DOCSLIB.ORG

Dadiepiombo 43.Qxd

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Dadiepiombo 43.Qxd dei Gepidi, i quali erano risoluti a fermare la sapere se a monte o a valle) per minacciare excellent: in ancient times a marcia di Teodorico. Lo stesso Odoacre ave- l’avversario alle spalle mentre ancora era nei series of castra and a vallum va preso accordi affinché essi impedissero trinceramenti. Questa manovra mise in allar- had been built to defend the l’avanzata del pericoloso esercito avversario. me Odoacre, che organizzò una rapida, ma bridge, to which Odoacer had La loro armata si schierò lungo la riva del ordinata ritirata strategica con l’intento di at- added a fossatum. The Goth army, on the fiume Ulca per contenere l’attacco dei guer- tirare gli ostrogoti nell’aperta pianura, da do- other hand, was tired and needed rest; condi- rieri ostrogoti ed effettivamente riuscì in un ve avrebbe potuto circondarli e attaccarli. tions didn’t seem to favour Theodoric. But he thought up a plan to avoid the obstacle primo tempo nell’intento. Il valore dei Tuttavia, il disaccordo che emerse in quel- and, instead of trying to cross bridge with his Gepidi stava avendo la meglio sull’assalto l’occasione tra i comandanti dell’esercito di army, he ordered a contingent move round ostrogoto, annientando ogni testa di ponte ri- Odoacre e l’acume di Teodorico, che non ab- the enemy’s front that crossed the river (we uscisse ad oltrepassare il fiume, quando boccò alla trappola del re sciro, costrinsero don’t know if this was up- or down-stream) 15mm Essex, foto e colorazione Kevin Lowth to threaten the enemy from behind while they were still in their trenches. This ma- noeuvre scared Odoacer who organised a quick but orderly strategic retreat with the plan of enticing the Ostrogoths out into the open, where he could surround and attack them. However the disagreement that arose between the commanders of Odoacer’s army and Theodoric’s insight (he didn’t fall into the King’s trap), forced the latter to stop in Verona and wait for the Ostrogoths. THE BATTLE OF VERONA Despite the fact that he had been forced to re- treat, Odoacer was far from being beaten. Moreover the he’d mustered more troops du- ring the retreat and his army, albeit lacking cohesion and probably demoralised after the retreat, was still strong. On the other hand the victorious Theodoric was in potentially hostile territory: the ho- ped-for revolt of the Italic population had not happened and in the open plains of northern Italy Odoacer’s troops could have attacked from anywhere. Theodoric could not afford to wait too long and had to follow Odoacer and force a battle, especially since a victory 20 in battle was necessary to justify his cam- Teodorico in persona si mise a capo dell’e- quest’ultimo a fermarsi a Verona in attesa de- paign. sercito e condusse un ultimo attacco che, gra- gli Ostrogoti. A month after the Battle of Isonzo the zie alle prodezze dello stesso re, riuscì vitto- Ostrogoth vanguard spotted the enemy lines. rioso. I Gepidi quindi si ritirarono disordina- LA BATTAGLIASample DI VERONA file Odoacer had left Verona and was moving tamente, inseguiti dalla cavalleria ostrogota, Pur essendo stato costretto a ritirarsi, east towards the Goth army, stopping in cam- che ne fece strage. La vittoria tuttavia era co- Odoacre era tutt’altro che sconfitto. pus minor, around 8km from the town. This stata cara anche agli Ostrogoti che, decimati Oltretutto il re sciro aveva potuto raccogliere area was squeezed between the last slopes of e stremati dalla fatica, decisero di sostare per ulteriori forze durante il ripiegamento e il suo the Lessini Mountains and the Adige River that had cut a steep, deep gorge. In this area alcuni mesi – i più freddi dell’anno – nel ter- esercito, benché poco coeso e presumibil- today is the town of San Martino Buon ritorio dei Gepidi. mente demoralizzato dalla ritirata, rimaneva Albergo, but at the time it must have been Quando in primavera la carovana riprese il forte. just a few simple huts huddled along the old suo cammino, molti dei Gepidi sconfitti si Per contro Teodorico, pur essendo vittorioso, Via Postumia near the bridge that crossed the unirono agli Ostrogoti in direzione si trovava in un territorio potenzialmente Fibbio. The river wasn’t a tough obstacle to dell’Italia. Nell’estate del 489 Teodorico ostile: l’auspicata sollevazione della popola- cross so Odoacer, remembering Theodoric’s giunse ai piedi delle Alpi e, come un novello zione italica non c’era stata e nelle aperte skill when surrounding his men, deployed Annibale, riuscì nell’impresa di traghettare campagne della pianura padana le truppe di slightly towards the rear, where the distance oltre la catena montuosa l’intera colonna (uo- Odoacre avrebbero potuto attaccare il suo between the hills and the Adige was shortest mini, animali e bagagli). Così, il 28 agosto esercito da ogni dove. Teodorico non poteva (just over a kilometre). He dug a trench to del 489, Teodorico giunse con i suoi uomini quindi permettersi di esitare troppo e doveva strengthen their position, just like on the al Pons Sontii, il ponte che attraversava il fiu- inseguire Odoacre alla ricerca di uno scontro Isonzo. On the 30th September 489 the rest of the me Isonzo a valle dell’odierna Gorizia. Ad at- diretto, tanto più che una vittoria campale era Goth army moved into sight of the enemy tenderlo c’era Odoacre col suo esercito. La indispensabile per poter dare consistenza alla positions and Theodoric decided to give batt- sua posizione era forte: a difesa del ponte sua campagna. le immediately. With the impervious woody erano stati costruiti in età antica una serie di Un mese dopo la battaglia dell’Isonzo le hills and the Fibbio River protecting his left castra e un vallum, a cui Odoacre aveva ag- avanguardie ostrogote giunsero in vista dello and the steep banks of the Adige protecting giunto un fossatum. L’esercito goto per con- schieramento nemico. Odoacre era uscito da the right and with the front hidden behind the tro era stanco e avrebbe avuto bisogno di ri- Verona e si era diretto verso est, incontro al- fossatum, Odoacer’s position seemed formi- poso: le condizioni quindi non sembravano l’esercito goto, fermandosi nel campus mi- dable. It was impossible to move around him favorevoli a Teodorico. Tuttavia egli elaborò nor, distante circa 8 km dalla città. Questo so Theodoric was forced to order a massed un piano per evitare l’ostacolo e, anziché ten- territorio era stretto tra le ultime pendici dei frontal attack, hoping to break the crumbling tare di attraversare il ponte con il grosso del- monti Lessini e il corso del fiume Adige, che enemy lines. But Odoacer’s troops turned out le truppe, fece aggirare il fronte nemico ad un vi aveva scavato una profonda incisione con to be very different from that which contingente che superò il fiume (non è dato un dislivello di parecchi metri. In questa zo- Theodoric had imagined and they pushed © ERREGRAFICA na sorge attual- mente il paese di S. back the first and subsequent attacks, inflicting bad losses Martino Buon Albergo, on the Goths. Probabilmente ma all’epoca dovevano At this point Theodoric sho- lo sfondamento av- esserci solo poche casupole wed them why he was King; radunate lungo l’antica via venne sul fianco sini- considering the situation he moved into the Postumia presso il ponte che ol- stro dell’esercito di front lines and called on his men to reorgani- trepassava il torrente Fibbio. Il Odoacre e tagliò ai sopravvissu- se their lines around him. Then he personally corso d’acqua in questione non costi- ti la via della ritirata, infatti il grosso led an attack to the admiration of his troops, tuiva un ostacolo difficile da superare, dell’esercito cercò la salvezza attraverso who saw him emerge unscathed after all the quindi Odoacre, memore dell’abilità di- l’Adige, che però con la sua corrente travolse attacks on his person. Encouraged by his mostrata da Teodorico nell’aggirare il suo la maggior parte degli uomini. example of bravery and daring, the Goths schieramento, si dispose con ogni probabilità LE CONSEGUENZE charged the enemy lines in a last effort. They 21 leggermente più indietro, dove la distanza tra DELLA BATTAGLIA probably broke the line on Odoacer’s left and cut the retreat off for the survivors while the le colline e l’Adige è minima (poco più di un Odoacre era sconfitto, ma ancora vivo e in majority of the army tried to escape over the chilometro). Per rinforzare ulteriormente la grado di difendersi. Teodorico si era infine river Adige, but most of them were carried confrontato in campo aperto con l’avversario sua posizione fece scavare un fossato, come away by the current. già fece all’Isonzo. ed era risultatoSample superiore. La file sua spedizione, Il 30 settembre 489 anche il grosso dell’eser- grazie a questa vittoria, acquisì finalmente THE CONSEQUENCES cito goto giunse in vista delle posizioni nemi- una prima consistenza che portò alla conqui- OF THE BATTLE che e Teodorico decise di dare battaglia subi- sta di Verona e all’insediamento in Italia dei Odoacer was beaten but he was still alive and to. Con le impervie colline boscose e il tor- Goti. La città divenne uno dei centri delle could defend himself. Theodoric had finally rente Fibbio a protezione del fianco sinistro, successive operazioni contro Odoacre, che si met his enemy in open battle and had proved la ripida scarpata dell’Adige a protezione del possono succintamente riassumere così: superior.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The History of King Theodoric1
    Latter Part The History of King Theodoric1 7 36 Now during the reign of Zeno Augustus2 at Constantinople, the patrician3 Nepos came to the Port of the city of Rome,4 deposed Glycerius,5 who was made a bishop, while Nepos himself became emperor at Rome. Presently Nepos came6 to Ravenna; he was followed by the patrician Orestes with an army,7 and in fear of his coming Nepos embarked on board a ship and fled to Salona,8 where he remained for five years; but later he was slain by his own men. Soon after Nepos left Rome Augustulus was made emperor and ruled for ten years. p533 8 37 Augustulus,9 who was called Romulus by his parents before he mounted the throne, was made emperor by his father, the patrician Orestes. Then Odoacar made his appearance with a force of Sciri10 and killed the patrician Orestes at Placentia, and his brother Paulus at the Pine Grove,11 outside the Classis12 at Ravenna. 38 Then he entered Ravenna, deposed Augustulus from his throne, but in pity for his tender years, granted him his life; and because of his beauty he also gave him an income of six thousand gold-pieces13 and sent him to Campania,14 to live there a free man with his relatives. Now his father Orestes was a Pannonian, who joined with Attila at the time when he came to Rome, and was made his secretary, a position from which he had advanced to the rank of patrician. 9 39 Then, after Zeno was made emperor by his son Leo,15 who was the offspring of the daughter of Leo the Great, Ariagne by name, he reigned for a year with his son Leo, and it was through Leo's merit that Zeno retained his power.
    [Show full text]
  • The Gateway to the Middle Ages.Pdf
    940.1 D83g2 v.l 62-06827 Duckett The gateway to the Middle Ages Italy KANSAS CITY, MO PUBLIC LIBRAE MAlOCTZS )j(fljNOV061993 THE GATEWAY TO THE MIDDLE AGES ITALY The Gateway to the Middle Ages ITALY by Eleanor Shipley Duckett ANN ARBOR PAPERBACKS THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS FIRST EDITION AS AN ANN ARBOR PAPERBACK 1961 COPYRIGHT BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN 1938 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED PUBLISHED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN PRESS AND SIMULTANEOUSLY IN TORONTO, CANADA, BY AMBASSADOR BOOKS LIMITED MANUFACTURED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA TO MARY ELLEN CHASE AND OUR CAMBRIDGE FAMILY CAMBRIDGE, ENGLAND 1934-1936 ABBREVIATIONS PL Patrologia Latina PG Patrologia Graeca M.G.H Monumenta Germaniae Historica M.H.B Monumenta Historica Britannica R.LS RerumltalicarumScriptores (Muratori) Script, rer. Merov. Scriptores Rerum Merovingicarum Script, rer. Lang. Scriptores Rerum Langobardicarum C.S.H.B. Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae C.S.E.L Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum P.L.M Poetae Latini Minores P.W Real-Encyclopadie, ed. Pauly-Wissowa C.M.H Cambridge Medieval History H.S.C.P Harvard Studies in Classical Philology C.P Classical Philology Schanz .... Schanz-Hosius-Kriiger : Geschichte der romischen Literatur, IV, 2, 1920 Manitius . M. Manitius : Geschichte der lateinischen Literatur des Mittelalters, I, 1911 Bardenhewer . O. Bardenhewer: Geschichte der alt- kirchlichen Literatur, V, 1932 PREFACE THE GATEWAY TO THE MIDDLE AGES is made up of three parts. This one deals with Italy in the sixth century. This with the of seat of "gateway" opened passing Italy, government of the Western part of the Roman Empire, into rude barbarian hands, when Ravenna and Rome, chief cities of this Roman Empire in the West, fell in 476 to the invader Odovacar and his Germanic hordes; when, in his turn, Odovacar was forced, some seventeen years later, to yield to another barbarian conqueror, who seized his throne at Ravenna, overran his kingdom, killed him by his own hand, and thus became lord of Italy and its people.
    [Show full text]
  • Ravenna, a Study by Edward Hutton</H1>
    Ravenna, A Study by Edward Hutton Ravenna, A Study by Edward Hutton Produced by Ted Garvin, Leonard Johnson and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team. RAVENNA A STUDY BY EDWARD HUTTON ILLUSTRATED IN COLOUR AND LINE by HARALD SUND 1913 TO MY FRIEND ARTHUR SYMONS IN AFFECTIONATE HOMAGE page 1 / 345 PREFACE My intention in writing this book has been to demonstrate the unique importance of Ravenna in the history of Italy and of Europe, especially during the Dark Age from the time of Alaric's first descent into the Cisalpine plain to the coming of Charlemagne. That importance, as it seems to me, has been wholly or almost wholly misunderstood, and certainly, as I understand it, has never been explained. In this book, which is offered to the public not without a keen sense of its inadequacy, I have tried to show in as clear a manner as was at my command, what Ravenna really was in the political geography of the empire, and to explain the part that position allowed her to play in the great tragedy of the decline and fall of the Roman administration. If I have succeeded in this I am amply repaid for all the labour the book has cost me. The principal sources, both ancient and modern, which I have consulted in the preparation of this volume have been cited, but I must here acknowledge the special debt I owe to the late Dr. Hodgkin, to Professor Diehl, to Dr. Corrado Ricci, and to the many contributors to the various Italian Bollettini which I have ransacked.
    [Show full text]
  • STUDIES in the EARLY MIDDLE AGES Editorial Board Under The
    STUDIES IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES Editorial Board under the auspices of the Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York Elizabeth M. Tyler, University of York Julian D. Richards, University of York Ross Balzaretti, University of Nottingham Previously published volumes in this series are listed at the back of this book VOLUME 32 NEGLECTED BARBARIANS Edited by Florin Curta FH British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data © 2010, Brepols Publishers n.v., Turnhout, Belgium All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. D/2010/0095/219 ISBN: 978-2-503-53125-0 Printed in the E.U. on acid-free paper CONTENTS Acknowledgements vii List of Illustrations ix Introduction 1 FLORIN CURTA The Backcountry Balts (Aesti) and the ‘Northern Gold’ 13 in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages AUDRONË BLIUJIENË The Mysterious Barbarians of Mazuria: 31 The Riddle of the Olsztyn Group WOJCIECH NOWAKOWSKI The Antes: Eastern ‘Brothers’ of the Sclavenes? 53 BART£OMIEJ SZYMON SZMONIEWSKI Bosporus, the Tetraxite Goths, and the Northern Caucasus Region 83 during the Second Half of the Fifth and the Sixth Century IGOR O. GAVRITUKHIN AND MICHEL KAZANSKI A Hun-Age Burial with Male Skeleton 137 and Horse Bones Found in Budapest MARGIT NAGY A Fifth-Century Burial from Old Buda (Budapest) 177 ÁGNES B. TÓTH Where Did All the Gepids Go? 209 A Sixth- to Seventh-Century
    [Show full text]
  • DIETRICH VON BERN: GERMANIC HERO OR MEDIEVAL KING? on the SOURCES of DIETRICHS FLUCHT and RABENSCHLACHT Dietrichs Flucht And
    Neophilologus (2007) 91:243–259 Ó Springer 2007 DOI 10.1007/s11061-006-9010-3 DIETRICH VON BERN: GERMANIC HERO OR MEDIEVAL KING? ON THE SOURCES OF DIETRICHS FLUCHT AND RABENSCHLACHT NORBERT VOORWINDEN R. v. Rijnlaan 20, 2343 SV, Oegstgeest, The Netherlands Abstract The so-called historical Dietrich epics Dietrichs Flucht and Rabenschlacht, composed in the 13th century, are generally considered to relate stories about Theodoric the Great, King of Italy from 493 till 526, based either on an oral tradition of more than six hundred years or on written sources such as chronicles. An analysis of the texts, however, shows that many of the geographical names occurring in the poems and many of the events described rather seem to reflect the political situation during the reign of Emperor Frederic II (1212–1250). Introduction Dietrichs Flucht and Rabenschlacht are the two most important poems of the so-called ‘‘historical’’ Dietrich epics.1 They were written in the second half of the 13th century and pretend to recount the story of Dietrich von Bern who may be identified with the Ostrogoth Theodoric the Great, King of Italy between 493 and 526. In Dietrichs Flucht Dietrich’s uncle Ermrich invades his king- dom, which comprises Lombardy, Istria, Friuli, and the Inn Valley. In spite of his victory in a battle at Milan Dietrich abandons his realm to Ermrich to save the lives of seven of his men captured by the enemy and takes refuge with King Etzel of the Huns. He twice returns to Italy and defeats Ermrich in battles near Milan, Ravenna and Bologna, with armies supplied by Etzel, but withdraws after every victory to King Etzel’s court.
    [Show full text]
  • SACRAL KINGSHIP in EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE: the GERMANIC TRADITION DANIEL GEORGE RUSSO University of New Hampshire, Durham
    University of New Hampshire University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository Master's Theses and Capstones Student Scholarship Winter 1978 SACRAL KINGSHIP IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE: THE GERMANIC TRADITION DANIEL GEORGE RUSSO University of New Hampshire, Durham Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis Recommended Citation RUSSO, DANIEL GEORGE, "SACRAL KINGSHIP IN EARLY MEDIEVAL EUROPE: THE GERMANIC TRADITION" (1978). Master's Theses and Capstones. 23. https://scholars.unh.edu/thesis/23 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses and Capstones by an authorized administrator of University of New Hampshire Scholars' Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techr .ques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Paga(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Cologne
    The Transformation of Cologne: From a Late Roman to an Early Medieval City A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Thomas R. Farmer IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Prof. Bernard S. Bachrach July 2011 © Thomas R. Farmer, July 2011 Acknowledgements I would like to thank first and foremost my parents, Anne and Ronnie Farmer, for their patience and never-flagging support as I worked on this dissertation. Next I would like to thank Prof. Bernard Bachrach and the members of my committee—Ruth Mazo Karras, Andrew Gallia, George Sheets, and Peter Wells—for all of the advice and guidance which they have given me over the years. I am especially grateful to Dr. Sheets for his advice and corrections in translating the Life of Kunibert; he has saved me from many errors and made the translation less stilted. Finally I would like to thank my colleagues Luis Morera and Kevin Mummey, with whom I have often discussed my research. I have benefited greatly from their comments and suggestions. Soli Deo Gloria i Table of Contents List of Maps ....................................................................................................................... iii Introduction: The Concept of Late Antiquity ......................................................................1 Chapter One: Roman Cologne ...........................................................................................43 Chapter Two: Late Roman Cologne (250-350) .................................................................69
    [Show full text]
  • The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians
    The Invasion of Europe by the Barbarians A Series of Lectures. By J. B. Bury 1928 Credits Support the Scribe’s Gild and help us make the Lore of the North accessible to everyone. To visit the Scribe’s Gild and find out how go to: http://www.northvegr.org/scribe/index.html This text brought to you in e-Book format by: Visit Northvegr on the web at: http://www.northvegr.org/ This text transcribed by Loptsson [email protected] Get Northvegr Texts on CD-ROM © 2003 Northvegr and A. Odhinssen. This book can be distributed freely as long as no monetary gain is made and the credits are left intact. PREFATORY NOTE In 1902 the late Professor J. B. Bury was appointed to succeed Lord Acton as the holder of the Regius Chair of Modern History in the University of Cambridge. He interpreted the term "modern" with the same largeness and liberality as had his friend and master, Professor E. A. Freeman, at Oxford; even if he did not go so far as to say, with a German authority, the "Modern History begins with the Call of Abraham". In other words, he did not feel himself bound to restrict either his reading or his lecturing to the four Post-Renaissance centuries which are regarded as "modern" in the narrow sense of the term. On the contrary, he considered it proper that he should continue to pursue those researches into the history of the later Roman Empire for which his high technicle equipment---in particular his remarkable knowledge of Slavonic and other East-European languages---specially fitted him.
    [Show full text]
  • The Copenhagen Continuation of Prosper: a Translation
    THE COPENHAGEN CONTINUATION OF PROSPER: A TRANSLATION Steven Muhlberger This translation is based primarily on Mommsen's text of the Continuatio Havniensis Prosperi, which is included in his edition of the Consularia Italica in volume one of the Chronica Minora (Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Auctores Antiquissimi , IX [Berlin 1892] 249-339,* • Mommsen's emendations of the unique, often corrupt manuscript (Copenhagen Kongelige Bibliotek Ms. 454) have generally been adopted. Deviations from Mommsen's text are noted. In his edition Mommsen dissected the Copenhagen Continuation and printed each fragment in a different part of volume one of the Chronica Minora. To aid the reader in locating the printed Latin text of a given passage, this translation includes a running concordance to the text. Each entry or series of entries is preceded by the page number at which it is in the edition. These page numbers are enclosed by square brackets: [p. 339]. The concordance also gives, where necessary, references to two major sources of the Copenhagen Continuation, Prosper's Epitoma Chronicon (also edited in Chronica Minora, vol. I, 341-499) and Isidore's Chronica Maiora, ed. Mommsen, in Chronica Minora, vol. 2 (MGH, Auct. Antiq. XI [Berlin 1896] 391-488). The translation falls into two sections. The first (c. 1166-1375, according to the numbering of Mommsen's edition of Prosper) translates the most significant additions that the compiler made to Prosper's text. Where necessary, notices from Prosper are translated in whole or in part 71 72 to give a context to the additions, which are underlined. Where entire chapters were inserted by the compiler, their numbers are distinguished by the addition of letters; e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Story of the Goths
    Conditions and Terms of Use Copyright © Heritage History 2010 Some rights reserved This text was produced and distributed by Heritage History, an organization dedicated to the preservation of classical juvenile history books, and to the promotion of the works of traditional history authors. The books which Heritage History republishes are in the public domain and are no longer protected by the original copyright. They may therefore be reproduced within the United States without paying a royalty to the author. The text and pictures used to produce this version of the work, however, are the property of Heritage History and are subject to certain restrictions. These restrictions are imposed for the purpose of protecting the integrity of the work, for preventing plagiarism, and for helping to assure that compromised versions of the work are not widely disseminated. In order to preserve information regarding the origin of this text, a copyright by the author, and a Heritage History distribution date are included at the foot of every page of text. We require all electronic and printed versions of this text include these markings and that users adhere to the following restrictions. 1. You may reproduce this text for personal or educational purposes as long as the copyright and Heritage History version are included. 2. You may not alter this text or try to pass off all or any part of it as your own work. 3. You may not distribute copies of this text for commercial purposes. 4. This text is intended to be a faithful and complete copy of the original document.
    [Show full text]