DOCSLIB.ORG

Effects of Pesticide Use on Semen Quality Among Farmers in Rural Areas of Sabah, Malaysia

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Effects of Pesticide Use on Semen Quality Among Farmers in Rural Areas of Sabah, Malaysia Journal of J Occup Health 2010; 52: 353–360 Occupational Health Effects of Pesticide Use on Semen Quality among Farmers in Rural Areas of Sabah, Malaysia Feroz HOSSAIN, Osman ALI, Urban J.A. D’SOUZA and Daw Khin Saw NAING School of Medicine, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Abstract: Effects of Pesticide Use on Semen Key words: Exposure, Farmers, Pesticides, Semen Quality among Farmers in Rural Areas of Sabah, quality Malaysia: Feroz HOSSAIN, et al. School of Medicine, University Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia—Objectives: Declining semen quality and sperm count are growing To determine the relationship between semen quality risks for the fertility index. Epidemiologic studies have and exposure to pesticide residues. Methods: A cross- indicated a decline in sperm count and semen quality of sectional study was conducted among male farmers almost a half over the last five decades among healthy from 3 different communities in Sabah, Malaysia. A men all over the world. Pesticides have been proposed total of 152 farmers participated in this study of whom 62 farmers had been exposed to either paraquat or as one of the major causes for this decline. Pesticides malathion or both to varying extents. Questionnaires contaminate the environment, the soil and the agricultural were designed to record a history of pesticides produce food. As a result, human beings are exposed to exposure and other potential risk factors among pesticides through food, water, air, via tainted breast milk, farmers. All semen samples were collected, processed playing in the fields and later bringing pesticides into and analyzed by qualified personnel based on WHO their homes or through skin contact. guidelines. Volume, pH, sperm concentration, motility, There have been many studies of farmers with the goal morphology and WBC count were examined and of determining the effects of pesticide exposure. A recent recorded. The association between pesticide exposure study has shown that pesticide exposure causes lower and semen parameters was highly significant. Results: semen quality1). Also, there has been a decline in the The mean values of volume, pH, sperm concentration, concentration and motility of sperm and in the percentage motility, and WBC count were significantly less in the exposed group than in compared with the non-exposed of morphologically normal spermatozoa in fertile men 2) group, with p<0.005. Those who were exposed to that is independent of the age of the men . One study pesticides had greater risk of having abnormal semen showed a significant decline in semen quality over the parameters than those in with the non exposed group, past 50 yr3). Many other international studies have with p values of less than 0.05. The comparison provided significant evidences of reduction in semen between semen qualities such as lower sperm count, quality or lower sperm count being associated with motility and higher percentage of sperm abnormality exposures to agricultural pesticides4). of those exposed to different types of pesticides Malathion, a pesticide in the organophosphate chemical (paraquat and malathion) showed no significant family, is the most commonly used insecticide in the differences. Conclusion: The results showed a world. Many studies have been conducted on significant decline in semen quality with a decline in organophosphate insecticides in relation to their adverse sperm count, motility and higher percent of teratospermia among subjects with pesticide exposure, reproductive effects on humans. Known studies on 5, 6) and those who were exposed to pesticides had organophosphate pesticide, such as malathion and significantly 3 to 9 times greater risk of having abnormal methyl parathion7), have demonstrated their adverse semen parameters. effects on male and female reproductive system, with (J Occup Health 2010; 52: 353–360) alterations in sexual behavior, decrease in fertility/sperm count, loss of fetus during pregnancy, lactation problems Received Jan 18, 2010; Accepted Sep 1, 2010 as well as premature menopause being the potential Published online in J-STAGE Sep 30, 2010 manifestations. Laboratory rodent model studies have Correspondence to: F. Hossain, R 1–6, Indah Court Likas, 88400 accumulated a significant body of evidence confirming Kotakinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (e-mail: [email protected], data regarding the reproductive toxicity of low doses of [email protected]) pesticides7, 13). 354 J Occup Health, Vol. 52, 2010 The adverse health effect of pesticide exposure on male reproduction is a topic of considerable concern in Materials and Methods environmental, occupational and reproductive 1) Research design and methodology epidemiology. In recent years, scientists have become A cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate more aware that human-made chemicals may disrupt the relationship between pesticide exposure and their reproductive function in both wildlife and humans8). effects on semen parameters. Ethical clearance for the Recent discoveries of the hormone disrupting properties conduct of the study was obtained from the School of of some pesticides at low exposures9) have raised interest Medicine, University Malaysia Sabah. Before being in how low-dose acute or chronic pesticide exposures— enrolled in the study, male farmers were informed of the the types of exposures that can currently occur both purpose of the study, procedures, benefits and possible occupationally and environmentally—impact human risks involved. They were also told that all information spermatogenesis. Both animal toxicology and human as well as biological samples and data obtained for the epidemiologic studies have shown that pesticides may study would remain confidential. Written consent to operate through a hormonal or genotoxic pathway to participation was voluntarily obtained from all of the affect spermatogenesis10). Most of the pesticides induce participants in the study prior to their participation. result in disruption in the normal endocrine axis and there are many rodent studies in the literature. In the 2) Selection of study area 1930s, studies involving laboratory animals have This study was conducted among male farmers from 3 demonstrated the estrogenic properties of a number of different communities in Sabah, Malaysia, namely industrial chemicals, including pesticides such as Kundasang, Telupid and Papar. A total of 152 farmers paraquat, methyl parathion, endosulphan and participated in this study after we had obtained their dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)11). Paraquat is informed consent and all of them successfully provided highly toxic to animals and has serious and irreversible semen samples. Participation in the study by a number delayed effects if absorbed. As little as one teaspoonful of subjects was impeded by local larger group was of the active ingredient is fatal and death occurs up to 30 difficult as their religious practices and cultural beliefs days after ingestion. Paraquat is also toxic if absorbed did not allow them, since people were less literate. Based through the skin but at spray strength paraquat has of on a statistician’s advice, the appropriate numbers of relatively low acute toxicity. A study of Malaysian voluntarily willing participants were randomly selected plantation sprayers cited health problems after exposure as a statistically viable sample for the study. The present to paraquat12). Dermal exposures to low doses of paraquat study may pave the way for highlighting the need for in rats resulted in cytotoxic and genotoxic germ cell extensive studies world-wide. sequelae in male rats13). There are number of animal studies highlighting the adverse effects of low doses of 3) Grouping of human beings subjects pesticides on reproductive functions and spermatogenesis. Based on the occupation and exposure farmers were Laboratory studies paves the way for the determination divided into two groups: of the toxicity profiles of these pesticides and chemicals, The farmers who were exposed to pesticides were community and clinical studies among the human allocated to the exposed group. The number of exposed population are necessary to evaluate the full extent of group n=62; and the farmers who gave no history of the adverse effect, especially among the pesticide exposed exposure to pesticides were allocated to the non farming communities. exposed group and the number of non-exposed group Most of the farming practices in the Sabah state of n=90. Malaysia involve usage of a variety of pesticides on vegetables, fruits, paddy and palm oil plantations. 4) Semen collection and seminal fluid analysis Farmers use these pesticides without proper protective Semen collection: measures and their risk of exposure is quite high. Though A semen sample was collected by masturbation into a paraquat and other organophosphate pesticides are banned sterile wide-mouth glass container in a laboratory at each by the government, their illegal usage of the same is community health station. Sexual abstinence of 2–3 days common. Random interviews before the actual study prior to collection of semen was advised to the suggested various risks of exposure to pesticide residues. participants. It was adequate for the accurate assessment Based on these findings, a cross-sectional study was of semen quality. Information on date, time and spillage conducted to explore into the toxicity effects of pesticides were recorded and coded on each sample. The samples among on farmers, semen quality among the farmers in were kept in an incubator at 36–37°C
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Active Tectonics in Sabah – Seismicity and Active Faults Felix Tongkul
    Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, Volume 64, December 2017, pp. 27 – 36 Active tectonics in Sabah – seismicity and active faults Felix Tongkul Natural Disaster Research Centre (NDRC), Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah Email address: [email protected] Abstract: The location of Sabah near the boundaries of three major tectonic plates, the Eurasian, India-Australia and Philippine-Pacific plates, makes it prone to seismic activities. Sabah is currently under a WNW-ESE compressive stress regime due to the effect of plate movements as the Philippine-Pacific plate move westward at the rate of about 10 cm/ year against the southeast moving Eurasian plate at the rate of about 5 cm/year. The WNW-ESE compression is being accommodated by NE-SW trending active thrust faults and NW-SE trending active strike-slip faults present all over Sabah. Evidence of active faults based on geomorphological features, such as linear structures associated with triangular facets, stream offsets, mud volcanoes and hot springs are widespread in Sabah.The WNW-ESE compression resulted in regional folding or warping of the upper crust to produce an uplifted belt trending NE-SW in Western Sabah, currently occupied by the Crocker-Trusmadi Range. The warping and uplift of the upper crust is thought to be driving extensional tectonics, marked by the presence of NE-SW trending active normal faults along the crest and flanks of the Crocker- Trusmadi Range anticlinorium. At least six elongate Quaternary graben-like basins (Tenom, Keningau, Tambunan, Ranau, Timbua and Marak-Parak) occur along the crest of the anticlinorium.
    [Show full text]
  • Budget Package ) Kundasang + Kota Kinabalu Tour *Price As Table Below* (Inclusive GST
    3 Days 2 Nights Sabah ( Budget Package ) Kundasang + Kota Kinabalu Tour *Price As Table Below* (Inclusive GST) Budget Package Tour INCLUSION EXCLUSION IMPORTANT NOTE • Transportation • Personal Expenses • 30% deposit upon • Entrance Fee (Poring/Desa • Free & Easy Activities confirmation. Full payment Farm/Luanti Fish Spa) • Additional Packages Cost at 30 days before arrival. • Guide & Tipping Fee • Flight Ticket • This quotation/itinerary is • Meals (1X Breakfast + 1X subject to change due to Lunch) actual rate/condition. • Accommodation (1 night at Kundasang & 1 night at Kota Kinabalu) DAY HIGHLIGHTS TRANSPORT MEALS ACCOM • Arrive in Kota Kinabalu • Drop by at Lokan stall. • Depart to Kundasang Kinabalu Pine • Visit one of the five upside down ( Rumah Private Resort 1 Terbalik ) structures in the world Transport - • Nabalu Market in Kundasang - rich variety 2* or similar. of local products with spectacular view of Mount Kinabalu. • Hotel check in • Breakfast at hotel. Private Breakfast, Switz Praradise 2 • Desa Farm - highest milk producers & Transport Lunch Hotel / enjoy majestic view of mountains. D Galaria Hotel • Tagal Kg Luanti Fish Spa - enjoy a unique fish massaging session. 2* or similar • Poring Hot Spring - Open air-Japanese style baths in sulphur hot water. • Lunch & Depart to Kundasang Market, Kinabalu Park. • Check in hotel • Breakfast at hotel. • City Tour - Bandaraya Mosque - floating mosque. - Signal Hill - amazing view of the city of Switz Praradise Kota Kinabalu Private Hotel / 3 - Yayasan Building - second tallest
    [Show full text]
  • M.V. Solita's Passage Notes
    M.V. SOLITA’S PASSAGE NOTES SABAH BORNEO, MALAYSIA Updated August 2014 1 CONTENTS General comments Visas 4 Access to overseas funds 4 Phone and Internet 4 Weather 5 Navigation 5 Geographical Observations 6 Flags 10 Town information Kota Kinabalu 11 Sandakan 22 Tawau 25 Kudat 27 Labuan 31 Sabah Rivers Kinabatangan 34 Klias 37 Tadian 39 Pura Pura 40 Maraup 41 Anchorages 42 2 Sabah is one of the 13 Malaysian states and with Sarawak, lies on the northern side of the island of Borneo, between the Sulu and South China Seas. Sabah and Sarawak cover the northern coast of the island. The lower two‐thirds of Borneo is Kalimantan, which belongs to Indonesia. The area has a fascinating history, and probably because it is on one of the main trade routes through South East Asia, Borneo has had many masters. Sabah and Sarawak were incorporated into the Federation of Malaysia in 1963 and Malaysia is now regarded a safe and orderly Islamic country. Sabah has a diverse ethnic population of just over 3 million people with 32 recognised ethnic groups. The largest of these is the Malays (these include the many different cultural groups that originally existed in their own homeland within Sabah), Chinese and “non‐official immigrants” (mainly Filipino and Indonesian). In recent centuries piracy was common here, but it is now generally considered relatively safe for cruising. However, the nearby islands of Southern Philippines have had some problems with militant fundamentalist Muslim groups – there have been riots and violence on Mindanao and the Tawi Tawi Islands and isolated episodes of kidnapping of people from Sabah in the past 10 years or so.
    [Show full text]
  • Semen Quality Characteristics, Reaction Time, Testis Weight and Seminiferous Tubule Diameter of Buck Rabbits Fed Neem (Azadirachta Indica A
    Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine Vol.7. No.1. pp: 23-28, Winter 2009 Semen quality characteristics, reaction time, testis weight and seminiferous tubule diameter of buck rabbits fed neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) leaf meal based diets Ifeanyi Princewill Ogbuewu Ph.D., Ifeanyi Charles Okoli Ph.D., Michael Uwaezuoke Iloeje Ph.D. Department of Animal Science and Technology, Animal Physiology Laboratory, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, P.M.B.1526, Owerri, Nigeria. Received: 5 October 2008; accepted: 15 March 2009 Abstract Background: To ascertain the effects of tropical leaf meals on semen production and semen quality. Objective: This study was conducted with the main objective of investigating the effect of neem leaf meal on physiological responses of rabbit bucks fed graded levels of neem leaf (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) meal. Materials and Methods: The varying levels of neem leaf meal (NLM) in the different experimental diets were 0, 5, 10 and 15% respectively. Four groups of nine crossbred New Zealand type rabbit bucks each, aged 7-8 months were randomly assigned to four diets containing neem leaf meal (NLM) at 0% (control) (CD0), 5% (CD1), 10% (CD2) and 15% (CD3) respectively for 16 weeks. Results: The sperm concentration values obtained were 20.15 ×106 /ml, 18.04×106 /ml, 6 6 13.65×10 /ml, 6.46 ×10 /ml for the CD0, CD1, CD2 and CD3 groups respectively. The results obtained indicate that sperm motility were lowest (p<0.05) in the treatment groups than the control group. Total sperm per ejaculate was similar (p>0.05) between the control and those on 5–10 %NLM dietary groups however, the value for the 15%NLM group was significantly (p<0.05) lower than that of the control.
    [Show full text]
  • Exogenous Oestrogen Impacts Cell Fate Decision in the Developing Gonads: a Potential Cause of Declining Human Reproductive Health
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Exogenous Oestrogen Impacts Cell Fate Decision in the Developing Gonads: A Potential Cause of Declining Human Reproductive Health Melanie K. Stewart * , Deidre M. Mattiske and Andrew J. Pask School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia; [email protected] (D.M.M.); [email protected] (A.J.P.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 30 October 2020; Accepted: 6 November 2020; Published: 8 November 2020 Abstract: The increasing incidence of testicular dysgenesis syndrome-related conditions and overall decline in human fertility has been linked to the prevalence of oestrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment. Ectopic activation of oestrogen signalling by EDCs in the gonad can impact testis and ovary function and development. Oestrogen is the critical driver of ovarian differentiation in non-mammalian vertebrates, and in its absence a testis will form. In contrast, oestrogen is not required for mammalian ovarian differentiation, but it is essential for its maintenance, illustrating it is necessary for reinforcing ovarian fate. Interestingly, exposure of the bi-potential gonad to exogenous oestrogen can cause XY sex reversal in marsupials and this is mediated by the cytoplasmic retention of the testis-determining factor SOX9 (sex-determining region Y box transcription factor 9). Oestrogen can similarly suppress SOX9 and activate ovarian genes in both humans and mice, demonstrating it plays an essential role in all mammals in mediating gonad somatic cell fate. Here, we review the molecular control of gonad differentiation and explore the mechanisms through which exogenous oestrogen can influence somatic cell fate to disrupt gonad development and function.
    [Show full text]
  • Sandakan Death March Labuan War Cemetery Featuring
    2019 Featuring: Sandakan Death March Labuan War Cemetery Sandakan Death March Mount Kinabalu This tour begins at Sandakan and follows the true Death March route to Ranau. End- Mt Kinabalu is a particularly strenuous climb. You will commence at 1800 metres ing at Labuan Island where the POW’s are buried in the Commonwealth War Graves - unrelenting. The second day commences in the early hours of the morning, and you kan Death March has been a “Conspiracy of Silence” until recent years. The story needs to be told. The views from Mt Kinabalu of the surrounding regions is stunning and worth every bit of exertion! This trek is the next step that all Australians who have walked with us along the Kokoda Trail should consider taking. The trek should be considered strenuous. A high Prices: - tainous, the conditions can often be extreme – you will be walking in high tempera- Sandakan Death March (ex Borneo) tures, often in full sun and with a high level of humidity. AUD$3250 per person (4 trekkers or more) The trek is vehicle supported and provides an exit option each day for trekkers not wishing to undertake walking the whole track. Trekking the Sandakan Death March Mount Kinabalu (ex Borneo) is unlike trekking in Papua New Guinea. Due to large tracks of land now growing Oil Palm and Saba becoming heavily populated a lot of the Sandakan Death March is AUD$600 per person through private oil palm plantations, along main roads or not far from roads. There is See page 4 for inclusions & exclusions.
    [Show full text]
  • Wsn 146 (2020) 36-46 Eissn 2392-2192
    Available online at www.worldscientificnews.com WSN 146 (2020) 36-46 EISSN 2392-2192 Primary Response and Concern of Sabah’s Geopark Potential Economic Effects: Preliminary Study Rafiq Idris*, Kasim Mansur Faculty of Business, Economics and Accountancy, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia *Email address: [email protected] ABSTRACT Sabah, Malaysia is moving steps forward by announcing the gazettement of some areas as geoparks. Part of the areas include the district of Ranau, Kota Marudu and Kota Belud. Some of the areas involved if not all are under a national park program prior to this. This gazettement undoubtedly has the potential to bring economic benefit to the state. It has the potential to increase land value, stimulating economic activities especially in the services sector via tourism activities, enhancing protection for environment and as a mean to control aggressive use of land for development. On the other hand, there are some concerns of stakeholders. Issues such as potential restriction for farmers to do agriculture related activities and relocation of village among others are potential concern among communities in Ranau, Kota Marudu and Kota Belud. In this regard, in order to examine the real concerns of various stakeholders, some series of roundtable discussions and interviews have been undertaken. Based on the preliminary assessment, very small number of individuals have worry about the geopark idea. Majority look at it positively. Keyword: Sabah, Malaysia, Geopark, Economic Effects, Concern, Response, Kinabalu 1. INTRODUCTION National park is an area that the authority has designated for the preservation of the natural environment. Apart from being a public recreation area, national park is also important due to ( Received 07 May 2020; Accepted 25 May 2020; Date of Publication 26 May 2020 ) World Scientific News 146 (2020) 36-46 its historical, natural attractions and scientific interests, more so since most of its flora and fauna are invariably in its natural state.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impact of Testicular Torsion on Testicular Function
    Review Article pISSN: 2287-4208 / eISSN: 2287-4690 World J Mens Health Published online Apr 10, 2019 https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.190037 The Impact of Testicular Torsion on Testicular Function Frederik M. Jacobsen1 , Trine M. Rudlang1 , Mikkel Fode1 , Peter B. Østergren1 , Jens Sønksen1 , Dana A. Ohl2 , Christian Fuglesang S. Jensen1 ; On behalf of the CopMich Collaborative 1Department of Urology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark, 2Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA Torsion of the spermatic cord is a urological emergency that must be treated with acute surgery. Possible long-term effects of torsion on testicular function are controversial. This review aims to address the impact of testicular torsion (TT) on the endo- crine- and exocrine-function of the testis, including possible negative effects of torsion on the function of the contralateral testis. Testis tissue survival after TT is dependent on the degree and duration of TT. TT has been demonstrated to cause long- term decrease in sperm motility and reduce overall sperm counts. Reduced semen quality might be caused by ischemic dam- age and reperfusion injury. In contrast, most studies find endocrine parameters to be unaffected after torsion, although few report minor alterations in levels of gonadotropins and testosterone. Contralateral damage after unilateral TT has been sug- gested by histological abnormalities in the contralateral testis after orchiectomy of the torsed testis. The evidence is, however, limited as most human studies are small case-series. Theories as to what causes contralateral damage mainly derive from animal studies making it difficult to interpret the results in a human context.
    [Show full text]
  • Kesedaran Beragama Masyarakat Kundasang Dan Ranau Kesan Daripada Bencana Gempa Bumi
    Jurnal Peradaban, Jil. 13, 23-45 (2020) KESEDARAN BERAGAMA MASYARAKAT KUNDASANG DAN RANAU KESAN DARIPADA BENCANA GEMPA BUMI Suraya Sintang* Assis Kamu Fatimah Sudirman Centre for the Promotion of Knowledge and Language Learning, University of Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia Abstract On June 5,2015, the people of Sabah were tested in the aftermath of an earthquake in the Ranau area. The catastrophic damage to the environment, property and life has left a deep impression on the people of Ranau and Kundasang. The 5.9 magnitude earthquake was also felt in the surrounding areas namely Kota Kinabalu, Kota Belud, Kudat and Telupid. The Islamic perspectives explain that this disaster is a condition of the Qada’ and the Qadar of God to mankind. To understand the relationship between religion and disaster, this study was conducted to find out the religious awareness of Muslims in Kundansang and Ranau in the aftermath of the earthquake in 2015. Religious awareness is measured through local community attitudes in the participation of Posogit ceremonies and their religious practices. Data collection using quantitative and qualitative methods around Kundasang and Ranau has been conducted by distributing questionnaires and interviews with the key informants from religious and community learders to obtain information on religious commitment and awareness among Muslim communities after the earthquake. Statistical analysis using cross-tabulated tables with Pearson’s chi-square test was performed to examine the relationship between respondents’ demographic backgrounds, age groups and their attitudes and practices toward Posogit __________________________________________ * Penulis untuk dihubungi: [email protected] eISSN 2636-9257 ©Pusat Dialog Peradaban DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/PERADABAN.vol13no1.2 Jurnal Peradaban – Jurnal Rasmi Pusat Dialog Peradaban ceremonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Testicular Heat Stress and Sperm Quality 8
    Testicular Heat Stress and Sperm Quality 8 Damayanthi Durairajanayagam , Rakesh K. Sharma , Stefan S. du Plessis , and Ashok Agarwal (such as elephants and rhinoceroses) and aquatic Introduction mammals (such as whales and dolphins) have intra-abdominal testes throughout their lifespan. In the male, exposure to heat has a deleterious The abdomen is metabolically active and it effect on fertility and is considered a signifi cant therefore generates a lot of heat. However, risk factor for male infertility [ 1 ]. Testicular tem- spermatogenesis functions optimally in these peratures should ideally be hypothermic compared mammals despite the proximity of their testes to to the core body temperature of 36.9 °C. This is the abdomen. essential for maintaining normal spermatogenesis Humans, on the other hand, have intra-scrotal and ideal sperm characteristics. A crucial feature testes that develop within the abdomen and, that contributes towards this is the anatomical posi- towards the end of the gestation period, begins its tion of the human testes, which is located outside descent through the inguinal canals into the scro- the body. Homeothermic animals have the ability tum. In humans, normal testicular function is to maintain a stable core body temperature despite temperature dependent and the extra-abdominal fl uctuating environmental temperatures. This is testes are maintained at temperatures below that achieved by regulating heat production and loss by of core body temperature [ 2 ]. Under normal means of adjusting the body’s metabolism. healthy environmental conditions, testicular ther- In most homeothermic birds and mammals, moregulation maintains scrotal hypothermy to including humans, testicular function depends on ensure optimal testicular function [ 1 ].
    [Show full text]
  • 3Day 2Night Mount Kinabalu Climb and Kundasang Stay Price : Myr 2670.00 Min Pax : 2Person Per Booking
    PACKAGE : 3DAY 2NIGHT MOUNT KINABALU CLIMB AND KUNDASANG STAY PRICE : MYR 2670.00 MIN PAX : 2PERSON PER BOOKING DAY 01 Kota Kinabalu/Kundasang (Lunch / Dinner) Pick up from your Hotel lobby or airport and depart on a 2 hours journey to Kundasang. En route passing by villages and a panoramic vista of the valleys the Crocker Range. Along the way, take a brief stop at Nabalu. Nabalu is a place where the local natives gather to sell local produce, fruits, home grown vegetables and handicraft. Check into Kinabalu hostel or similar. Rest the day you are free at leisure. Dinner and overnight Day 02 Park HQ/Timpohan Gate/Ascend Mount Kinabalu/Panalaban Base Camp (Breakfast / Packed Lunch / Dinner) Breakfast at your accommodation. Thereafter, collect your packed lunch. Proceed to the Park HQ to register for the Claim. Meet your local certified Mt Kinabalu guide, have a short briefing and be transferred to the starting point of Timpohon gate to begin the climb to your base accommodation, this trek time can take 3 to 6 hours depending on fitness, weather and trail conditions. Arrive at Panalaban Base Camp @ 3272M and check into your accommodation. Buffet Dinner at Laban rata Restaurant and overnight DAY 03 Low’s Peak/Descend Mount Kinabalu Kota Kinabalu (Supper/Breakfast/Lunch) 02:00hrs Wake up for early supper and depart for continuation of journey towards the summit of Mount Kinabalu. The journey up to the Low’s peak @ 4,095m will test your fitness and determination. Depending on speed of trekking, you might be able to experience the glorious sunrise over the majestic Mt.
    [Show full text]
  • Business Continuity and Resiliency Planning in Disaster Prone Area Of
    Disaster Advances Vol. 13 (7) July (2020) Business Continuity and Resiliency Planning in Disaster Prone Area of Sabah, Malaysia Lehan Nur Fadzlina Aini M.1, Razak Khamarrul Azahari1,2 and Kamarudin Khairul Hisyam1,2* 1. Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MALAYSIA 2. Disaster Preparedness and Prevention Centre (DPPC), Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) Kuala Lumpur, Jalan Sultan Yahya Petra, Kuala Lumpur 54100, MALAYSIA *[email protected] Abstract development such as natural disaster event2. However, the High frequency, magnitude and intensity of natural increasing numbers of natural disaster slow down the disasters in Malaysia have driven many governmental development of economic in developing countries in Asia and non-governmental initiatives to mitigate the including Malaysia. disaster risk, yet it is very difficult to reduce its impact. Malaysia lies in a stable region spared from severe natural Even more challenging, an increasing trend of natural disasters such as earthquake, typhoon but commonly faces disasters has significantly impacted the business monsoonal flooding, tsunamis, drought, landslides and haze. community and its continuity. Few international efforts Population in Malaysia is highly exposed to these natural have been developed and implemented but lacking of disasters such in December 2014. Malaysia faced the worst local content and largely focused on the impact monsoonal flood which affected over half million people towards global and multi-national Corporations. across the States and caused extensive damage to the Besides, impacts of disaster on business are normally infrastructures3. represented by certain figures based on approximation from existing datasets, expert judgement or interviews Malaysia has experienced 51 natural disaster events in the with vulnerable business owners.
    [Show full text]