Affirmative Action: Equality Or Reverse Discrimination?
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ABSTRACT Arab American Racialization and Its Effect
ABSTRACT Arab American Racialization and its Effect oniAmerican Islamophobiaa in the United States Catherine Haseman Director: Dr. Lisa Lacy, Ph.D. Over the past few years, anti-Muslim and anti-Arab rhetoric and discrimination has surged. Prejudice against Arabs and Muslims has moved from the fringes of American society to the mainstream. The American Islamophobic discourse is so deeply rooted in U.S. history, culture, and society that we often misunderstand its origins as well as its manifestations. This paper proposes a critical dialogue about how to understand one contested concept (Islamophobia) by using another contested one (racialization). This paper seeks to understand if--and if so, to what extent--racialization is central to understanding America’s pernicious brand of Islamophobia. In addition to reviewing the historical connection between racialization and Islamophobia, this paper analyzes the results of a survey of Texans’ views of Islam and Muslims. The survey results are used to understand how racialized conceptions of Arab Muslims correspond with Islamophobic tropes. APPROVED BY DIRECTOR OF HONORS THESIS: ____________________________________________ Dr. Lisa Lacy, Department of History APPROVED BY THE HONORS PROGRAM: __________________________________________________ Dr. Elizabeth Corey, Director DATE: _________________________________ ARAB AMERICAN RACIALIZATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON AMERICAN ISLAMOPHOBIA A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Baylor University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Honors Program -
Discrimination Against Men Appearance and Causes in the Context of a Modern Welfare State
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lauda Pasi Malmi Discrimination Against Men Appearance and Causes in the Context of a Modern Welfare State Academic Dissertation to be publicly defended under permission of the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Lapland in the Mauri Hall on Friday 6th of February 2009 at 12 Acta Electronica Universitatis Lapponiensis 39 University of Lapland Faculty of Social Sciences Copyright: Pasi Malmi Distributor: Lapland University Press P.O. Box 8123 FI-96101 Rovaniemi tel. + 358 40-821 4242 , fax + 358 16 341 2933 publication@ulapland.fi www.ulapland.fi /publications Paperback ISBN 978-952-484-279-2 ISSN 0788-7604 PDF ISBN 978-952-484-309-6 ISSN 1796-6310 www.ulapland.fi /unipub/actanet 3 Abstract Malmi Pasi Discrimination against Men: Appearance and Causes in the Context of a Modern Welfare State Rovaniemi: University of Lapland, 2009, 453 pp., Acta Universitatis Lapponinsis 157 Dissertation: University of Lapland ISSN 0788-7604 ISBN 978-952-484-279-2 The purpose of the work is to examine the forms of discrimination against men in Finland in a manner that brings light also to the appearance of this phenomenon in other welfare states. The second goal of the study is to create a model of the causes of discrimination against men. According to the model, which synthesizes administrative sciences, gender studies and memetics, gender discrimination is caused by a mental diff erentiation between men and women. This diff erentiation tends to lead to the segregation of societies into masculine and feminine activities, and to organizations and net- works which are dominated by either men or by women. -
Civil Rights
Civil Rights BACKGROUND social commentator at the turn of the last century opined that “the A one pervading evil of democracy is the tyranny of the majority.” The basic function of civil rights legislation in the United States has been to seek to protect minorities from the tyranny of discriminatory treatment by the majority. Most civil rights law initially was enacted as federal statute. In general, the federal laws set minimum standards; states are free to set higher standards of inclusion, but they may not fall below those set out in the federal law. The most publicized and politically fractious civil rights struggle of longest standing in the United States has been over the status of its black minority. The first federal civil rights law since Reconstruction was enacted in 1957 GLOSSARY and established a U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. A 1964 federal stat- ute—the Civil Rights Act—specifically outlawed race-based discrimination Affirmative action A policy or program that seeks to in public accommodations and by employers, unions, and voting registrars. redress past discrimination through It also applied to gender-based discrimination against women. (Women had active measures to ensure equal opportunity, as in education and won the right to vote in this country only 44 years earlier.) The federal employment. Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 gave Indians access to the courts for resto- Civil right ration of rights to their ancestral lands and reparation for lost land and natu- The term has no precise meaning in law but generally is understood ral resources. to be a guarantee of freedom, justice, and equality extended by a government to its citizenry. -
Supreme Court of the United States
No. 14-981 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ABIGAIL NOEL FISHER, Petitioner, v. UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN, et al., Respondents. On Writ of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE THE AMERICAN JEWISH COMMITTEE, UNION FOR REFORM JUDAISM, CENTRAL CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN RABBIS, AND WOMEN OF REFORM JUDAISM IN SUPPORT OF RESPONDENTS Richard C. Godfrey Counsel of Record Martin L. Roth Russell King KIRKLAND & ELLIS LLP 300 North LaSalle Street Chicago, Illinois 60654 Telephone: (312) 862-2000 [email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae November 2, 2015 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ..................................... III INTEREST OF AMICI CURIAE ................................ 1 SUMMARY OF ARGUMENT ..................................... 4 ARGUMENT ............................................................... 7 I. This Court Should Reaffirm Grutter’s Holding That Obtaining The Benefits That Flow From Educational Diversity Is A Compelling State Interest. .............................................................7 A. Petitioner Does Not Challenge—Nor Should The Court Disrupt—the Grutter Decision. ...................................................... 9 B. Diversity In Academic Institutions Provides Important Educational And Societal Benefits. ....................................... 11 C. Race Is An Important Factor In Evaluating How An Applicant Will Contribute To Educational Diversity. .............................. 16 II. This Court Should Reaffirm Grutter’s -
Equal Protection Desegregation and Discrimination: School Desegregation in a Multi-Cultural Society Haeryung Shin
Cornell Law Review Volume 82 Article 7 Issue 1 November 1996 Safety in Numbers? Equal Protection Desegregation and Discrimination: School Desegregation in a Multi-Cultural Society Haeryung Shin Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr Part of the Law Commons Recommended Citation Haeryung Shin, Safety in Numbers? Equal Protection Desegregation and Discrimination: School Desegregation in a Multi-Cultural Society , 82 Cornell L. Rev. 182 (1996) Available at: http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/clr/vol82/iss1/7 This Note is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cornell Law Review by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Cornell Law: A Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SAFETY IN NUMBERS? EQUAL PROTECTION, DESEGREGATION, AND DISCRIMINATION: SCHOOL DESEGREGATION IN A MULTI- CULTURAL SOCIETY INTRODUCTION ................................................. 183 I. BACKGROUND ........................................... 187 II. THE TREND IN THE AREA OF SCHOOL DESEGREGATION: LEGAL ISSUES AND SUPREME COURT PRECEDENT .......... 190 A. The School Desegregation Cases: A Brief History... 191 B. The New Phase in Desegregation Litigation: Restraint and Withdrawal of Supervision ............ 193 C. The Principles Applied ............................. 196 III. THE EQUAL PROTECTION CHALLENGE .................... 198 A. The Likely Impact of the New Desegregation Jurisprudence on Race-Based Remedial Measures in Public Schools ...................................... 199 B. "Benign" Uses of Race: The Affirmative Action Cases ............................................... 200 1. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke. 201 2. Racial Quotas.................................... 203 3. D iversity ......................................... 204 C. Analysis of the Ho Equal Protection Claim .......... 204 1. Paragraph13 Operates as an Inflexible Racial Quota System .......................................... -
Jim Crow Racism and the Mexican Americans of San Antonio, Texas
ORAL HISTORY AS A MEANS OF MORAL REPAIR: JIM CROW RACISM AND THE MEXICAN AMERICANS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of The Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Florida Atlantic University Boca Raton, FL May 2018 Copyright by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi, 2017 ii ORAL HISTORY AS A MEANS OF MORAL REPAIR: JIM CROW RACISM AND THE MEXICAN AMERICANS OF SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS by Rebecca Dominguez-Karimi This dissertation was prepared under the direction of the candidate's dissertation advisor, Dr. Sandra Norman, Comparative Studies Program, and has been approved by the members of her supervisory committee. It was submitted to the faculty of the Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts and Letters and was accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. SUPERVISORY COMMnTEE: ~~o..... .:i N1~"" Sandra Norman, Ph.D. ~~Susan Love Brown, Ph. 'S:"..,;ae~.~~o~ JosephinBeoku-Betts, Ph.D. Directo , mparative St ilies Pro? MiC11aeliOfSWclD.~-# Dean, Dorothy F. Schmidt College of Arts andn:ers . 5"", "Zo/g "~~2.~~ ' iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author offers her sincerest thanks and gratitude to members of her committee (past and present-Dr. Robin Fiore, Dr. Marta Cruz-Janzen, Dr. Sandra Norman, Dr. Susan Love Brown, and Dr. Josephine Beoku-Betts) for their guidance, input, and support in bringing this manuscript to fruition. She wishes to especially thank her dissertation advisor, Dr. Sandra Norman, for her patience, advice, and inspiration during the composition of this manuscript. -
Inclusive Language Terminology
INCLUSIVE LANGUAGE TERMINOLOGY The list below presents some terms and definitions that orient Texas Tech's approach to fostering an inclusive and affirming environment. We recognize that this is not an exhaustive list. Though this list does not encapsulate all of the factors that contribute to an understanding of campus climate, we hope that this list can begin to provide some language for articulating various experiences on campus. Ableism Systemic and cultural power awarded to able-bodied/minded people at the expense of people who identify as disabled and/or are socially defined as having a disability. Accessibility: Facilities The extent to which a building or other facility is readily approachable and does not inhibit the mobility of individuals with disabilities. Accessibility can also refer to the extent to which curriculum and programming has been designed to accommodate the needs of individuals of all abilities, including cognitive, learning, and sensory. Accessibility: General Accessibility references the ability to gain access to an environment, location, curriculum, and/or programming for individuals with varying physical, cognitive, learning, and/or sensory needs. Acculturation The cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another (generally dominant) culture. Affirmative action: Employment Proactive efforts to achieve equal employment opportunity and eliminate the effects of past and present discrimination, particularly on the basis of race and gender. The intent is to identify barriers to equal opportunity, eliminate the effects of bias (both conscious and subconscious), and achieve parity with workforce demographics among available and qualified individuals. Affirmative action is not: quota systems, lowering of job standards, selection of unqualified candidates, or reverse discrimination. -
Race and the North Carolina Criminal Justice System
Race and the North Carolina Criminal Justice System Alyson Grine Defender Educator UNC School of Government [email protected] Gretchen Engel Director of Post-Conviction Litigation Unit The Center for Death Penalty Litigation [email protected] James Williams Public Defender Judicial District 15B [email protected] 1 “The act of 1831 directs that when a free negro or free persons of color shall be convicted of an offense against the criminal law and sentenced to pay a fine, if it shall appear to the satisfaction of the court that he is unable to pay the fine imposed, the court shall direct the sheriff of the county to hire out the free negro or free person of color so convicted to any person who will pay the fine for his services… It further makes it the duty of the sheriff… publicly, at the door of the courthouse to hire out the convict.” State v. Manuel, 20 N.C. 144 at 147- 48 (1838) Excerpt from NC Black Codes "If any person shall willfully bring into the State… any [writing], the evident tendency whereof is to cause slaves to become discontented with the bondage in which they are held by their masters and the laws regulating the same, and free negroes to be dissatisfied with their social condition and the denial to them of political privileges, and thereby to excite . a disposition to make conspiracies, insurrections, or resistance against the peace and quiet of the public, such person so offending shall be deemed guilty of felony, and on conviction thereof shall, for the first offence, be imprisoned not less than one year, and be put in the pillory and whipped, at the discretion of the court, and for the second offence shall suffer death." Lynching in NC 1865-1948: 168 African-Americans 2 “Modern” Lynchings 1981 – Michael Donald lynched in Mobile, AL 1992 – Carlos Stoner lynched in Winston-Salem, NC 1995 – Jackie Burden and Michael James lynched in Fayetteville, NC 1998 – James Byrd, Jr. -
Landlord Violated the Fair Housing Act by Using a Racial Quota Plan to Maintain Integrated Housing Stephanie Ferst
Loyola Consumer Law Review Volume 1 | Issue 1 Article 6 1988 Landlord Violated the Fair Housing Act by Using a Racial Quota Plan to Maintain Integrated Housing Stephanie Ferst Follow this and additional works at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/lclr Part of the Consumer Protection Law Commons Recommended Citation Stephanie Ferst Landlord Violated the Fair Housing Act by Using a Racial Quota Plan to Maintain Integrated Housing, 1 Loy. Consumer L. Rev. 22 (1988). Available at: http://lawecommons.luc.edu/lclr/vol1/iss1/6 This Recent Case is brought to you for free and open access by LAW eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Loyola Consumer Law Review by an authorized administrator of LAW eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LANDLORD VIOLATED THE FAIR a policy which preferred white applicants over HOUSING ACT BY USING A minority applicants, and falsely representing to minorities that no apartments were available RACIAL QUOTA PLAN TO when in fact units were available. Starrett then MAINTAIN INTEGRATED moved to dismiss the suit based on estoppel, HOUSING arguing that because the government had not Landlords may no longer use racial quotas to intervened in the Arthur suit it could not sue maintain integration in housing complexes. On Starrett now. The district court denied the mo- March 1, 1988, the United States Court of Ap- tion. peals for the Second Circuit held in United Both parties moved for summary judgment. States v. Starrett City Assocs., 840 F.2d 1096 (2nd The district court granted the government's Cir. 1988), that landlords who restrict minority motion, concluding that Starrett's practices were access through permanent racial quotas violate clear violations of the Fair Housing Act. -
Talking Race” in University Classes: a Discourse Analytical Approach
Language Research Bulletin, 23 , ICU, Tokyo “Talking Race” in University Classes: A Discourse Analytical Approach James W. Tollefson Mai Yamagami Many university classes introduce issues of race and racism – topics that are difficult for some people to discuss openly. The ICU ELP Program, for example, includes challenging readings on race and racism as a focus for class discussion and writing assignments. In this article, we discuss an approach to the analysis of race and racism that can help students apply their critical thinking skills to this important topic. We argue that focusing on the discourse of race offers rich opportunities for class discussion and student writing. Specifically, we summarize critical discourse analysis, particularly its understanding of the concept of “racism,” and we provide suggestions and examples for its use in class. University classes at ICU and elsewhere address profound social, political, cultural and economic issues of race and racism. The ICU English Language Program (ELP), for example, includes six thematic units that form the basis for lessons in reading and writing. The six units are: educational values and critical thinking; reading literature; culture, perception and communication; issues of race; bioethics; and visions of the future. The ELP Reader (ICU English Language Program, 2007) includes core readings for each of these topics. Lessons for the readings focus on content as well as a wide range of reading and writing skills. In this article, we discuss the thematic unit “issues of race” in order to identify some of the challenges facing classes in which race is a major topic. We distinguish explicit (“old”) and implicit (“new”) forms of racism, arguing that implicit forms of racism require a discourse analytical approach to analyzing race. -
The Negative Impact of the Diversity Rationale on White Identity Formation, 89 N.Y.U
University of Miami Law School University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository Articles Faculty and Deans 2014 White Like Me: The egN ative Impact of the Diversity Rationale on White Identity Formation Osamudia R. James University of Miami, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.miami.edu/fac_articles Part of the Education Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Law and Society Commons Recommended Citation Osamudia R. James, White Like Me: The Negative Impact of the Diversity Rationale on White Identity Formation, 89 N.Y.U. L. Rev. 425 (2014). This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Faculty and Deans at University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Articles by an authorized administrator of University of Miami School of Law Institutional Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY LAW REVIEW VOLUME 89 MAY 2014 NUMBER 2 ARTICLES WHITE LIKE ME: THE NEGATIVE IMPACT OF THE DIVERSITY RATIONALE ON WHITE IDENTITY FORMATION OSAMUDIA R. JAMES* In several cases addressing the constitutionality of affirmative action admissions policies, the Supreme Court has recognized a compelling state interest in schools with diverse student populations. According to the Court and affirmative action proponents, the pursuit of diversity does not only benefit minority students who gain expanded access to elite institutions through affirmative action. Rather, diver- sity also benefits white students who grow through encounters with minority stu- dents, it contributes to social and intellectual life on campus, and it serves society at large by aiding the development of citizens equipped for employment and citizen- ship in an increasingly diverse country. -
Managing Backlash and Resistance
Managing backlash and resistance Dr Michael Flood Queensland University of Technology [email protected] @MichaelGLFlood Acknowledgement • This talk, and the publication (En)countering resistance, are based on: • An evidence review, commissioned by VicHealth, and authored by: • Michael Flood (Queensland University of Technology) • Molly Dragiewicz (Queensland University of Technology) • Bob Pease (Deakin University) • Available from: https://www.vichealth.vic.gov.au/media-and- resources/publications/13-steps-to-tackle-gender-discrimination Backlash & resistance: definitions • Backlash / resistance: any form of resistance towards progressive social change • With regard to gender, backlash / resistance maintains or reinforces gender inequalities • It is a subset of the many practices and processes which sustain gender inequality @MichaelGLFlood Characteristics of backlash • An inevitable response to progressive social change • A sign of progress? • Diverse, contextual, and historically specific • Both individual and collective • Both formal or informal • More likely to come from the people who are advantaged by the status quo • Resistance to gender equality is more common by men than women @MichaelGLFlood Forms of backlash • Denial: Denial of the problem or the legitimacy of the case for change • Disavowal: Refusal to recognise responsibility • Inaction: Refusal to implement a change initiative • Appeasement: Efforts to placate or pacify those advocating for change in order to limit its impact • Appropriation: Simulating change while covertly