Taming Distrust in the Decentralized Internet with PIXIU
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The Internet and Drug Markets
INSIGHTS EN ISSN THE INTERNET AND DRUG MARKETS 2314-9264 The internet and drug markets 21 The internet and drug markets EMCDDA project group Jane Mounteney, Alessandra Bo and Alberto Oteo 21 Legal notice This publication of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) is protected by copyright. The EMCDDA accepts no responsibility or liability for any consequences arising from the use of the data contained in this document. The contents of this publication do not necessarily reflect the official opinions of the EMCDDA’s partners, any EU Member State or any agency or institution of the European Union. Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers to your questions about the European Union Freephone number (*): 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you). More information on the European Union is available on the internet (http://europa.eu). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2016 ISBN: 978-92-9168-841-8 doi:10.2810/324608 © European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, 2016 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. This publication should be referenced as: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2016), The internet and drug markets, EMCDDA Insights 21, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg. References to chapters in this publication should include, where relevant, references to the authors of each chapter, together with a reference to the wider publication. For example: Mounteney, J., Oteo, A. and Griffiths, P. -
TRUST, but VERIFY: WHY the BLOCKCHAIN NEEDS the LAW Kevin Werbach†
TRUST, BUT VERIFY: WHY THE BLOCKCHAIN NEEDS THE LAW Kevin Werbach† ABSTRACT The blockchain could be the most consequential development in information technology since the Internet. Created to support the Bitcoin digital currency, the blockchain is actually something deeper: a novel solution to the age-old human problem of trust. Its potential is extraordinary. Yet, this approach may not promote trust at all without effective governance. Wholly divorced from legal enforcement, blockchain-based systems may be counterproductive or even dangerous. And they are less insulated from the law’s reach than it seems. The central question is not how to regulate blockchains but how blockchains regulate. They may supplement, complement, or substitute for legal enforcement. Excessive or premature application of rigid legal obligations will stymie innovation and forego opportunities to leverage technology to achieve public policy objectives. Blockchain developers and legal institutions can work together. Each must recognize the unique affordances of the other system. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15779/Z38H41JM9N © 2018 Kevin Werbach. † Associate Professor of Legal Studies and Business Ethics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. Email: [email protected]. Thanks to Dan Hunter for collaborating to develop the ideas that gave rise to this Article, and to Sarah Light, Patrick Murck, and participants in the 2017 Lastowka Cyberlaw Colloquium and 2016 TPRC Conference for comments on earlier drafts. 488 BERKELEY TECHNOLOGY LAW JOURNAL [Vol. 33:487 -
Beaver: a Decentralized Anonymous Marketplace with Secure Reputation
Beaver: A Decentralized Anonymous Marketplace with Secure Reputation Kyle Soska∗ Albert Kwon∗ Nicolas Christin Srinivas Devadas CMU MIT CMU MIT [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—Amid growing concerns of government surveillance they strive to avail reputation systems with strong privacy and and corporate data sharing, web users increasingly demand tools anonymity guarantees, and have proven to be economically for preserving their privacy without placing trust in a third viable. To achieve the desired anonymity properties, online party. Unfortunately, existing centralized reputation systems need anonymous marketplaces build on a combination of network- to be trusted for either privacy, correctness, or both. Existing level anonymity—often running as Tor hidden services [20] decentralized approaches, on the other hand, are either vulner- or i2p “eep sites” [3]—and payment-level anonymity, using able to Sybil attacks, present inconsistent views of the network, or leak critical information about the actions of their users. pseudonymous digital payment systems such as Bitcoin [36]. In this paper, we present Beaver, a decentralized anonymous However, similar to “traditional” online marketplaces such marketplace that is resistant against Sybil attacks on vendor as eBay, an online anonymous marketplace remains a cen- reputation, while preserving user anonymity. Beaver allows its tralized service. It thus needs to be trusted for availability as participants to enjoy open enrollment, and provides every user customers cannot query item listings or reviews if it is not with the same global view of the reputation of other users through online; it needs to be trusted for correctness, i.e., not inject fake public ledger based consensus. -
Blockchain for Dummies® Published By: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774
Blockchain Blockchain by Tiana Laurence Blockchain For Dummies® Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/ permissions. Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. -
Openbazaar Is a Decentralized Commerce System
SED 457 Transcript EPISODE 457 [INTRODUCTION] [0:00:00.3] JM: Cryptocurrencies give us a decentralized financial system. OpenBazaar is a decentralized commerce system. A merchant can log on to OpenBazaar and post a listing for an item. For example, a t-shirt that I want to sell for $15. My item listing will spread throughout the OpenBazaar, peer-to-peer network. A shopper can download the OpenBazaar desktop application and see my listing for a t-shirt. The shopper can pay me $15 in Bitcoin and I will send the t-shirt to their address. If I were selling that shirt on Amazon, the corporation would take a cut of that transaction. OpenBazaar has no transaction costs, so users get to save some money. However, users also miss out on the benefits of a corporate marketplace. Amazon makes sure that the seller will send the item to the buyer and makes sure that the buyer pays the seller. On OpenBazaar an escrow system is needed to place money in the hands of a neutral third party until the goods are delivered. Amazon ensures that the distributor sends the item to the customer. On OpenBazaar, users need to figure out how to send those goods to each other. Brian Hoffman was the first developer to start working on OpenBazaar, and the project has grown significantly since his initial commit. OpenBazaar now has buyers and sellers and open source committers, and there’s a clear desire for an open system of commerce. Brian is also the CEO of OB1, a company that provides services on top of OpenBazaar. -
Implementacija I Primjene Inter Planetary File System
pd.tvz.hr POLYTECHNIC & DESIGN Vol. 5, No. 2, 2017. POLYTECHNIC & DESIGN Vol. 5, No. 2, 2017. DOI: 10.19279/TVZ.PD.2017-5-2-09 INTER PLANETARNI PODATKOVNI SUSTAV - IMPLEMENTACIJA I PRIMJENE INTER PLANETARY FILE SYSTEM - IMPLEMENTATION AND APPLICATIONS Mario Kamenjak1, Gordan Davidović2 1Tehničko veleučilište u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska, Student 2Tehničko veleučilište u Zagrebu, Zagreb, Hrvatska Sažetak This paper analyzes the IPFS implementation, IPFS je peer to peer distribuirani podatkovni it explains the problems that IPFS is trying to sustav kojemu je cilj spojiti sva računala u solve with its own application. It looks at already jedan podatkovni sustav. Da bi to ostvario existing applications that use IPFS and it suggests koristi koncepte uzete iz Git-a i Bittorrenta. directions for future papers and research. U poglavlju implementacije IPFS-a će se Keywords: IPFS, Web, Internet, peer to peer, razjasniti korištene funkcionalnosti IPFS-a, protocol neke podatkovne strukture i korištene druge tehnologije. U poglavlju problematike današnjeg weba će se razjasniti detaljno neki problemi 1. Uvod koje IPFS pokušava riješiti, i način kako ih 1. Introduction rješava. U poglavlju primjene se objašnjava kako IPFS instalirati na razne platforme, ali Bilo je mnogo pokušaja u konstruiranju isto tako se pokazuju određena već postojeća globalnog distribuiranog podatkovnog sustava. programska rješenja za IPFS. Ovaj rad analizira Neki su bili uspješni, a neki neuspješni. implementaciju IPFS-a, objašnjava probleme Jedan od uspješnijih akademskih pokušaja je koje IPFS svojom primjenom nastoji prevladati. Andrew file system(AFS). Izvan akademije su Pregledava već postojeće aplikacije koje koriste najveći uspjeh imali sustavi orijentirani prema IPFS i predlaže smjerove za daljnje radove i dijeljenju velikih datoteka poput BitTorrenta, istraživanja. -
Blockchain Technology: Possibilities for the U.S. Postal Service
Cover Blockchain Technology: Possibilities for the U.S. Postal Service RARC Report Report Number RARC-WP-16-011 May 23, 2016 Blockchain technology allows peers to exchange money directly Executive without the need for a traditional financial intermediary, lowering Highlights the cost and increasing the speed of transactions. However, it is Summary Blockchain technology has the potential to disrupt proving to be much more than a way to transfer monetary value. services that traditionally require intermediaries. At its core, blockchain technology is a way to transfer any kind of information in a fast, tracked, and secure way. Originally created to transfer financial value, specifically within the context of the peer-to-peer The technology is only in the early stages of development and currency known as Bitcoin, blockchain is now viewed it is hard to recognize its full potential at this formative stage. as having the potential to be an efficient and secure However, developers are beginning to explore blockchain way to transfer any kind of information. solutions outside of financial services. These new applications Mainstream banks, governments, and other include property transfers, the execution of contracts, companies are starting to experiment with how authentication services, network and device management, and they can use blockchain technology in financial records management. applications and in new application areas such as property transfers, authentication services, and Despite their novelty, blockchain applications are gaining records management. mainstream traction. Major banks, such as Citibank and JPMorgan Chase, and government entities, such as the U.K. and Because blockchain technology may disrupt areas in which the Postal Service currently does business, Estonian governments and Australia Post, are experimenting it may be wise to begin studying its impact and with how blockchain technology can help them keep better experimenting with its future possibilities. -
A Censorship Resistant Web Annotations System Using IPFS and Ethereum
DClaims: A Censorship Resistant Web Annotations System using IPFS and Ethereum João Santosy, Nuno Santosy, David Diasz yINESC-ID / Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa zProtocol Labs [email protected],[email protected],[email protected] ABSTRACT social networks for content dissemination tends to narrow down The proliferation of unreliable and biased information is a sig- users’ world view which is molded according to the information nificant problem on the Internet. To assess the credibility ofthe displayed to them by the platform and will ultimately impair users’ information retrieved from news websites and other sources, users ability to freely and openly access important information. As such, often resort to social platforms looking for confirmation with trust- our goal is to study an alternative approach to social networks as a worthy parties. However, users may be faced with considerable way to offering users unrestricted access to information. obstacles posed by the platform provider, who can prevent access Over the last few years, blockchain [42] has emerged as a pow- to certain content. This paper presents DClaims, a system that pro- erful technology to avoid the dependency on centralized parties for vides a censorship-resistant distributed service for the exchange preserving the integrity of globally shared state. Used for multiple of information over the Internet using web annotations. DClaims’ applications [19], we hypothesize that blockchain can also serve as fully decentralized architecture relies on Inter-Planetary File Sys- a corner stone for overcoming the censorship policies potentially tem (IPFS) and Ethereum blockchain, both of which offer desirable implemented by social networks and other centralized informa- censorship resistant properties. -
Blockchain for Supply Chains and International Trade
Blockchain for supply chains and international trade STUDY Panel for the Future of Science and Technology EPRS | European Parliamentary Research Service Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) PE 641.544 – May 2020 EN Blockchain for supply chains and international trade Report on key features, impacts and policy options This study provides an analysis of blockchain technology in the context of international trade. It analyses the potential impacts of blockchain development and applications in eight use cases for supply chains and international trade. It also provides an analysis of the current legislative framework and existing initiatives. Based on this analysis, and following a broad consultation of relevant organisations, the study identifies several challenges in international trade documentation and processes, and presents a range of policy options for the European Parliament. STOA | Panel for the Future of Science and Technology AUTHORS This study was written by Bertrand Copigneaux, Nikita Vlasov and Emarildo Bani of IDATE DigiWorld, N ikolay Tcholtchev and Philipp Lämmel of Fraunhofer Institute for Open Communication Systems, Michael Fuenfzig, Simone Snoeijenbos and Michael Flickenschild from Ecorys, and Martina Piantoni and Simona Frazzani from Grimaldi Studio Legale at the request of the Panel for the Future of Science and Technology (STOA) and managed by the Scientific Foresight Unit, within the Directorate-General for Parliamentary Research Services (EPRS) of the Secretariat of the European Parliament. ADMINISTRATOR RESPONSIBLE Philip Boucher, Scientific Foresight Unit (STOA) To contact the publisher, please e-mail [email protected] LINGUISTIC VERSION Original: EN Manuscript completed in May 2020. DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT This document is prepared for, and addressed to, the Members and staff of the European Parliament as background material to assist them in their parliamentary work. -
From Dealer to Doorstep – How Drugs Are Sold on the Dark Net Alois Afilipoaie and Patrick Shortis
GDPO Situation Analysis June 2015 From Dealer to Doorstep – How Drugs Are Sold On the Dark Net Alois Afilipoaie and Patrick Shortis Subject The growing trade in narcotics being sold over the Tor Dark Net is causing academics, law enforcement and policy makers to reassess the impact of ICT technology on real-world crime. Despite growing media attention there are many misconceptions about the difficulty involved and technical knowledge required to participate in these markets and successfully make a sale or purchase. This Situation Analysis aims to explain some of the common practices that vendors and customers alike undertake in order to conduct a secure purchase or sale. The Common Starting Point: Computer Security Regardless of buying or selling, both parties must first ensure their computer system is properly secure before engaging in illicit activity. An average internet user leaves data trails that law enforcement can follow and therefore understanding how to obfuscate or remove these trails altogether is a constant concern of Dark Net market participants. Tor1, Bitcoin2 and PGP (Pretty Good Encryption) 3 encryption are three key technologies that allow successful participation in Dark Net markets. • Tor - Makes tracking a user via their IP address very difficult by bouncing encrypted data through relays prior to their intended destination. • Bitcoin - Allows members to use a currency that is difficult to trace to a real-world identity and easy to launder online. • PGP - Allows messages that might be intercepted by third parties to remain unreadable by anyone who is not the intended recipient of the message, rendering attempts to intercept and read messages between users extremely difficult. -
A Policymaker's Guide to Blockchain
A Policymaker’s Guide to Blockchain ALAN MCQUINN AND DANIEL CASTRO APRIL 2019 Policymakers can and should do more to support blockchain innovation and adoption, such as ensuring regulations are targeted and flexible, so as to encourage blockchain experimentation. KEY TAKEAWAYS Blockchain is a powerful new technology that creates a distributed digital ledger that allows multiple parties to engage in secure, trusted transactions with one another without an intermediary. Blockchain is best suited for certain types of applications, including cryptocurrencies, shared data services, smart contracts applications, decentralized marketplaces, authenticity tracking, and digital identity. Governments can and should do more to support blockchain innovation and adoption, including by supporting public sector adoption, creating a flexible regulatory environment to allow experimentation, and using targeted regulatory enforcement. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY & INNOVATION FOUNDATION PAGE 1 INTRODUCTION The Internet era has enabled many types of transactions to become digital, such as financial deposits and withdrawals, but records of these transactions are still maintained by a centralized gatekeeping organization, such as a bank. Blockchain is a powerful new technology that creates a distributed digital ledger—a database—that allows multiple parties to engage in secure, trusted transactions with one another without an intermediary. For example, blockchain has enabled the creation of “cryptocurrencies,” which are digital currencies created without a central monetary authority people can use to send money electronically, without banks. However, blockchain has many other uses that create opportunities for both public and private organizations to boost productivity, open new markets, and disrupt legacy business models. Policymakers should accelerate the adoption of blockchain by promoting government use of the technology and modernizing regulations to ensure policy does not hold back positive uses of the technology. -
Blockchain for Dummies
Blockchain For Dummies® Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com Copyright © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey Published simultaneously in Canada No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions . Trademarks: Wiley, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related trade dress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS. THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOT ENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES.