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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template

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University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting Template THE EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE CALLISIA SECTION CUTHBERTIA COMPLEX (COMMELINACEAE) By IWAN EDUARD MOLGO A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Iwan Eduard Molgo To my family, especially to Muriel for her love and support throughout this journey; to Isabella and Callisia, my bundle of joy who kept me going; to my parents who encouraged my education and believed in my dreams ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank my advisors Pamela S. Soltis and Douglas E. Soltis who gave me the opportunity to continue my graduate career in their lab. Both have contributed invaluable support, critical guidance, and encouragement throughout my Ph.D. program. They introduced me to my Dissertation project, which turned out to be a great learning experience in molecular and morphological phylogenetics, niche modeling, and cytogeography. I thank my committee members Walter S. Judd and Matthew E. Smith for providing support and advice during project. I am grateful to W. Mark Whitten who has supported me tremendously and taught me different lab techniques in DNA amplification. I thank current and former members of the Soltis and Cellinese lab (Prabha Amarasinghe, Andre Chanderbali, Michael Chester, Kurt Neubig, Ryan Folk, Charlotte Germain-Aubrey, Matthew Gitzendanner, Lucas Majure, Evgeny Mavrodiev, Miao Sun, Clayton Visger), for their help with methodologies and data analyses, the FLAS herbarium (Paul Corogin, Lorena Endara, Kent Perkins, Norris Williams), and the staff of the U.F. Biology Department for their assistance, friendship and encouragement. I thank the following herbaria for access to the information on the voucher specimens of Callisia: GA, USCH, NCU, DUKE, US, AAH, FLAS, FSU, VSC, and USF. I thank the members of the Florida Native Plant Society and photographers from Flickr.com for providing accurate locality data. I also thank all staff of the State Parks, State Forests, National Parks, The Nature Conservancy protected areas, military reservations, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service protected areas in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia for their assistance with locating and collecting plant material for this study. I thank Robert Faden for sending me plant 4 material from the Smithsonian collection. I am grateful to Jeff Hubbard, the Biology Department greenhouse manager, who has always assisted in keeping the plants healthy. A special thank you goes to the family of Dr. Norman H. Giles for providing unpublished data of Callisia section Cuthbertia. I am grateful to all the undergraduate volunteers: Kylie Beauchamp, Sofia Chang, Savannah Elliot, Tess Huttenlocker, Nicolas Kushch, Sydney Newsom, Shannon Parma, Viviana Martinez, Valeria Segui, and Emilie Sorrel, whose contributions were invaluable to this study. I thank Andrew Walker who took me collecting in the Sandhill Game lands of North Carolina. I also want to thank Edzard van Santen for his assistance in choosing the appropriate statistical methods for my research analyses. I would like to thank the Organization of American States for granting me a scholarship to study at the University of Florida. In addition, the cost of lab work and fieldtrips was in part supported by graduate awards: Michael L. May Research Grant, Sigma Xi GAIR, American Society of Plant Taxonomists, Marilyn Little Altrusa Scholarship, Florida Native Plant Society grant, and UF Biology Teaching Award. I thank the board of the Anton de Kom University of Suriname who have supported me during my Ph.D. program. I am grateful to John Anderson, Samuel Crothers IV, Tremaine Gregory, Roger Lopez, and many other friends for their support and encouragement during this journey. I thank my parents Eduard and Jacqueline Molgo for their support and encouragement throughout my life and my family in Suriname and the Netherlands for their support and encouragement. Finally, I thank my lovely wife Muriel Djaspan-Molgo and my beautiful daughters Isabella Molgo and Callisia Molgo who have been patient and very supportive throughout my studies. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 13 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 18 2 CYTOGEOGRAPHY OF CALLISIA SECTION CUTHBERTIA (COMMELINACEAE) .............................................................................................. 25 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 25 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 28 Georeferencing ................................................................................................. 28 Collecting of Specimens ................................................................................... 28 Chromosome Counts ....................................................................................... 29 Flow Cytometry ................................................................................................ 30 Results .................................................................................................................... 31 Georeferencing and Collecting ......................................................................... 31 Chromosome Counts ....................................................................................... 31 Flow Cytometry ................................................................................................ 31 Distribution Map ............................................................................................... 32 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 33 Georeferencing ................................................................................................. 33 Flow Cytometry and Genome Size ................................................................... 34 Distribution ....................................................................................................... 38 3 THE EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE CYTOTYPES OF CALLISIA SECTION CUTHBERTIA (COMMELINACEAE): MORPHOLOGICAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES ....................................................................... 55 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 55 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 57 Taxon Sampling ............................................................................................... 57 Morphological Analysis ..................................................................................... 57 Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ...................................................................... 59 Samples ..................................................................................................... 59 DNA extraction ........................................................................................... 59 6 PCR amplification and sequencing ............................................................ 59 Phylogenetic analysis ................................................................................ 63 General Greenhouse Observations .................................................................. 64 Results .................................................................................................................... 65 Morphological Analysis ..................................................................................... 65 Vegetative data set .................................................................................... 65 Vegetative and reproductive data set. ........................................................ 66 Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ...................................................................... 68 Phylogenetic analysis (diploid taxa) ........................................................... 69 Phylogenetic analysis (diploid and polyploid taxa) ..................................... 72 General Greenhouse Observations .................................................................. 75 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 76 Morphological Analysis ..................................................................................... 76 Vegetative data set .................................................................................... 76 Vegetative and reproductive data set ......................................................... 78 Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ...................................................................... 80 Phylogenetic analysis (diploid taxa) ..........................................................
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