Tisdale, Potassium Research, 17 : 112-115. S.L. and Nelson, W.L. (1999). Soil 15. Singh Kaptan; Malik, R.V.S. and fertility and fertilizers. Prentice – Singh, Vinay (2001). Distribution Hall International (UK) Limited, of Forms of Potassium in Alluvial London. Soils Journal of Potassium 8. Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Research, 17 : 116-118. chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of 16. Sonar, K.R. and Patil, Y.M. (1996). India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Forms of potassium influenced by 9. Kaskar, D.R; V.G. Salvi; B.S. Geology and Physiography of the Mayekar and D.J. Dabke (2001). soil in Maharashtra Journal of forms of potassium, their Potassium Research, 12 (3) 230- interrelationship with other soil 236. properties of inceptisols of west 17. Subbarao, A. Bhonsle, N.S.; Singh, coast of Maharashtra Journal of Muneshwar and Mishra, M.K. Potassium Research, 17 :23-27. (2007). Optimum and high rate of 10. Mandal, D. Dey, S.K. and Baruah, fertilizers and farmyard manure T. C. (2011). Forms of Potassium application on soybean- wheat and their distribution in rubber yields and dynamics of potassium growing soils of Tripura. Annals of in an alluvial soil Journal of Plant and Soil Research, 13 (2) : Potassium Research, 9 (1) : 22-30. 75-79. 11. Mishra, M.K. and Shrivastava, P.C. (1991). Depthwise of distribution of forms of potassium in some soil profiles of Garhwal Himalayas. Journal of Potassium Research, 7(2) : 75-84. 12. Padole, V.R. and S.B. Mahajan (2003). status and release behavior of potassium in some swell-shrink

21