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A Study of the Antecedents of in Persona Christi Theology in Ancient Christian Tradition

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A Study of the Antecedents of in Persona Christi Theology in Ancient Christian Tradition The Representation of Christ by the Priest: A Study of the Antecedents of in persona Christi Theology in Ancient Christian Tradition G. Pierre Ingram, CC Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Theology, Saint Paul University, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Theology Ottawa, Canada April 2012 © G. Pierre Ingram, Ottawa, Canada, 2012 To my parents: Donald George Ingram († 1978) and Pierrette Jeanne Ingram († 2005) Contents Abbreviations ...................................... .......................... vi INTRODUCTION ....................................... .............................1 1 Contemporary Context ............................. ............................1 2 Statement of the Problem ......................... ..............................2 3 Objectives....................................... ............................5 4 Research Hypothesis .............................. ............................5 5 Methodological Approach .......................... ............................6 6 Structure of the Dissertation . .................................7 CHAPTER 1 THE USE OF "IN PERSONA CHRISTI" IN CATHOLIC TEACHING AND THEOLOGY . 9 1 Representation of Christ as a Feature of the Theology of Ministry in General . 9 2 The Use of the Phrase in persona Christi in Roman Catholic Theology . 11 2.1 Pius XI ........................................ ....................13 2.2 Pius XII ....................................... ....................14 2.3 The Second Vatican Council ..................... ......................21 2.4 The 1971 Synod of Bishops ...................... ......................28 2.5 Inter insigniores and Commentaries.................................. 29 2.6 John Paul II ................................... .....................34 2.7 Other Recent Uses of in persona Christi Language by the Magisterium . 35 3 Contemporary Critiques of in persona Christi ......................................37 CHAPTER 2 CRITERIA FOR A STUDY OF THE EARLY SOURCES . ...................46 1 Status Quaestionis ............................... ............................47 2 The Terminus a quo ................................................... ....... 49 2.1 Excluded First- and Second- Century Sources . ..........................51 (A) The New Testament (51); (B) The Didache (54); (C) First Clement (55); (D) Ignatius of Antioch (58); (E) Justin Martyr (60); Synopsis (60) 2.2 The Terminus ad quem ................................................61 3 Selection of Sources ............................. .............................61 3.1 Geographical Provenance ........................ ......................61 3.2 Influence...................................... .....................62 3.3 Genres ......................................... ...................62 3.4 Method of Citation ............................. ......................63 4 Lexicographical Parameters . .............................64 4.1 Greek Lexemes.................................. ....................64 4.2 Latin Lexemes .................................. ....................68 5 Analytical Criteria .............................. .............................69 5.1 The Theology of Priesthood ..................... .......................70 5.2 Representation of Christ ....................... ........................73 (A) Representation (73); (B) of Christ (74) 5.3 Representation-of-Christ Attaches to Acts Proper to the Ordained Ministry . 75 Excursus: On the Correlation between Sacrifice and Priesthood.......................... 76 iii CHAPTER 3 A SURVEY OF EARLY LITURGICAL SOURCES ON ORDAINED MINISTRY ......... 82 1 Introduction ..................................... ...........................82 2 The Ancient Church Orders ........................ ............................86 2.1 The Apostolic Tradition ...............................................87 2.2 The Didascalia Apostolorum ...........................................95 2.3 The Canons of Hippolytus .............................................99 2.4 The Apostolic Constitutions ...........................................100 2.5 The Testamentum Domini ............................................108 2.6 Statuta Ecclesiae Antiqua ............................................110 3 Egyptian Ordination Rites ........................ ............................110 3.1 The Sacramentary of Sarapion ........................................110 4 Roman Ordination Rites ........................... ...........................111 4.1 The Verona Libelli ..................................................111 4.2 The Gregorian Sacramentary of the Hadrianum Type ....................... 114 4.3 Ordo Romanus 34 ................................................. 115 5 Gallican Ordination Rites ........................ .............................116 5.1 The Old Gelasian Sacramentary .......................................116 5.2 Missale Francorum .................................................117 6 Mozarabic Ordination Rites ....................... ............................118 6.1 Liber ordinum ................................................... 118 7 Byzantine Ordination Rites ....................... ............................119 8 Georgian Ordination Rites ........................ ............................120 9 Preliminary Conclusions .......................... ...........................120 CHAPTER 4 A SURVEY OF PATRISTIC THEOLOGICAL WRITINGS ON THE PRIESTHOOD . 123 1 Introduction ..................................... ..........................123 2 Tertullian ....................................... ..........................125 3 Origen........................................... .........................133 4 Cyprian of Carthage .............................. ...........................140 5 Cyril of Jerusalem ............................... ...........................147 6 Gregory of Nazianzus ............................. ...........................149 7 Pacian........................................... .........................151 8 Ambrose of Milan ................................. .........................154 9 Ambrosiaster ..................................... .........................163 10 John Chrysostom ................................. .........................171 11 Theodore of Mopsuestia .......................... ...........................177 12 Augustine ....................................... .........................179 13 Dionysius the Areopagite ........................ ............................186 14 Narses of Edessa................................ ...........................190 15 Severus of Antioch .............................. ...........................191 16 Gregory the Great ............................... ...........................192 17 Isidore of Seville ............................. .............................194 18 Maximus the Confessor .......................... ...........................196 19 Bede the Venerable ............................. ...........................200 20 John Damascene ................................. .........................201 21 Preliminary Conclusions ......................... ...........................202 iv CONCLUSION ......................................... ...........................207 1 Preliminary Remarks .............................. ..........................207 2 Findings ......................................... .........................210 3 Sources Cited by Thomas Aquinas in Support of in persona Christi ....................215 4 Response to Contemporary Critiques of in persona Christi ...........................218 5 The Contemporary Magisterial Use of in persona Christi ............................220 6 Areas Requiring Further Study . .............................221 Bibliography....................................... ................................224 Primary Sources .................................... .........................224 Secondary Sources .................................. .........................231 v Abbreviations Abbreviations for the Latin(-ized) titles of patristic works are drawn from Siegmar Döpp and Wilhelm Geerlings, eds., Dictionary of Early Christian Literature (New York: Crossroad, 2000), supplemented when necessary by those given in G.W.H. Lampe, A Patristic Greek Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon, 1961–68) and in Albert Blaise, Dictionnaire latin-français des auteurs chrétiens , rev. Henri Chirat (Turnhout: Brepols, 1954). However, sentence-style capitalization will be used for all abbreviated titles of patristic works, in accordance with The Chicago Manual of Style (16 th ed.), 11.59 and 14.261. Here and throughout the dissertation, two different conventions will be followed for the representation of Latin semi-vowels . In the case of ancient texts and their titles, for the sake of consistency and conformity to contemporary philological standards, an uppercase I/i will be used in place ot J/j; V will be used in place of U; and u will be used in place of v. In the case of medieval and modern works and their titles, the use of J/j, U, and v will be retained. The names of patristic authors will be anglicized according to their respective entries in the above-cited Dictionary of Early Christian Literature. Traditional abbreviations will be used for the titles of biblical books , as given in The Chicago Manual of Style (16 th ed.), 10.48-50. These are not listed below. I. Liturgical Sources Apostolic Constitutions A.C. Apostolic Tradition Trad. ap. Canons of Hippolytus Can. Didache
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