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2005 6 Ziema.Pdf (8.168Mb) Indekss 2214 ZVAIGÞÒOT ZVAIGÞÒOT 2005/06 DEBESS DEBESS ZIEMA Vai ZEME ir SAPRÂTA ÐÛPULIS? Daïçjs Saules aptumsums 2005. gada 3. oktobrî Valmierâ fotografçts 12h27m, fotoaparâts “Zenit” ar ob- CITPLANÇTU MEKLÇÐANAS turpmâkie PLÂNI o jektîvu MC MTO 11CA, 1/500 s un f10, fotofilma “Centuria super” ISO 400/27 . Mâra Dambja foto MÇNESS BÂZE ... jau 2018. Vai MILZÎGAIS KOIPERA JOSLAS “REZIDENTS” ir PLANÇTA X? SVEICAM KÂRÏA KAUFMAÒA PIRMOS STIPENDIÂTUS! Pielikumâ: Astronomiskâs parâdîbas un Cena Ls 1,50 Plançtu redzamîbas diagramma 2006 Sk. A. Balklava-Grînhofa rakstu “Zeme – dzîvîbas un saprâta ðûpulis”. “Zvaigþòotâs Debess” redakcijas kolçìija 2004. gada 22. decembrî pilnâ sastâvâ (no kreisâs): Mârtiòð Gills, Dzintra Auziòa, Atis Edvards un Kârlis Bçrziòi, Ilgonis Vilks, Jânis Jaunbergs, Irena Pundure, Arturs Balklavs, Leonids Roze, Rihards Kûlis, Andrejs Alksnis, Agnis Andþâns. M. Gilla foto Vâku 1. lpp.: Ðmita teleskopa paviljons Astrofizikas observatorijâ Baldones Riekstukalnâ (ekspluatâcijâ kopð 1967. gada) 2005. gada janvâra beigâs teleskopa spoguïa demontâþas laikâ (sk. A. Alksnis. “Baldones Ðmita teleskopa spogulis atjaunots” un I. Pundure. ”Daþi momenti no ERAF lîdzekïu apgûðanas” – ZvD, 2005, rudens, nr. 189, 11.–13. un 89.–95. lpp.) O. Paupera foto Vâku 3. lpp.: Zemes attçls no pavadoòa NOAA–17 (NOAA – the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admi- nistration). Attçls, kurâ redzams Rîgas jûras lîcis, veidots nosacîtâs krâsâs, sintezçjot 2003. gada 11. janvârî divos viïòu garumos izdarîtâs fotogrâfijas. Sk. A. Balklava-Grînhofa rakstu “Zeme – dzîvîbas un saprâta ðûpulis”. SATURS Pirms 40 gadiem “Zvaigþòotajâ Debesî” ZVAIGÞÒOT Rentgena un γ staru astronomija. “Mariner–4” fotografç Marsu. Vistâlâkie objekti Visumâ. Pirmâ Mçness karte................................................................2 DEBESS Zinâtnes ritums Citplançtu atklâðanas desmit gadu (nobeig.). Zenta Alksne, Andrejs Alksnis...........................................3 LATVIJAS ZINÂTÒU AKADÇMIJAS, Zeme – dzîvîbas un saprâta ðûpulis. LATVIJAS UNIVERSITÂTES Arturs Balklavs-Grînhofs ..................................................8 ASTRONOMIJAS INSTITÛTA Jaunumi Vai ir atklâta Saules sistçmas 10. plançta? POPULÂRZINÂTNISKS Dmitrijs Docenko..............................................................11 GADALAIKU IZDEVUMS Kosmosa pçtniecîba un apgûðana Ceïojums uz Saules sistçmas krçslas zonu. IZNÂK KOPÐ 1958. GADA RUDENS Jânis Jaunbergs.......................................................................19 ÈETRAS REIZES GAD “Google Earth” – tâ pati Zeme, bet citâda. Mârtiòð Gills.....26 Latvijas zinâtnieki Prof. Dr. phys. Artura Balklava-Grînhofa bibliogrâfija 2005./06. GADA ZIEMA (190) (1959–2005) (nobeig.).......................................................30 Jauni zinâtòu doktori Mârtiòð Gills – jaunais datorzinâtòu doktors. Juris Borzovs......................................................................40 Îsa uzziòa par Dr. sc. comp. Mârtiòu Gillu.........................41 Par testçðanu un trasçjamîbu. Mârtiòð Gills........................42 Latvijas Universitâtes mâcîbu spçki LU docents Jânis Fridrichsons – 100. Jânis Jansons..........44 Konferences un sanâksmes Astronomu sanâksme Maskavâ. Andrejs Alksnis...............59 Redakcijas kolçìija: Skolâ Zvaigþòu spoþums – redzamais un patiesais. Dr. hab. math. A. Andþâns (atbild. red. vietn.), Arturs Barzdis..................................................................61 Dr. phys. A. Alksnis, K. Bçrziòð, Latvijas 30. atklâtâ fizikas olimpiâde. Viktors Fïorovs, Dr. sc. comp. M. Gills, Ph. D. J. Jaunbergs, Andrejs Cçbers, Dmitrijs Boèarovs, Dr. phil. R. Kûlis, I. Pundure (atbild. sekr.), Vjaèeslavs Kaðèejevs, Dmitrijs Docenko...............................63 Dr. phys. L. Roze, Dr. paed. I. Vilks Latvijas 31. atklâtâs matemâtikas olimpiâdes uzdevumu îsi atrisinâjumi. Agnis Andþâns.......................70 Tâlrunis 7034581 Marss tuvplânâ E-pasts: [email protected] Mçness un Marsa ekspedîciju nesçjraíetes. http://www.astr.lu.lv/zvd Jânis Jaunbergs.........................................................................77 http://www.lu.lv/zvd Amatieriem Vizuâlâs astronomijas iespçju robeþas. Varis Karitâns.....81 3. oktobra Saules aptumsuma novçrojumi. Arturs Barzdis........................................................................84 Atskatoties pagâtnç Indoeiropeiskâ kalendâra sâkotne (nobeig.). Rîga, 2005 Jânis Klçtnieks........................................................................87 Hronika Iespiests Latvijas–Somijas SIA Kârïa Kaufmaòa stipendija pieðíirta. Ivars Ðmelds.........91 “Madonas poligrâfists”, Madonâ, Sveicam Kârïa Kaufmaòa pirmos stipendiâtus!................92 Saieta laukumâ 2a, LV-4801 Zvaigþòotâ debess 2005./06. gada ziemâ. Juris Kauliòð.....95 Pielikumâ: Astronomiskâs parâdîbas un Plançtu redzamîbas kompleksâ diagramma 2006. gadam 1 PIRMS 40 GADIEM “ZVAIGÞÒOTAJ DEBESΔ RENTGENA UN GAMMA STARU ASTRONOMIJA Zvaigznçs, galaktikâs un kosmiskajâ telpâ rit vareni procesi, kuru gaitâ liela daïa enerìijas tiek izstarota elektromagnçtiskâ starojuma veidâ, kas ir svarîgâkais astrono- miskâs informâcijas avots. Diemþçl astronomus ârkârtîgi ierobeþo Zemes atmosfçra. Ir tikai divi “logi” – optiskais un radio –, caur kuriem kosmiskais starojums var sasniegt Zemes virsmu, reìistrçjoðo aparatûru un ierîces. Visu citu viïòu garumu elektromagnçtisko starojumu atmosfçra pilnîgi absorbç. Taèu pat ne- liela novçrojumiem pakïauta spektra robeþu paplaðinâðana sola ïoti daudz. Tâpçc ïoti nepiecieðams pacelt novçrojumu tehniku ârpus Zemes atmosfçras. Kosmisko rentgena un γ starojumu var novçrot ar telesko- piem, kuru uzbûves principi ir stipri atðíirîgi no optisko un radioteleskopu uzbûves, jo ne γ, ne rentgena stari nelûst un neatstarojas no objektîvu lçcâm vai spoguïiem. Tâpçc ðo teleskopu galvenâ sastâvdaïa ir ðo staru jutîgs elements, piemçram, Geigera skaitîtâjs. Lai ar rentgena vai γ staru teleskopu izdarîtu spektrâlnovçrojumus, skaitîtâju priekðâ novieto daþâda biezuma ekrânus – filtrus, kas absorbç visus ðo staru kvantus, kuru enerìija E<Eo. Mainot ekrânus un lîdz ar to kritisko enerìiju Eo, var iegût informâciju par kosmiskâ rentgena un γ starojuma spektrâlo sastâvu. Saule bija pirmais debess íermenis, kam rent- gena starojums tika izpçtîts plaðâs robeþâs (0,1–100 À), izmantojot raíetçs uzstâdîtas ierîces. (Saîsinâti pçc A. Balklava raksta 6.–20. lpp.) “MARINER–4” FOTOGRAFÇ MARSU Pçc vairâk nekâ septiòu mçneðu lidojuma, pârvarot 520 milj. km lielu attâlumu, 1965. gada 15. jûlijâ amerikâòu kosmiskâ stacija “Mariner–4” (svars 260 kg) plkst. 0:18 pçc Grinièas sâka pârraidît uz Zemi Marsa fotogrâfijas, kas tika uzòemtas aptuveni 9000 km attâlumâ no plançtas. Kosmiskâs stacijas signâli ir tik vâji, ka tos spçj uztvert tikai gigantiskas antenas. Turklât, signâlam sasniedzot Zemi, tâ jauda ir tikai 10–19W. (Saîsinâti pçc I. Pundures raksta 25.–27. lpp.) VISTÂLÂKIE OBJEKTI VISUM M. Ðmidts, izpçtîjis vairâku kvazaru (angl.: quasar – quasi stellar radio sources) optiskos spektrus, kas iegûti ar Palomara kalna 5 m reflektoru, pçc gaiðajâm lînijâm tajos konstatçjis, ka tie ir vistâlâkie lîdz ðim zinâmie Visuma objekti, kas izstaro milzîgi daudz enerìijas. Ðie objekti ir samçrâ nelieli, tik vâji, ka pat ar ðo teleskopu to spektri jâeksponç 4–5 stundas. Spektros ir identificçtas 2–5 gaiðâs lînijas, kas sarkanâs nobîdes dçï ir pârbîdîtas uz redzamo spektra daïu no tâlâ ultravioletâ spektra apgabala. (Saîsinâti pçc A. Alkðòa raksta 32.–33. lpp.) PIRM MÇNESS KARTE Nesen, studçjot arhîvu materiâlus, Maskavas zinâtnieks E. Strauts atrada dokumentus par Mçness novçro- jumiem, ko izdarîjis angïu matemâtiíis Tomass Hariots. Dokumenti liecina, ka Hariota rîcîbâ ir bijis tele- skops vismaz kopð 1590. gada. Ar to viòð novçrojis Mçnesi un redzçto atzîmçjis Mçness kartç. Hariots arî sîki aprakstîjis Mçness virsmu jau krietni agrâk nekâ Galilejs darbâ “Sidereus nuntis” 1610. gadâ. (Saîsinâti pçc I. Daubes raksta 40. lpp.) 2 ZVAIGÞÒOT DEBESS: 2005./06. GADA ZIEMA ZINÂTNES RITUMS ZENTA ALKSNE, ANDREJS ALKSNIS CITPLANÇTU ATKLÂÐANAS DESMIT GADU (Nobeigums) Skatoties no Saules sistçmas iedzîvotâju vie- radniecîgâm F, G, K spektra klases zvaigznçm, dokïa, daïa atklâto plançtu savas zvaigznes ap- panâkumiem neizpaliekot. Ðo meklçjumu re- riòío neparasti tuvu. Saulei tuvâkâ plançta zultâti ïauj pçtniekiem secinât, ka ap 3,5% Sau- Merkurs atrodas no tâs 0,39 a. v. attâlumâ un lei radniecîgo zvaigþòu piemît tâm tuvas plançtas apriòío to 115 dienâs, bet pie trim citâm zvaig- ar masu 0,5–13 MJ. Par mazas masas plançtu pro- znçm tuvâk nekâ 0,03 a. v. atrastas milzu pla- centuâlo klâtbûtni vçl agri spriest. nçtas, kuru apriòíoðanas periodi ir îsâki par Saulei radniecîgo F, G, K spektra klases divâm dienâm. Tâs dçvç par ïoti karstiem “jupi- zvaigþòu masa ir ap 1 MΘ, to temperatûra ir teriem”. No 0,03 lîdz 0,05 a. v. attâlumâ atras- apmçram 6000 K. Astronomus interesç, vai tas 15 plançtas, kuru apriòíoðanas periods at- plançtas pastâv arî pie tâdâ paðâ attîstîbas sta- rodas robeþâs no 2,8 lîdz 4,0 dienâm. To skaitâ dijâ esoðâm mazâk masîvâm (~0,5 MΘ) un ir gan karstas Jupitera tipa, gan karstas Zemes krietni aukstâkâm (T ~ 3000 K) M spektra tipa plançtas. Plançtâm, kuru orbîtas lielâ pus- klases pundurzvaigznçm. Neskatoties uz jau ass pârsniedz vienu a. v., apriòíoðanas laiks vairâkus gadus ilguðiem 150 auksto pundu- ilgst simtus un pat tûkstoðus dienu. ru novçrojumiem ar Keka teleskopu un 100 Plançtu orbîtu ekscentricitâte e ir visai da- auksto punduru novçrojumiem ar Hobija– þâda – no 0,0 (plançta riòío pa aploci)
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