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Battle and Beating, Water and Waste: Micro-Level Impact Evaluation In Battle and Beating, Water and Waste Micro-Level Impact Evaluation in Developing and Emerging Economies Dissertation zur Erlangung des wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen vorgelegt von Dipl. Oec. Johannes Peter Rieckmann, M.A. aus Göttingen Göttingen, 2014 Erstgutachter: Prof. Stephan Klasen, Ph.D. Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Axel Dreher Drittprüfer: Jun.-Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vollmer Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 07. Februar 2014 Kapitel II dieser Dissertation gleichzeitig erschienen in Journal of Development Effectiveness Bd. 4 Heft 4, Seiten 537 – 565, London, 2012. 2 Acknowledgements Almost five years of work found their way into this dissertation thesis. This fulfilling time was rich of variation, professional challenges and new experiences. I am grateful to Prof. Stephan Klasen, Ph.D. for providing me with the opportunity to work on a very interesting impact evaluation project in Yemen; and as a research associate at the Chair of Economic Theory and Development Economics. I would like to thank him for his supervision, advice and guidance through the process of writing my thesis. I am further indebted to Prof. Dr. Axel Dreher for his willingness to act as second advisor, and to Assistant Prof. Dr. Sebastian Vollmer who agreed to resume the role of the third examiner. All of this would not have been possible without the life-long support by my parents and brothers, on whom I can depend unconditionally. I am grateful to my grandmother for her encouragement. I am indebted to Karoline, whose patience and understanding helped me along the rocky road of finalising this thesis. Particular thanks go to my close friends and fellow students from my Alma Mater at Bremen, André Statler and Stefan Waldorf, for their invaluable input in countless “technical” discussions; for comradeship and moral support. The same is true regarding my close friend and grammar school mate Fabinzel, whose highlighting of the important things in life helped me focusing more than once. It was my privilege to work with alert and amiable colleagues. While I cannot list here all of them, some of them became friends and deserve a special mention. I would like to express my deep appreciation for Dominik’s collaboration as a co-author and canteen mate, with whom I shared office and interests. I am grateful to Kristina for her cooperative teamwork. I thank my office mate Nils for teamwork in teaching, and tips and tricks regarding research and writing. I am grateful to Malte for subject-specific input; and to Carsten for frequently helping me looking over the rim of a coffee cup onto the bright side of life. Further thanks go to the Schlözis, Dimi, Jan, Lore, Merle, Mo, Nicolas, Simon, Sophia, Steffen, and all those other folks who added to an enriching time in Göttingen. Göttingen, December 2013 3 4 Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 3 List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................................. 10 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 13 Synopsis of Chapter I ............................................................................................................................. 15 Synopsis of Chapter II ............................................................................................................................ 16 Synopsis of Chapter III ........................................................................................................................... 17 Chapter I: Violent behaviour – the effect of civil conflict on domestic violence in Colombia ........... 19 I.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 20 I.2 Theory and literature review ............................................................................................. 22 I.3 Data and empirical strategy .............................................................................................. 26 I.4 Analysis and results ........................................................................................................... 32 I.4.1 General models ............................................................................................................. 32 I.4.2 Alternative spatial identification and simulation of effect’s magnitude ....................... 35 I.4.3 Alternative measures of domestic violence .................................................................. 36 I.4.4 Possible endogeneity issues .......................................................................................... 37 I.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 42 Chapter II: Benefits trickling away – the health impact of extending access to piped water and sanitation in urban Yemen ................................................................................................................... 43 II.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 44 II.2 Background ........................................................................................................................ 46 II.2.1 Literature review ....................................................................................................... 46 II.2.2 Project description .................................................................................................... 49 II.3 Data and empirical strategy .............................................................................................. 51 II.3.1 Data ........................................................................................................................... 51 II.3.2 Empirical strategy ...................................................................................................... 53 II.4 Results ............................................................................................................................... 56 II.4.1 Project impact ........................................................................................................... 56 II.4.2 Sources of water pollution ........................................................................................ 63 II.5 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 65 5 Chapter III: Determinants of drinking water treatment and hygiene habits in provincial towns in Yemen ................................................................................................................................................... 67 III.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 68 III.2 Literature review and hypotheses ..................................................................................... 72 III.3 Programme background and data ..................................................................................... 78 III.4 Methodology and empirical strategy ................................................................................ 84 III.5 Results ............................................................................................................................... 86 III.5.1 Drinking water treatment .......................................................................................... 86 III.5.2 Use of cleanser for hand washing ............................................................................. 91 III.6 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 96 Bibliography ......................................................................................................................................... 101 Appendix A: Supplementing Chapter I ............................................................................................. 115 A.1 Data ..................................................................................................................................... 115 A.2 Technical notes .................................................................................................................... 116 A.3 Estimation results ................................................................................................................ 118 A.4 Geography ........................................................................................................................... 120 Appendix B: Supplementing Chapter II ............................................................................................ 123 B.1 Description of covariates ..................................................................................................... 123 B.2 Descriptive statistics ............................................................................................................ 125 B.3 Estimation results ................................................................................................................ 127 B.4 Pollution pattern ................................................................................................................
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