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Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Nomenclature of Aliphatic/Acyclic compounds Line-Angle Formula (Skeletal Structure or Stick Figure): Very handy for writing organic structures, mostly for cyclic compoounds. Carbon atoms are assumed to be present wherever two lines meet or a line begins or ends. N, O, X, S (heteroatoms) are shown while C, H are not shown. H is shown onto a heteroatom. O O CH3 C NH NH CH OH OH CH CH H3C = CH3 C CH3 H3C CH3 Alkanes Rule: Longest continuous carbon chain bearing maximum number of branches, numbered in the direction in which any alkyl branch is met first (Lowest Set of Locant Rules). Name of alkyl branches written first with alphabetic order followed by Word Root + ane(primary suffix). The first letter of the complex branch is considered for alphabetic ordering. For simple branch the multiplying prefixes di-, tri-, tetra- are not considered for alphabetic ordring. Complex branches are multiplied with the prefix bis, tris, tetrakis, pentakis etc. Locants are separated by commas and no space in between branches and parent alkane. If the set of locants is same from both side, then the alphabetically senior branch gets the lower locant. branches + alk + ane Examples: Lower Set of Locants Rule: CH3 CH3 7 5 2 4 CH CH 8 6 CH2 CH2 1 3 CH2 CH2 4 CH 5 CH H3C CH CH 3 H3C CH CH 3 3 1 6 8 CH3 CH3 CH2 2 CH3 CH2 7 CH3 CH2 CH2 4-ethyl-6,7-dimethyloctane(wrong) 5-ethyl-2,3-dimethyloctane(correct) CH3 2 4 6 8 10 1 CH2 3 CH 5 CH2 7 CH2 9 CH3 9 7 5 3 1 H3C CH CH2 CH2 CH 10 8 6 4 2 CH3 CH3 3,4,9-trimethyldecane (wrong) (not lower set: begininng with 3) 2,7,8-trimethyldecane (correct) (Lower set: beginning with 2) Dr. S.S.Tripathy Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Same Set of Locants: Alphabetic Serniority: CH3 3-methyl-4-ethylhexane (wrong) 5 CH2 1 3 3-ethyl-4-methylhexan (correct) CH2 4 CH 2 CH3 2' 6' 6 CH 4' H3C 3' CH2 1' 5' CH3 Branching Rule: CH3 CH3 2 4 6 2 4 CH 7 CH 1 3 CH2 CH2 1 3 CH2 CH2 5 CH 5 CH H3C CH CH 3 H3C CH CH 3 6 CH3 (wrong) CH3 (correct) CH CH 7 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 2,3-dimethyl-5-propan-2-ylheptane(wrong) 5-ethyl-2,3,6-trimethylheptane(correct) The first one violates the branching rule. In 2nd one, the longest chain has largest number branches attached to it. 8' 7' CH3 H C CH CH 8 3 2' 3 2 4 6 CH3 7 CH CH 5 CH 1' 3 CH H 3 C CH CH 2 C CH3 CH3 H C 3 1 CH3 CH3 6-ethyl-2,2,4,5-tetramethyl-3,7-bis(propan-2-yl)octane N.B: propan-2-yl is a complex branch to be discussed below. Line Structure of Alkanes: 1 H3C 2 CH3 CH CH3 7 3 5 CH3 CH 4 CH 6 CH2 8 = CH2 CH CH CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 3,4-diethyl-2,5,6-trimethyloctane SAQ I. 1: Give the IUPAC names of the following: CH3 CH2 CH3 H3CCHCH2 CH3 CH CH CH CH3 3 CH2 (i) H3C CH (ii) (iii) H3CC CH3 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3 Dr. S.S.Tripathy Nomenclature of Organic Compounds CH3 H3C CH CH3 3 CH3 CH3 CH CH2 H CCCH H CC CCH (iv) (v) 3 3 (vi) 3 3 H3C CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH3 (vii) (viii) SAQ I.2: Give the structural formula of the following compounds. (i)2,3-dimethylpentane (ii)3-methylhexane (iii)2,2,4-trimethylhexane (iv)2-methylpropane SAQ I.3: Some incorrect names are given. Write the structure of alkanes from them. Also give the correct names. (i)3-methylbutane (ii)2-ethylpropane (iii)4,5-dimethylhexane Naming a complex branch: Latest Rule: Numbering made from one terminal to the other giving lower locant to -yl. When locant of -yl is 1, then the suffix ‘ane’ is replaced by ‘yl’ and the loacnt 1 is dropped. For example, propyl, butyl, etc instead of prop-1-yl, but-1-yl. Simple alkyl groups like methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl in which the locant of -yl is 1 are called simple branches. All other alkyl branches containing subbranches of simple alkyl groups like 2-methylpropyl or having locant of -yl other than 1 like propan-2-yl etc. are considered as complex branches. The first letter of the complex branches is considered for alphabetic numbering which includes di-, tri-etc. Such branches are multiplied by the prefixes bis, tris, tetrakis etc. When locant of ‘yl’ is not 1, then letter ‘e’ of ‘ane’ is replaced by ‘yl’,with the locant of ‘yl’ prefixing it. For example propan-2-yl etc. 3 2 3 2 1 CH3 CH CH3 CH2 CH2 1 CH 3 propyl propan-2-yl 4 3 2 4 3 2 1 CH3 CH2 CH CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 1 CH3 butyl butan-2-yl 1 CH CH3 3 CH3 3 1 3 3 2 2 1 2 CH CH CH CH C CH CH3 C 3 2 3 2 CH CH3 2-methylpropyl 3 2-methylpropan-2-yl 2,2-dimethylpropyl Dr. S.S.Tripathy Nomenclature of Organic Compounds Old Rule: The carbon atom of the alkyl branch directly bonded to the principal carbon chain is numbered 1’ to find the longest chain. Ultimately prime over the locant is dropped once it is put insidie parenthesis. CH CH CH 3 3 3 2' 1' CH3 C CH3 CH CH3 CH2 CH 2' 1' 3' 2' 1' CH3 1-methylethyl 1-methylpropyl 1,1-dimethylethyl isopropyl(propan-2-yl) sec-butyl(butan-2-yl) tert-butyl(2-methylpropan-2-yl) CH3 CH3 3' 2' 1' CH3 C CH2 CH3 CH CH2 3' 2' 1' CH3 2- methylpropyl 2,2-dimethylpropyl isobutyl neopentyl 2-methylpropyl and 2,2-dimethylpropyl remain the same for both old and new conventions. N.B: Many text books still use the old convention of naming a complex alkyl branch(1,1-dimethylethyl). The names like isobutyl, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl are also used in some texts in IUPAC naming. So the student should not take much critically on this aspect. Remember that a structure can have more than one IUPAC names out of which one is PIN(Preferred IUPAC Name) as per the latest conventions but one name can have a unique structure. Two branches having same initial words: When two groups have same initial words(or letters), the longer branch gets the higher locant. Beween methyl and methylpropyl the former gets a lower locant. 3' 1' 2 4 2' 10 12 3 5 1 6 7 8 2' 9 1' 3' 11 6-methyl-8-(2-methylpropan-2-yl)-5-(2-methylpropyl)dodecane (latest) 8-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-methyl-5-(2-methylpropyl)dodecane (old) 8-(tert-butyl)-5-isobutyl-6-methyldodecane (old) If you write according to old system, then for complex branch the prefixes di-, tri- are considered for alphabetic ordering as in the new convention. Using the common names of the alkyl groups, the prefix tert- and sec- are not considered while the prefixes iso and neo are considered for alphabetic ordering. 3' 1' 2' 2 4 10 12 3 5 1 6 7 8 9 11 6,6-bis(2,2-dimethylpropyl)dodecane 2' 1' 3' A complex branch has to be multiplied with the prefixes bis, tris etc. (not di, tri etc.) Dr. S.S.Tripathy Nomenclature of Organic Compounds SHORT REPRESENTATIONS OF SOME COMMON ALKYL GROUPS: The following abbreviations are used for the alkyl groups written against their names. methyl Me isobutyl i-Bu ethyl Et sec-butyl s-Bu n-propyl n-Pr tert-butyl t-Bu isopropyl i-Pr n-butyl n-Bu SAQ I.4: Give the IUPAC names of the following compounds shown in line drawings. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi) (vii) (viii) (Rule for naming compound (viii): When two or more longest chains containing same number of branches and same set of locants for the branches compete with each other, IUPAC recommends that the longest chain which contains greatest number of carbon atoms in the branches is correct. (ix) (ix) (x) Dr. S.S.Tripathy Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (xi) (xii) (xiii) SAQ I.5: Draw the line structures for the following molecules. (i) 5-(2-methylpropy)dodecane (ii) 4-(propan-2-yl)-4-propylnonane (iii) 5-(butan-2-yl)-5-(propan-2-yl)decane (iv) 4,4-bis-(2-methylpropan-2-yl)heptane (v) 3-ethyl-6-(5-methylhexan-3-yl)-8-(propan-2-yl)undecane Answers to SAQs SAQ I.1 (i) 2,3-dimethylpentane(ii)3-methylpentane 5 CH3 4 CH CH3 3 (iii) H3CC CH3 3,3,4-trimethylpentane(wrong); the set of locants =3,3,4 which is higher 1 2 CH2 CH3 2,3,3-tripmethylpentane(correct) , The set of locants 2,3,3 is lower and is correct.. 1 7 CH3 7 CH3 H3C H3C 2 6 CH 6 CH3 3 CH CH CH2 CH2 1 3 3 5 5 (iv) CH (correct); H C 2 CH (wrong) H3C 4 CH 3 4 CH CH2 CH CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 3 The second one is violating the branching rule. In the first, there are more number of branches attached to the main chain. Count for yourself to verify.
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    UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations 1-1-2007 Drug-related mortality: Postmortem findings in Clark County, Nevada for 2005 Melanie Lee Gulmatico University of Nevada, Las Vegas Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/rtds Repository Citation Gulmatico, Melanie Lee, "Drug-related mortality: Postmortem findings in Clark County, Nevada for 2005" (2007). UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations. 2110. http://dx.doi.org/10.25669/jq0h-bm62 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by Digital Scholarship@UNLV with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in UNLV Retrospective Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Scholarship@UNLV. For more information, please contact [email protected]. DRUG-RELATED MORTALITY: POSTMORTEM FINDINGS IN CLARK COUNTY, NEVADA FOR 2005 By Melanie Lee Gulmatico Bachelor of Science University of Nevada, Las Vegas 2005 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Public Health Degree School of Public Health Division of Health Sciences Graduate College University of Nevada, Las Vegas May 2007 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 1443758 INFORMATION TO USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted.
  • Pesticides Act 1974

    Pesticides Act 1974

    LAWS OF MALAYSIA ONLINE VERSION OF UPDATED TEXT OF REPRINT Act 149 PESTICIDES ACT 1974 As at 1 June 2015 2 PESTICIDES ACT 1974 Date of Royal Assent … … … … 30 July 1974 Date of Publication in the Gazzette … … 29 August 1974 Latest amendment made by P.U. (A) 235/2011 which came into operation on … … … … 12 July 2011 PREVIOUS REPRINTS First Reprint ... ... ... ... ... 1983 Second Reprint ... ... ... ... ... 1997 Third Reprint ... ... ... ... ... 2001 Fourth Reprint ... ... ... ... ... 2006 3 LAWS OF MALAYSIA Act 149 PESTICIDES ACT 1974 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART I PRELIMINARY Section 1. Short title, application and commencement 2. Interpretation PART II THE PESTICIDES BOARD 3. Establishment of the Board 4. Alternate members 5. Provision of facilities by Ministry 6. Proceedings of the Board PART III CONTROL OF IMPORTATION AND MANUFACTURE OF PESTICIDES BY REGISTRATION AND PERMIT 7. Application for registration of pesticides 8. Registration and refusal to register 9. Period of registration 10. Power to cancel registration 10A. Registrant shall inform Board about adverse effects of pesticide 4 Laws Of Malaysia ACT 149 Section 11. Appeal against decision of Board 12. Gazetting of pesticides 13. Prohibitions as to importation and manufacture, and penalty 14. Importation of pesticides for educational or research purposes 14A. Research or experiment on unregistered pesticides synthesized in Malaysia PART IV CONTROL OF MANUFACTURE, SALE AND STORAGE OF PESTICIDES BY LICENSING 15. Licence to manufacture pesticides 16. Appointment of Pesticides Licensing Officers 17. Licence to sell or store pesticides 18. Revocation and suspension of licence 19. Appeal against decision of Board or Pesticides Licensing Officer 20. Offences relating to manufacture, sale, and storage for sale PART V CONTROL OF PRESENCE OF PESTICIDES IN FOOD 21.