Imaging of Skull Base
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MR Imaging of the Orbital Apex
J Korean Radiol Soc 2000;4 :26 9-0 6 1 6 MR Imaging of the Orbital Apex: An a to m y and Pat h o l o g y 1 Ho Kyu Lee, M.D., Chang Jin Kim, M.D.2, Hyosook Ahn, M.D.3, Ji Hoon Shin, M.D., Choong Gon Choi, M.D., Dae Chul Suh, M.D. The apex of the orbit is basically formed by the optic canal, the superior orbital fis- su r e , and their contents. Space-occupying lesions in this area can result in clinical d- eficits caused by compression of the optic nerve or extraocular muscles. Even vas c u l a r changes in the cavernous sinus can produce a direct mass effect and affect the orbit ap e x. When pathologic changes in this region is suspected, contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat saturation is very useful. According to the anatomic regions from which the lesions arise, they can be classi- fied as belonging to one of five groups; lesions of the optic nerve-sheath complex, of the conal and intraconal spaces, of the extraconal space and bony orbit, of the cav- ernous sinus or diffuse. The characteristic MR findings of various orbital lesions will be described in this paper. Index words : Orbit, diseases Orbit, MR The apex of the orbit is a complex region which con- tains many nerves, vessels, soft tissues, and bony struc- Anatomy of the orbital apex tures such as the superior orbital fissure and the optic canal (1-3), and is likely to be involved in various dis- The orbital apex region consists of the optic nerve- eases (3). -
Craniotomy for Anterior Cranial Fossa Meningiomas: Historical Overview
Neurosurg Focus 36 (4):E14, 2014 ©AANS, 2014 Craniotomy for anterior cranial fossa meningiomas: historical overview SAUL F. MORALES-VALERO, M.D., JAMIE J. VAN GOMPEL, M.D., IOANNIS LOUMIOTIS, M.D., AND GIUSEPPE LANZINO, M.D. Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Medical School, Rochester, Minnesota The surgical treatment of meningiomas located at the base of the anterior cranial fossa is often challenging, and the evolution of the surgical strategy to resect these tumors parallels the development of craniotomy, and neurosur- gery in general, over the past century. Early successful operations to treat these tumors were pioneered by prominent figures such as Sir William Macewen and Francesco Durante. Following these early reports, Harvey Cushing made significant contributions, allowing a better understanding and treatment of meningiomas in general, but particularly those involving the anterior cranial base. Initially, large-sized unilateral or bilateral craniotomies were necessary to approach these deep-seated lesions. Technical advances such as the introduction of electrosurgery, the operating microscope, and refined microsurgical instruments allowed neurosurgeons to perform less invasive surgical proce- dures with better results. Today, a wide variety of surgical strategies, including endoscopic surgery and radiosurgery, are used to treat these tumors. In this review, the authors trace the evolution of craniotomy for anterior cranial fossa meningiomas. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2014.1.FOCUS13569) KEY WORDS • intracranial meningiomas • craniotomy • history • anterior cranial fossa ENINGIOMAS of the anterior cranial fossa represent has a few distinct clinical features. However, in practice, 12%–20% of all intracranial meningiomas.5,30 this group of tumors often represents a continuum. -
Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Optic Foramen in North Indian Population
Published online: 26.06.2019 THIEME Original Article 53 Anatomical and Morphometric Study of Optic Foramen in North Indian Population Ajay Kumar1 Alok Tripathi1 Shilpi Jain1 Satyam Khare1 Ram Kumar Kaushik1 Hina Kausar1 Saurabh Arora1 1Department of Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Swami Address for correspondence Alok Tripathi, MS, Department of Vivekanand Subharti, University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India Anatomy, Subharti Medical College, Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut 250005, Uttar Pradesh, India (e-mail: [email protected]). Natl J Clin Anat 2019;8:53–56 Abstract Introduction Optic canal connects orbit to middle cranial fossa. Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery pass through this canal. The aim of the present study is to make morphometric and anatomical observations of endocranial opening of optic canal. Materials and Methods The observations were conducted on 30 dry adult human skulls. The observations were made on shape, margins, confluence, septations, dimensions, and distance of optic foramen from apex of petrous temporal bone. Result and Statistical Analysis On morphometric observation, transverse diameter (TD) was 6.00 mm and 6.15 mm on the left and the right side, respectively. The vertical diameter (VD) was 5.14 mm on the left side and 4.82 mm on the right side. The distance of optic foramen to apex of petrous temporal bone was 21.84 mm on the Keywords left side and 21.90 mm on the right side. The mean, standard deviation, range, and ► optic foramen p value were measured by using SPSS software version 19.00. ► dry skull Conclusion In the present study we attempt to provide a comprehensive anatomical ► morphometry and morphometric data of optic foramen that may help ophthalmologists and ► dimensions neurosurgeons during surgery. -
Ardipithecus Ramidus and the Evolution of the Human Cranial Base
Ardipithecus ramidus and the evolution of the human cranial base William H. Kimbela,1, Gen Suwab, Berhane Asfawc, Yoel Raka,d, and Tim D. Whitee,1 aInstitute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287; bThe University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; cRift Valley Research Service, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; dDepartment of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, 69978 Ramat Aviv, Israel; and eDepartment of Integrative Biology, Human Evolution Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720 Contributed by Tim D. White, December 5, 2013 (sent for review October 14, 2013) The early Pliocene African hominoid Ardipithecus ramidus was di- We report here results of a metrical and morphological study agnosed as a having a unique phylogenetic relationship with the of the Ar. ramidus basicranium as another test of its hypothesized Australopithecus + Homo clade based on nonhoning canine teeth, phylogenetic affinity with Australopithecus and Homo. We ana- a foreshortened cranial base, and postcranial characters related to lyzed the length and breadth of the external cranial base and the facultative bipedality. However, pedal and pelvic traits indicating structural relationship between the petrous and tympanic elements substantial arboreality have raised arguments that this taxon may of the temporal bone in Ar. ramidus, Australopithecus (including instead be an example of parallel evolution of human-like traits Paranthropus of some authors), and mixed-sex samples of extant among apes around the time of the chimpanzee–human split. Here African hominoid (Gorilla gorilla, Pan troglodytes, Pan paniscus) we investigated the basicranial morphology of Ar. -
Septation of the Sphenoid Sinus and Its Clinical Significance
1793 International Journal of Collaborative Research on Internal Medicine & Public Health Septation of the Sphenoid Sinus and its Clinical Significance Eldan Kapur 1* , Adnan Kapidžić 2, Amela Kulenović 1, Lana Sarajlić 2, Adis Šahinović 2, Maida Šahinović 3 1 Department of anatomy, Medical faculty, University of Sarajevo, Čekaluša 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 2 Clinic for otorhinolaryngology, Clinical centre University of Sarajevo, Bolnička 25, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 Department of histology and embriology, Medical faculty, University of Sarajevo, Čekaluša 90, 71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina * Corresponding Author: Eldan Kapur, MD, PhD Department of anatomy, Medical faculty, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Email: [email protected] Phone: 033 66 55 49; 033 22 64 78 (ext. 136) Abstract Introduction: Sphenoid sinus is located in the body of sphenoid, closed with a thin plate of bone tissue that separates it from the important structures such as the optic nerve, optic chiasm, cavernous sinus, pituitary gland, and internal carotid artery. It is divided by one or more vertical septa that are often asymmetric. Because of its location and the relationships with important neurovascular and glandular structures, sphenoid sinus represents a great diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the septation of the sphenoid sinus and relationship between the number and position of septa and internal carotid artery in the adult BH population. Participants and Methods: A retrospective study of the CT analysis of the paranasal sinuses in 200 patients (104 male, 96 female) were performed using Siemens Somatom Art with the following parameters: 130 mAs: 120 kV, Slice: 3 mm. -
Entrapment Neuropathy of the Central Nervous System. Part II. Cranial
Entrapment neuropathy of the Cranial nerves central nervous system. Part II. Cranial nerves 1-IV, VI-VIII, XII HAROLD I. MAGOUN, D.O., F.A.A.O. Denver, Colorado This article, the second in a series, significance because of possible embarrassment considers specific examples of by adjacent structures in that area. The same entrapment neuropathy. It discusses entrapment can occur en route to their desti- nation. sources of malfunction of the olfactory nerves ranging from the The first cranial nerve relatively rare anosmia to the common The olfactory nerves (I) arise from the nasal chronic nasal drip. The frequency of mucosa and send about twenty central proces- ocular defects in the population today ses through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the inferior surface of the olfactory attests to the vulnerability of the optic bulb. They are concerned only with the sense nerves. Certain areas traversed by of smell. Many normal people have difficulty in each oculomotor nerve are pointed out identifying definite odors although they can as potential trouble spots. It is seen perceive them. This is not of real concern. The how the trochlear nerves are subject total loss of smell, or anosmia, is the significant to tension, pressure, or stress from abnormality. It may be due to a considerable variety of causes from arteriosclerosis to tu- trauma to various bony components morous growths but there is another cause of the skull. Finally, structural which is not usually considered. influences on the abducens, facial, The cribriform plate fits within the ethmoid acoustic, and hypoglossal nerves notch between the orbital plates of the frontal are explored. -
Morfofunctional Structure of the Skull
N.L. Svintsytska V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 Ministry of Public Health of Ukraine Public Institution «Central Methodological Office for Higher Medical Education of MPH of Ukraine» Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukranian Medical Stomatological Academy» N.L. Svintsytska, V.H. Hryn Morfofunctional structure of the skull Study guide Poltava 2016 2 LBC 28.706 UDC 611.714/716 S 24 «Recommended by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine as textbook for English- speaking students of higher educational institutions of the MPH of Ukraine» (minutes of the meeting of the Commission for the organization of training and methodical literature for the persons enrolled in higher medical (pharmaceutical) educational establishments of postgraduate education MPH of Ukraine, from 02.06.2016 №2). Letter of the MPH of Ukraine of 11.07.2016 № 08.01-30/17321 Composed by: N.L. Svintsytska, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor V.H. Hryn, Associate Professor at the Department of Human Anatomy of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Ukrainian Medical Stomatological Academy», PhD in Medicine, Associate Professor This textbook is intended for undergraduate, postgraduate students and continuing education of health care professionals in a variety of clinical disciplines (medicine, pediatrics, dentistry) as it includes the basic concepts of human anatomy of the skull in adults and newborns. Rewiewed by: O.M. Slobodian, Head of the Department of Anatomy, Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery of Higher State Educational Establishment of Ukraine «Bukovinian State Medical University», Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor M.V. -
Osteoma of Internal Auditory Canal - a Rare Pathology
Jemds.com Case Report Osteoma of Internal Auditory Canal - A Rare Pathology Bhushita Nilesh Guru1, Bhushan Narayan Lakhkar2 1Department of Radiology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. 2Department of Radiology, Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha, Maharashtra, India. PRESENTATION OF CASE A 27-year-old female patient visited the Department of Radiology with complaints of Corresponding Author: right sided facial palsy and sensory-neural hearing loss from past 10 years. Otologic Dr. Bhushita Nilesh Guru, examination revealed both tympanic membranes to be normal. Audiometry revealed Associate Professor, Datta Meghe Institute of right sided sensory neural hearing loss. The patient was also having multiple facial Medical Sciences, Sawangi (M), spasms. Wardha, Maharashtra, India. HRCT temporal bone of the patient was done, and it showed a well-defined round E-mail: [email protected] to oval bony out-pouching arising from posterior wall of right internal auditory canal causing severe stenosis of porus acusticus with only 7 mm patency. (Figure 1) The DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/625 lesion was noted to be over the vestibulo-cochlear and the facial nerves. The cortex of the lesion was continuous with that of the parent bone. (Figure 2). The left internal How to Cite This Article: auditory canal was normal. Guru BN, Lakhkar BN. Osteoma of internal auditory canal: a rare pathology. J Evolution Med Dent Sci 2020;9(38):2863- 2864, DOI: 10.14260/jemds/2020/625 DISCUSSION Submission 19-06-2020, Peer Review 13-08-2020, Osteomas are one of the common benign bone pathologies. -
Surgical Anatamic of Paranasal Sinuses
SURGICAL ANATAMIC OF PARANASAL SINUSES DR. SEEMA MONGA ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF ENT-HNS HIMSR MIDDLE TURBINATE 1. Anterior attachment : vertically oriented, sup to the lateral border of cribriform plate. 2. Second attachment :Obliquely oriented- basal lamella/ ground lamella, Attached to the lamina papyracea ( medial wall of orbit anterior, posterior air cells, sphenopala‐ tine foramen 3. Posterior attachment :medial wall of maxillary sinus, horizontally oriented. , supreme turbinate 3. Occasionally 4. fourth turbinate, 5. supreme meatus, if present 6. drains posterior ethmoid drains inferior, middle, superior turbinates and, occasionally, the supreme turbinate, the fourth turbinate. e. Lateral to these turbinates are the corresponding meatuses divided per their drainage systems ANATOMICAL VARIATIONS OF THE TURBINATES 1. Concha bullosa, 24–55%, often bilateral, 2. Interlamellar cell of grunwald: pneumatization is limited to the vertical part of middle turbinate, usually not causing narrowing of the ostiomeatal unit 3. Paradoxic middle turbinate: 26%,. Occasionally, it can affect the patency of the ostiomeatal unit 4. Pneumatized basal lamella, falsely considered, posterior ethmoid air cell Missed basal lamella – attaches to lateral maxillary sinus wall Ostiomeatal unit Anterior ostiomeatal unit, maxillary, anterior ethmoid, frontal sinuses, (1) ethmoid infundibulum, (2) middle meatus, (3) hiatus semilunaris, (4) maxillaryOstium, (5) ethmoid bulla, (6) frontal recess, (7) uncinate process. , sphenoethmoidal recess Other draining osteomeatal unit, posterior in the nasal cavity, posterior ethmoid sinus, lateral to the superior turbinate, . sphenoid Sinus medial to the superior turbinate Uncinate Process Crescent‐shaped, thin individual bone inferiorly- ethmoidal process of inferior turbinate, anterior, lacrimal bone, posteriorly- hiatus Semilunaris, medial -ethmoid infundibulum, laterally, middle meatus superior attachment- variability, direct effect on frontal sinus drainage pathway. -
Morphometry of Jugular Foramen and Determination of Standard Technique for Osteological Studies
DOI: 10.5958/j.2319-5886.2.3.077 International Journal of Medical Research & Health Sciences www.ijmrhs.com Volume 2 Issue 3 July - Sep Coden: IJMRHS Copyright @2013 ISSN: 2319-5886 Received: 1st May 2013 Revised: 29th May 2013 Accepted: 1st Jun 2013 Research article MORPHOMETRY OF JUGULAR FORAMEN AND DETERMINATION OF STANDARD TECHNIQUE FOR OSTEOLOGICAL STUDIES *Delhi raj U, Janaki CS, Vijayaraghavan. V, Praveen Kumar Doni R Department of Anatomy, Meenakshi Medical College & Research Institute, Enathur, Kanchipuram, Tamilnadu, India *Corresponding author email: [email protected] ABSTRACT The Jugular foramen is large openings which are placed above and lateral to the foramen magnum in the posterior end of the petro-occipital fissure and the anterior part of jugular foramen is allows the cranial nerves IXth, Xth, XIth the direction of the nerves from behind forwards within the jugular foramen and sometimes jugular tubercle it has acted as a groove and later it becomes enter of the foramen. They lie between the inferior petrosal sinus and the sigmoid sinus. Methods: The Antero-Posterior Diameter and Transverse Diameter of the jugular foramen were analysed exocranially for both right and left sides. All the parameters were examined by two methods, Method.1: Mitutoyo Vernier Calliper, Method.2: Image J Software. Results: The present study showed the measurement is statistically significant between the Mitutoyo Vernier Calliper and Image J – Software. Conclusion: The Image J software value is more precise than the Mitutoyo Vernier Calliper values. Key words: Jugular Foramen, Exocranial measurement, Image J software, Mitutoyo Vernier Calliper INTRODUCTION The Jugular formen it consists two borders upper of the foramen. -
Morphology of the Foramen Magnum in Young Eastern European Adults
Folia Morphol. Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 205–216 Copyright © 2012 Via Medica O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E ISSN 0015–5659 www.fm.viamedica.pl Morphology of the foramen magnum in young Eastern European adults F. Burdan1, 2, J. Szumiło3, J. Walocha4, L. Klepacz5, B. Madej1, W. Dworzański1, R. Klepacz3, A. Dworzańska1, E. Czekajska-Chehab6, A. Drop6 1Department of Human Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland 2St. John’s Cancer Centre, Lublin, Poland 3Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland 4Department of Anatomy, Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland 5Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, Behavioural Health Centre, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA 6Department of General Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland [Received 21 July 2012; Accepted 7 September 2012] Background: The foramen magnum is an important anatomical opening in the base of the skull through which the posterior cranial fossa communicates with the vertebral canal. It is also related to a number of pathological condi- tions including Chiari malformations, various tumours, and occipital dysplasias. The aim of the study was to evaluate the morphology of the foramen magnum in adult individuals in relation to sex. Material and methods: The morphology of the foramen magnum was evalu- ated using 3D computer tomography images in 313 individuals (142 male, 171 female) aged 20–30 years. Results: The mean values of the foramen length (37.06 ± 3.07 vs. 35.47 ± ± 2.60 mm), breadth (32.98 ± 2.78 vs. 30.95 ± 2.71 mm) and area (877.40 ± ± 131.64 vs. -
An Osteologic Study of Cranial Opening of Optic Canal in Gujarat Region
Original Article DOI: 10.7860/JCDR/2016/22110.8929 An Osteologic Study of Cranial Opening of Optic Canal in Section Gujarat Region Anatomy BINITA JIGNESHKUMAR PUROHIT1, PRAVEEN R SINGH2 ABSTRACT Similarly, morphologic features related with the canal were studied Introduction: Optic canal is a bony canal situated in between the by calculating frequency and proportions of various parameters. roots of lesser wings of sphenoid, lateral to body of sphenoid. Results: Optic canal was present in all 150 skulls studied bilaterally. It transmits optic nerve and ophthalmic artery, surrounded by The mean maximum dimension of the canal at cranial opening was meninges. Various authors have studied variations in skull foramina Keywords: ??????????????????????????????????5.03±0.72 mm on right side and 5.02±0.76 mm on left side. The and correlated clinically, as variants in the body structures have shape of the canal was ovoid at cranial opening in all the skulls been found to be associated with many inherited or acquired studied. Duplication of optic canal was present in one skull on left diseases. side. Recess was found in 105(35%) sides of total skulls observed. Aim: The present study aimed to examine morphologic and Fissure was found in 20(6.67%) sides and notch was observed in morphometric variations in cranial openings of optic canals. 30(10%) sides of total skulls. Materials and Methods: The study was undertaken in total 150 Conclusion: The optic canal showed variability in various dry adult human skulls. The variations in size, shape, presence or parameters. Knowledge regarding variations in size, shape and absence and duplication or multiplication if any, in optic canal were unusual features on cranial opening of optic canal can be helpful observed bilaterally.