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Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition

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Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition animals Review Soybean Molasses in Animal Nutrition Sladjana Rakita 1,*, Vojislav Banjac 1 , Olivera Djuragic 1 , Federica Cheli 2,3 and Luciano Pinotti 2,3 1 Institute of Food Technology, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; vojislav.banjac@fins.uns.ac.rs (V.B.); olivera.djuragic@fins.uns.ac.rs (O.D.) 2 Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, VESPA, University of Milan, 20134 Milano, Italy; [email protected] (F.C.); [email protected] (L.P.) 3 CRC I-WE (Coordinating Research Centre: Innovation for Well-Being and Environment), University of Milan, 20134 Milan, Italy * Correspondence: sladjana.rakita@fins.uns.ac.rs; Tel.: +381-21-485-3808 Simple Summary: Soybean molasses is a by-product of the soybean processing industry that is accumulated in large quantities and usually disposed of like liquid manure or in landfills, thus causing severe ecological problems. At the same time, soybean molasses has a promising potential to be included regularly in animal diets because of its high nutritive value and functional properties. It is rich in sugars and is a cheap energy source for animals compared to other energy-rich feed ingredients. This paper reviews current knowledge on the valorization of soybean molasses as an alternative feed ingredient focusing on its composition and application in animal nutrition in general. Abstract: Concerning the increasing global demand for food and accumulation of huge amounts of biomass waste from the agro-food industry whose manipulation is usually inadequate, the potential of livestock to convert by-products as alternative feed ingredients into valuable proteins has been proposed as an outstanding option. Soybean molasses present a by-product of soybean protein concentrate production with low commercial cost but high nutritive and functional value. It is a rich source of soluble carbohydrates in the form of sugars and soybean phytochemicals. Therefore, this Citation: Rakita, S.; Banjac, V.; paper provides a review of published works about the production of soybean molasses, chemical Djuragic, O.; Cheli, F.; Pinotti, L. composition, and nutritive value. In addition, the possibility of the application of soybean molasses Soybean Molasses in Animal in animal nutrition as a pelleting aid and functional feed ingredient is also discussed. Special Nutrition. Animals 2021, 11, 514. attention is devoted to the influence of the inclusion of soybean molasses in the diets for ruminants, https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020514 non-ruminants, and aquaculture on animal performance and health. Academic Editor: Teresa Manso Keywords: soybean molasses; food industry by-products; sustainable animal nutrition; alternative Received: 8 January 2021 feed ingredients; ruminants; pigs Accepted: 6 February 2021 Published: 16 February 2021 Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral 1. Introduction with regard to jurisdictional claims in Global demand for food is constantly increasing and it is driven by both population published maps and institutional affil- growth and a rise in consumption in developing regions due to increased living standards. iations. As the global resources are limited, changes in approach are required, i.e., a shift from linear to more efficient circular agro-food systems. Maximizing circularity and cascading effects between crops, livestock, and the food industry will help to produce animal products with fewer edible resources and less environmental impact thus maximizing the global Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. efficiency of the food systems (Figure1). To achieve this goal, non-human-edible biomass Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. from the food production process can be valorized as by-products of the food chain. Using This article is an open access article the potential of livestock to convert inedible products/alternative feed to valuable proteins distributed under the terms and is necessary for optimal utilization of biomass components across industries [1]. conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Animals 2021, 11, 514. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020514 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/animals Animals 2021Animals, 11, x 2021FOR, PEER11, 514 REVIEW 2 of 15 2 of 15 Figure 1. From a linear to a circular agro-food system (Source [1]). Figure 1. From a linear to a circular agro-food system (Source [1]). AccordingAccording to Food toand Food Agriculture and Agriculture Organiza Organizationtion FAO [2], FAO huge [2], hugequantities quantities of bio- of biomass mass wastewaste are are generated generated as asby-products by-products of offood food and and agricultural agricultural industries, industries, accounting accounting for ap- for approximatelyproximately one-third ofof the the global global agricultural agricultural production. production. International International non-governmental non-governmentalorganizations organizations are highlighting are highlight an urgenting an need urgent for wasteneed for minimization waste minimization and efficient val- and efficientorization valorization of valuable of valuable resources resources [3,4]. Furthermore, [3,4]. Furthermore, livestock productionlivestock production is rapidly growing is rapidlyand growing it approximately and it approximately accounts globally accounts for globally 40% of thefor total40% of agricultural the total agricul- activity and for tural activitymore and than for 50% more in than developed 50% in countries. developed It countries. is predicted It is that predicted the global that demand the global for animal demand productsfor animal in products developing in countriesdeveloping will countries substantially will substantially increase by 2030 increase [5]. From by 2030 that point of [5]. Fromview, that findingpoint of suitable view, finding alternative suitable feed alternative ingredients feed in animal ingredients nutrition in animal to produce nu- animal trition toproducts produce hasanimal become products a very has challenging become a very mission challenging [6]. Based mission on the [6]. abovementioned, Based on the the abovementioned,conversion of the agricultural conversion by-products, of agricultural crop by-products, residues, and crop edible residues, biomass and intoedi- ingredi- ble biomassents into for ingredients animal feed for has animal been regardedfeed has been to be regarded an efficient to toolbe an that efficient may reducetool that food-feed may reducecompetition, food-feed decrease competition, animal decrease feed costs, animal alleviate feed the costs, environmental alleviate the impacts environ- of livestock mental impactsproduction, of livestock and diminish production, the dependence and diminish on the grains dependence widely usedon grains in human widely consump- used in humantion [7– consumption12]. This concept [7–1 points2]. This out concept the principles points out of waste the principles reduction, of nutrients waste re- recycling, duction, efficientnutrients reuse recycling, of resources, efficient andreuse development of resources, of and production development process of production adjusted to unique process adjustedlocal conditions to unique [11 ,13local]. Tight conditions cooperation [11,13]. between Tight cooperation nearby food between producers nearby and local feed food producersfactories and and local farmers feed factories has been and established farmers overhas been a long established period and over still a continueslong pe- [11,14]. riod andThis still iscontinues important [11,14]. because This animal is important feeds have because become animal a growingly feeds have critical become part ofa the inte- growinglygrated critical food part chain. of the Since integrated the livestock food chain. sector Since demands the livestock innovation sector to securedemands sustainable innovationfeed to and secure food sustaina security,ble the feed concept and offood recycling security, is anthe alluring concept approach of recycling in many is an ways and alluring approachshould thus in many be implemented ways and shou globallyld thus [15 ].be implemented globally [15]. Soybean Soybeanmolasses molasses is a relatively is a relatively new investigated new investigated by-product by-product of soybean of soybeanprocessing processing generatedgenerated in large in quantities large quantities and andwith, with, currently, currently, low low commercial costcost [ 16[16].]. This This by-product by-producthas has been been mainly mainly used used as aas raw a raw material material for for fermentation fermentation in thein the production production of bioethanol,of bioethanol,lactic lactic acid, acid, and and various various solvents solvents (acetone, (acetone, butanol) butanol) [17, 18[17,18].]. It was It was reported reported that leading that leadingsoybean soybean processors processors in Brazil in Brazil generate generate a substantial a substantial quantity quantity of soybean of soybean molasses mo- per day lasses per(approximately day (approximately 220 tons) [19220]. Sincetons) soybean [19]. molassesSince soybean present molasses agro-industrial present waste with agro-industriala high waste amount with of a organic high amount substances, of organic it has substances, been discarded it has inbeen landfills discarded or disposed in of landfills likeor disposed liquid manure of like liquid up to now. manure Consequently, up to now. organicConsequently, compounds organic from compounds soybean molasses from soybeancontaminate molasses groundwater contaminate
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