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Investigación De La Eficiencia Del Método De Inyección De Proyectiles Para Abastecer Dispositivos De Fusión Nuclear Por Confinamiento Magnético

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Investigación De La Eficiencia Del Método De Inyección De Proyectiles Para Abastecer Dispositivos De Fusión Nuclear Por Confinamiento Magnético ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS Y ENERGÍA Titulación: GRADUADO EN INGENIERÍA DE LA ENERGÍA Itinerario: Tecnologías Energéticas PROYECTO DE FIN DE GRADO DEPARTAMENTO DE ENERGÍA Y COMBUSTIBLES INVESTIGACIÓN DE LA EFICIENCIA DEL MÉTODO DE INYECCIÓN DE PROYECTILES PARA ABASTECER DISPOSITIVOS DE FUSIÓN NUCLEAR POR CONFINAMIENTO MAGNÉTICO MIGUEL CALVO CARRERA JULIO DE 2018 ESCUELA TÉCNICA SUPERIOR DE INGENIEROS DE MINAS Y ENERGÍA Titulación: GRADUADO EN INGENIERÍA DE LA ENERGÍA Itinerario: Tecnologías energéticas Investigación de la eficiencia del método de inyección de proyectiles para abastecer dispositivos de fusión nuclear por confinamiento magnético Realizado por Miguel Calvo Carrera Dirigido por Félix José Salazar Bloise y Kieran Joseph McCarthy Laboratorio Nacional de Fusión (CIEMAT) Agradecimientos En primer lugar, me resulta obligado agradecerle a Kieran McCarthy la posibilidad de haber realizado este proyecto, con acceso a datos experimentales, y bajo su tutela y valiosa ayuda. Además, quiero agradecer a todo el personal del TJ-II y del CIEMAT que he conocido en estos meses, en base al trato recibido y a su disposición a ayudarme. En lo académico, quiero agradecerle a Félix Salazar el interés vertido en este proyecto, y su ayuda a lo largo de estos años. Así, también me gustaría agradecer su labor a todo el personal dedicado y apasionado que he conocido en estos años en la universidad. En lo personal, gracias a mi madre, a Juan, a Óscar, a María Luisa, a mi padre, a mi familia y amigos y, cómo no, a Irene. ÍNDICE Resumen……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………VI Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..VI Documento I: Memoria 1. Introducción................................................................................................................. 2 1.1 Objetivos y alcance ....................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Definiciones ................................................................................................................... 3 1.3 La fusión nuclear en el panorama energético mundial................................................. 4 1.3.1 El abastecimiento de la demanda energética a través de las tecnologías de generación actuales .............................................................................................. 4 1.3.2 La fusión nuclear como solución al problema energético ..................................... 8 1.3.3 Los comienzos y las filosofías de aprovechamiento de la fusión nuclear .............. 9 1.4 Tecnología y problemática de los reactores de fusión por confinamiento magnético…. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 12 1.4.1 Reactores por FCM .............................................................................................. 12 1.4.2 Problemática de los reactores ............................................................................. 16 1.4.3 Solución al abastecimiento de combustible a través de la inyección de proyectiles ............................................................................................................................. 19 1.5 Estado del arte ............................................................................................................ 21 1.5.1 Reactores por FCM .............................................................................................. 21 1.5.2 La inyección de proyectiles .................................................................................. 24 2. Bases teóricas ............................................................................................................ 32 2.1 Introducción a la física del reactor .............................................................................. 32 2.2 Procesos físicos experimentados por el proyectil ....................................................... 35 3. Instalaciones experimentales...................................................................................... 40 3.1 El CIEMAT y el TJ-II ...................................................................................................... 40 3.2 El inyector de proyectiles y sus diagnósticos asociados ............................................. 44 4. Resultados experimentales y análisis .......................................................................... 49 4.1 Descripción del experimento desarrollado ................................................................. 49 I 4.2 Descripción de los distintos ficheros de datos generados en los experimentos y de su tratamiento con MATLAB ............................................................................................ 53 4.2.1 Sección 1 .............................................................................................................. 53 4.2.2 Sección 2 .............................................................................................................. 54 4.2.3 Sección 3 .............................................................................................................. 55 4.2.4 Sección 4 .............................................................................................................. 55 4.2.5 Sección 5 .............................................................................................................. 57 4.2.6 Sección 6 .............................................................................................................. 58 4.2.7 Sección 7 .............................................................................................................. 59 4.3 Presentación y discusión de los resultados................................................................. 60 4.3.1 Cálculos de eficiencia ........................................................................................... 60 4.3.2 Aumentos de densidad alcanzados ..................................................................... 64 4.3.3 Mejora en los valores de penetración en el plasma ............................................ 68 4.4 Resumen de los resultados ......................................................................................... 72 5. Conclusiones y trabajos futuros .................................................................................. 74 5.1 Conclusiones ............................................................................................................... 74 5.2 Trabajos futuros .......................................................................................................... 74 6. Bibliografía ................................................................................................................ 76 Documento II: Estudio económico 1. Planificación............................................................................................................... 85 2. Presupuesto ............................................................................................................... 88 3. Estudio de viabilidad .................................................................................................. 90 II Índice de figuras Documento I: Memoria Figura 1: Vista esquemática de los elementos fundamentales de un Tokamak ......................... 13 Figura 2: Esquema de disposición de las bobinas de los tres tipos fundamentales de Stellarator ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Figura 3: Evolución histórica del "Triple producto de Lawson" (en Tokamaks) ......................... 22 Figura 4: Récords de potencia generada y ganancias alcanzada ................................................ 22 Figura 5: Esquema de los sistemas de inyección de proyectiles instalados en el reactor DIII-D a lo largo de los años.. .................................................................................................................... 25 Figura 6: Secuencia de formación de proyectiles criogénicos por el método Pipe Gun ............. 27 Figura 7: Extrusor de tornillo simple para la formación de proyectiles criogénicos de manera estacionaria (desarrollado por PELIN). ........................................................................................ 27 Figura 8: Modelo del TJ-II. ........................................................................................................... 42 Figura 9: Esquema de los principales diagnósticos y sistemas relacionados con el PI del TJ-II. 43 Figura 10: Esquema del PI y sus diagnósticos asociados acoplados en el TJ-II.. ......................... 44 Figura 11: Fotografía del sistema PI hasta los tubos guía, durante las pruebas realizadas en el ORNL ............................................................................................................................................ 44 Figura 12: Evolución temporal de los principales parámetros relacionados con la generación de plasma en el disparo 46515 del TJ-II. .......................................................................................... 50 Figura 13: Evolución temporal de los principales parámetros relacionados con la inyección de un proyectil en el disparo 46515 del TJ-II. ................................................................................. 51 Figura 14: Comparativa de la densidad medida por el interferómetro de microondas, entre el disparo con inyección 46515 y un disparo de referencia sin inyección 46513. .......................... 52 Figura 15: Representación gráfica de la densidad
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