DOCSLIB.ORG

Linda Qiu and Snopes Fact-Checker Bethania Palma

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Linda Qiu and Snopes Fact-Checker Bethania Palma EVERYONE HATES THE REFEREE: HOW FACT-CHECKERS MITIGATE A PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF BIAS A project presented to the faculty of the graduate school at the University of Missouri-Columbia School of Journalism by ALLISON COLBURN Committee: Katherine Reed (chair) Jennifer Rowe Barbara Cochran December 2017 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I want to thank Katherine Reed for helping me take my abstract ideas into something concrete and researchable. She was an essential guide when I was struggling to come up with my project proposal. I also want to thank Jennifer Rowe for her encouragement and for turning my “judgements” into “judgments.” And Barbara Cochran has given me a great deal of support during my project’s professional component. I have gained so much from having three intelligent, successful and strong-willed women on my committee. Last, I would be remiss to forget to acknowledge the Missouri School of Journalism. The disillusioned student who started with the school in fall 2015 is a better, more confident version of herself today. ii" TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments.................................................................................................. ii Chapter 1. Introduction..............................................................................................3 2. Activity Log.............................................................................................7 3. Evaluation .............................................................................................17 4. Physical Evidence .................................................................................20 5. Analysis.................................................................................................64 Appendix...............................................................................................................85 1. Note to Reader………………………………………………………...85 2. Literature Review……………………………………………………..86 3. Interview Transcripts……………………………………………...…104 4. Fact-Checking Policies………………………………………………142 iii" Introduction When I was about 7 years old, an adult in my life who I looked up to and admired in many ways, told me that dinosaurs never existed. According to her faith, God would never place such ghastly creatures on Earth. And the Earth was 6,000 years old. And macroevolution was a sham. She wasn’t the only person in my life who rejected certain fields of science. A good portion of my community believed the same. I grew up in Colorado Springs near Focus on the Family, a Christian organization that rejects Darwin’s theory of evolution. The organization has, since its founding in 1977, attracted like-minded individuals and churches to the surrounding area. The problem for second-grade me was that I loved dinosaurs. I also loved reading about the big bang, the life cycle of stars and Earth’s history. When people who I considered to be much wiser than me told me that what I was learning in school was wrong, I had to make a decision: Are dinosaurs fake? Or are adults lying to me? Overwhelming scientific evidence won my vote. But what I learned then about faith, fact and delusion continues to puzzle me. I’ve had countless conversations with people, many of whom I consider to be friends, about why they believe what they do, despite there being no evidence to support it and ample evidence to dispel it. They tell me that aliens visit Earth all of the time, the U.S. government was behind the September 11 attacks and big pharmaceutical companies are withholding the cure for cancer. Their strong-held beliefs always hinge on some core ideology that, if shaken or disturbed, might demolish the person they think they are. Some pundits and scholars argue that we live in a post-truth political era, where appeals to emotion and personal belief are more persuasive than objective facts. Conspiracy theories 3 have made their way from the fringe to the mainstream. This poses a problem for journalists, who must now figure out how to present facts to an increasingly skeptical audience. My project aims to offer a critical look at the fact-checking process along with its framing devices in the hopes of finding best practices for reporting fact-checks. In a way, I’ve always wanted to do this kind of research. The social components of spreading fiction have fascinated me for years. In undergrad, my plan was to complete my bachelor’s degree in English literature and then spend my life conducting research in folklore and oral narratives and teach at a university. This plan came to an end about half-way through my senior year. As I spent more time getting to know university researchers, I realized I was jealous of my friends who were going to work in business, health care and other, more sociable fields. The thought of confining myself to studies in literature sounded peaceful, but lonely. After about eight months of deliberation, I settled on journalism as my next career move. I felt it would be a good way for me to contribute something meaningful. I had relatively little experience in the field before I applied to the Missouri School of Journalism. I was working in retail and wrote for a volunteer-run, small community newspaper outside of Colorado Springs. My first story went on the front page: “Stormwater drainage fee set for ballot,” the headline read. It wasn’t the coolest story, but I felt like I was doing something helpful for my community. Since then, I have gained almost two years of experience working at the Columbia Missourian. During my first and second semester of graduate school, I worked as an education reporter in addition to working general assignment shifts. I became an expert on my beat as I reported on K-12 and higher education, learning the complexities of charter schools, university funding and closing the academic achievement gap. My current position, which I have held for 4 the past year, is an assistant city editor. I spend about 20 hours per week keeping tabs on breaking news and editing general assignment stories. Through these positions I have grown comfortable with pitching stories, working on long-term pieces and handling any daily news that comes in. I’ve also taken important skills classes, including Computer-assisted Reporting, Advanced Data Journalism, Investigative Reporting and Magazine Editing. When I first started my graduate program in the Missouri School of Journalism, I created a few goals: Learn to write feature stories, cover breaking news, develop data skills, work in news editing and report on politics. I’ve spent most of my time focusing on the first four goals, but I’ve only just touched on the last. Even though political reporting intersects with all topics, I haven’t quite had the opportunity to really dig into that essential genre of journalism. By spending the upcoming fall semester reporting in Washington, D.C. and completing my professional project, I hope to finally finish what I set out to do in fall 2015. Lately, my interest in political reporting has centered on fact-checking. As fake news continues to pervade online and the new White House administration writes off fact-checks by claiming the existence of “alternative facts,” sorting out what is true and what is purely made up has become perhaps the most essential public service in journalism. While writing for PolitiFact Missouri in my fact-checking class this spring, I realized I was interested in taking a scholarly approach to the topic. For my project, I chose to work with framing theory because I wanted to understand the different approaches fact-checkers take in trying to correct the record and dispel misleading information. Some organizations use rating systems, some call false claims lies, and some just lay out whatever information they found and allow the reader to make a judgment. After surveying various theories, it became apparent that these organizations’ methods of presenting 5 fact-checks were framing devices. Analyzing fact-checks through the lens of framing theory sets me up to understand how journalists grapple with the era of alternative facts. In my PolitiFact class, I have already learned how to identify verifiable claims, track down the source of information behind a claim and report on its various facets. With the help of editors, I’ve also taken part in deciding how to rate the fact-checks of mine and my peers. I recently accepted a news reporting internship on the metro desk of the St. Louis Post- Dispatch, which will take place from May to August this year. The experience I’ve gained since beginning my graduate program along with the experience I’ll have come August sets me up for success in completing my project and fulfilling my graduate school goals. 6 Activity Log The week of 8/21-8/28 Hello everyone. I don’t have a whole lot to report this week. My first few days in Washington were spent starting my internship at PolitiFact and getting familiar with the city. It was a weird start because I so far haven’t had an in-person editor. The newsroom is kind of split in half. There are a few of us in the D.C. Office, and a few more people work in Florida. Most of our communication so far has been over Slack. On the one hand, it’s nice for reporters and editors to be able to work from home if they want to. But the main challenge I dealt with last week was figuring out what I was doing without the help of a supervisor. I did manage to get a couple of clips published last week, and tomorrow we should be publishing another story. This internship so far has been much different in terms of pace than my breaking news internship this summer at the Post-Dispatch, where I was getting at least one thing published a day. It goes to show how much more time goes into reporting fact-checks and political analysis than into breaking news. Not that breaking news and general assignment reporting is easy, it’s just a quicker process. The added work of having to spell out all of your sources in a citation also slows down the PolitiFact process.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Words That Work: It's Not What You Say, It's What People Hear
    ï . •,";,£ CASL M T. ^oÛNTAE À SUL'S, REVITA 1ENT, HASSLE- NT_ MAIN STR " \CCOUNTA ;, INNOVAT MLUE, CASL : REVITA JOVATh IE, CASL )UNTAE CO M M XIMEN1 VlTA • Ml ^re aW c^Pti ( °rds *cc Po 0 ^rof°>lish lu*t* >nk Lan <^l^ gua a ul Vic r ntz °ko Ono." - Somehow, W( c< Words are enorm i Jheer pleasure of CJ ftj* * - ! love laag^ liant about Words." gM °rder- Franl< Luntz * bril- 'Frank Luntz understands the power of words to move public Opinion and communicate big ideas. Any Democrat who writes off his analysis and decades of experience just because he works for the other side is making a big mistake. His les sons don't have a party label. The only question is, where s our Frank Luntz^^^^^^^™ îy are some people so much better than others at talking their way into a job or nit of trouble? What makes some advertising jingles cut through the clutter of our crowded memories? What's behind winning campaign slogans and career-ending political blunders? Why do some speeches resonate and endure while others are forgotten moments after they are given? The answers lie in the way words are used to influence and motivate, the way they connect thought and emotion. And no person knows more about the intersection of words and deeds than language architect and public-opinion guru Dr. Frank Luntz. In Words That Work, Dr. Luntz not only raises the curtain on the craft of effective language, but also offers priceless insight on how to find and use the right words to get what you want out of life.
    [Show full text]
  • Coconut Resume
    COCONUT RESUME ID 174 905 CS 204 973 AUTHOR Dyer, Carolyn Stewart: Soloski, John TITLE The Right to Gather News: The Gannett Connection. POE DATE Aug 79 ROTE 60p.: Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the * Association for,Education in Journalism (62nd, Houston, Texas, August 5-8, 19791 !DRS PRICE MFOI Plus Postage. PC Not Available from EDRS. DESCRIPTORS Business: *Court Cases: Court Litigation: *Freedom of Speech: *Journalism: *Legal Aid: *Newspapers. Publishing Industry IDENTIFIERS *Ownership ABSTRACT Is part of an examination of whether newspaper chains help member papers with legal problems, this paper reviews a series of courtroom and court-record access cases involving thelargest newspaper chain in the 'United States,the Gannett Company. The paper attempts to determine the extent to which Gannett hasfinancially and legally helped its member pipers bting law suits involvingfreedom of the press issues, whether the cases discussed represent a Gannett policy concerning the seeking of access to courtrooms and'court records, what the nature and purpose of that policy are,its consequences for the development of mass medialaw, and the potential benefits to Gannett. (FL) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** 1 U $ DEPARTMENT OP HEALTH. EDUCATION I WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OP EDUCATION THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO- DUCED EXACTLY AS RECEIVED
    [Show full text]
  • Fake News Detection in Social Media
    Fake news detection in social media Kasseropoulos Dimitrios-Panagiotis SID: 3308190011 SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Data Science JANUARY, 2021 THESSALONIKI - GREECE i Fake news detection in social media Kasseropoulos Dimitrios-Panagiotis SID: 3308190011 Supervisor: Assoc. Prof. Christos Tjortjis Supervising Committee Members: Prof. Panagiotis Bozanis Dr. Leonidas Akritidis SCHOOL OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY A thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Science (MSc) in Data Science JANUARY, 2021 THESSALONIKI - GREECE ii Abstract This dissertation was written as a part of the MSc in Data Science at the International Hellenic University. The easy propagation and access to information in the web has the potential to become a serious issue when it comes to disinformation. The term “fake news” is describing the intentional propagation of fake news with the intent to mislead and harm the public, and has gained more attention since the U.S elections of 2016. Recent studies have used machine learning techniques to tackle it. This thesis reviews the style-based machine learning approach which relies on the textual information of news, such as the manually extraction of lexical features from the text (e.g. part of speech counts), and testing the performance of both classic and non-classic (artificial neural networks) algorithms. We have managed to find a subset of best performing linguistic features, using information-based metrics, which also tend to agree with the already existing literature. Also, we combined the Name Entity Recognition (NER) functionality of spacy’s library with the FP Growth algorithm to gain a deeper perspective of the name entities used in the two classes.
    [Show full text]
  • THE EFFECTS of FACT-CHECKING THREAT Results from a Field Experiment in the States
    NEW AMERICA FOUNDATION Research Paper THE EFFECTS OF FACT-CHECKING THREAT Results from a field experiment in the states Brendan Nyhan and Jason Reifler* October 2013 Executive summary Politicians in the United States are coming under increasing scrutiny from fact-checkers like PolitiFact, Factcheck.org, and the Washington Post Fact Checker, who examine the accuracy of public statements that are often reported without challenge by traditional news organizations. However, we know little about the effects of this practice, especially on public officials. One possibility is that fact-checking might help to deter the dissemination of misinformation, especially for candidates and legislators at lower levels of government who receive relatively little scrutiny and are sensitive to potential threats to re-election. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a field experiment during the 2012 campaign evaluating the effects of reminding state legislators about the electoral and reputational threat posed by fact-checking. Our experimental sample consisted of nearly 1200 legislators in nine states with state PolitiFact affiliates. We found that legislators who were sent reminders that they are vulnerable to fact-checking were less likely to receive a negative PolitiFact rating or have the accuracy of their statements questioned publicly than legislators who were not sent reminders. These results suggest that the electoral and reputational threat posed by fact-checking can affect the behavior of elected officials. In this way, fact-checking could play an important role in improving political discourse and strengthening democratic accountability. * Brendan Nyhan ([email protected]) is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Government at Dartmouth College.
    [Show full text]
  • In Re Motion of Propublica, Inc. for the Release of Court Records [FISC
    IN RE OPINIONS & ORDERS OF THIS COURT ADDRESSING BULK COLLECTION OF DATA Docket No. Misc. 13-02 UNDER THE FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE SURVEILLANCE ACT IN RE MOTION FOR THE RELEASE OF Docket No. Misc. 13-08 COURT RECORDS IN RE MOTION OF PROPUBLICA, INC. FOR Docket No. Misc. 13-09 THE RELEASE OF COURT RECORDS BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE THE REPORTERS COMMITTEE FOR FREEDOM OF THE PRESS AND 25 MEDIA ORGANIZATIONS, IN SUPPORT OF THE NOVEMBER 6,2013 MOTION BY THE AMERICAN CIVIL LIBERTIES UNION, ET AL, FOR THE RELEASE OF COURT RECORDS; THE OCTOBER 11, 2013 MOTION BY THE MEDIA FREEDOM AND INFORMATION ACCESS CLINIC FOR RECONSIDERATION OF THIS COURT'S SEPTEMBER 13, 2013 OPINION ON THE ISSUE OF ARTICLE III STANDING; AND THE NOVEMBER 12,2013 MOTION OF PRO PUBLICA, INC. FOR RELEASE OF COURT RECORDS Bruce D. Brown The Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press 1101 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1100 Arlington, VA 22209 Counsel for Amici Curiae November 26. 2013 TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................................ ii TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ......................................................................................................... iii IDENTITY OF AMICI CURIAE .................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT ............................................................................................. 2 ARGUMENT .................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • How White Supremacy Returned to Mainstream Politics
    GETTY CORUM IMAGES/SAMUEL How White Supremacy Returned to Mainstream Politics By Simon Clark July 2020 WWW.AMERICANPROGRESS.ORG How White Supremacy Returned to Mainstream Politics By Simon Clark July 2020 Contents 1 Introduction and summary 4 Tracing the origins of white supremacist ideas 13 How did this start, and how can it end? 16 Conclusion 17 About the author and acknowledgments 18 Endnotes Introduction and summary The United States is living through a moment of profound and positive change in attitudes toward race, with a large majority of citizens1 coming to grips with the deeply embedded historical legacy of racist structures and ideas. The recent protests and public reaction to George Floyd’s murder are a testament to many individu- als’ deep commitment to renewing the founding ideals of the republic. But there is another, more dangerous, side to this debate—one that seeks to rehabilitate toxic political notions of racial superiority, stokes fear of immigrants and minorities to inflame grievances for political ends, and attempts to build a notion of an embat- tled white majority which has to defend its power by any means necessary. These notions, once the preserve of fringe white nationalist groups, have increasingly infiltrated the mainstream of American political and cultural discussion, with poi- sonous results. For a starting point, one must look no further than President Donald Trump’s senior adviser for policy and chief speechwriter, Stephen Miller. In December 2019, the Southern Poverty Law Center’s Hatewatch published a cache of more than 900 emails2 Miller wrote to his contacts at Breitbart News before the 2016 presidential election.
    [Show full text]
  • The Rise and Impact of Fact-Checking in U.S. Campaigns by Amanda Wintersieck a Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment O
    The Rise and Impact of Fact-Checking in U.S. Campaigns by Amanda Wintersieck A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Approved April 2015 by the Graduate Supervisory Committee: Kim Fridkin, Chair Mark Ramirez Patrick Kenney ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY May 2015 ABSTRACT Do fact-checks influence individuals' attitudes and evaluations of political candidates and campaign messages? This dissertation examines the influence of fact- checks on citizens' evaluations of political candidates. Using an original content analysis, I determine who conducts fact-checks of candidates for political office, who is being fact- checked, and how fact-checkers rate political candidates' level of truthfulness. Additionally, I employ three experiments to evaluate the impact of fact-checks source and message cues on voters' evaluations of candidates for political office. i DEDICATION To My Husband, Aza ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincerest thanks to the many individuals who helped me with this dissertation and throughout my graduate career. First, I would like to thank all the members of my committee, Professors Kim L. Fridkin, Patrick Kenney, and Mark D. Ramirez. I am especially grateful to my mentor and committee chair, Dr. Kim L. Fridkin. Your help and encouragement were invaluable during every stage of this dissertation and my graduate career. I would also like to thank my other committee members and mentors, Patrick Kenney and Mark D. Ramirez. Your academic and professional advice has significantly improved my abilities as a scholar. I am grateful to husband, Aza, for his tireless support and love throughout this project.
    [Show full text]
  • Charlie Savage Russia Investigation Transcript
    Charlie Savage Russia Investigation Transcript How inalienable is Stavros when unabbreviated and hippest Vernen obsess some lodgers? Perceptional and daily Aldrich never jeopardized his bedclothes! Nonagenarian Gill surrogates that derailments peeving sublimely and derogates timeously. March 11 2020 Jeffrey Ragsdale Acting Director and Chief. Adam Goldman and Charlie Savage c2020 The New York Times Company. Fortifying the hebrew of Law Filling the Gaps Revealed by the. Cooper Laura Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Russia Ukraine and. Very quickly everything we suggest was consumed by the Russia investigation and by covering that. As part suppose the larger Crossfire Hurricane investigation into Russia's efforts. LEAKER TRAITOR WHISTLEBLOWER SPY Boston University. Forum Thwarting the Separation of The Yale Law Journal. Paul KillebrewNotes on The Bisexual Purge OVERSOUND. Pompeo confirms Russian bounty warning Harris' foreign. Charles Darwin like most 19th century scientists believed agriculture was an accident saying a bolster and unusually. Updates The petal of June 5 2017 Take Care. E OHCHR UPR Submissions. This followed a fetus between their Russian spies discussing efforts to page Page intercepted as part was an FBI investigation into this Russian sex ring in. Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist Charlie Savage's penetrating investigation of the. Propriety of commitment special counsel's investigation into Russian. America's Counterterrorism Gamble hire for Strategic and. Note payment the coming weeks that the definition of savage tends to be rescue not correct Maybe my best. It released last yeah and underlying testimony transcripts those passages derived from. Thy of a tale by Charles Dickens or Samuel Clemens for it taxed the.
    [Show full text]
  • Wanting, Not Waiting
    WINNERSdateline OF THE OVERSEAS PRESS CLUB AWARDS 2011 Wanting, Not Waiting 2012 Another Year of Uprisings SPECIAL EDITION dateline 2012 1 letter from the president ne year ago, at our last OPC Awards gala, paying tribute to two of our most courageous fallen heroes, I hardly imagined that I would be standing in the same position again with the identical burden. While last year, we faced the sad task of recognizing the lives and careers of two Oincomparable photographers, Tim Hetherington and Chris Hondros, this year our attention turns to two writers — The New York Times’ Anthony Shadid and Marie Colvin of The Sunday Times of London. While our focus then was on the horrors of Gadhafi’s Libya, it is now the Syria of Bashar al- Assad. All four of these giants of our profession gave their lives in the service of an ideal and a mission that we consider so vital to our way of life — a full, complete and objective understanding of a world that is so all too often contemptuous or ignorant of these values. Theirs are the same talents and accomplishments to which we pay tribute in each of our awards tonight — and that the Overseas Press Club represents every day throughout the year. For our mission, like theirs, does not stop as we file from this room. The OPC has moved resolutely into the digital age but our winners and their skills remain grounded in the most fundamental tenets expressed through words and pictures — unwavering objectivity, unceasing curiosity, vivid story- telling, thought-provoking commentary.
    [Show full text]
  • Journalistic Networks and the Diffusion of Local News: the Brief, Happy News Life of the “Francisville Four”
    This is a repository copy of Journalistic Networks and the Diffusion of Local News: The Brief, Happy News Life of the “Francisville Four”. White Rose Research Online URL for this paper: http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/127472/ Version: Accepted Version Article: Anderson, CW orcid.org/0000-0002-3893-8411 (2010) Journalistic Networks and the Diffusion of Local News: The Brief, Happy News Life of the “Francisville Four”. Political Communication, 27 (3). pp. 289-309. ISSN 1058-4609 https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.496710 © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC. This is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Taylor & Francis in Political Communication on 06 Aug 2010, available online: https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2010.496710 Reuse Items deposited in White Rose Research Online are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved unless indicated otherwise. They may be downloaded and/or printed for private study, or other acts as permitted by national copyright laws. The publisher or other rights holders may allow further reproduction and re-use of the full text version. This is indicated by the licence information on the White Rose Research Online record for the item. Takedown If you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing [email protected] including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. [email protected] https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ 1 “The Role Played by Journalistic Networks in the Construction of “Public” Issues: The Brief, Happy News Life of the ‘Francisville Four,” Chris Anderson Revise and Resubmit at Political Communication 2 “Common Knowledge” About the Blogger-Journalist Relationship The last eight years have seen the analysis of the relationship between “blogging” and “journalism” emerge as an academic growth industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Combatting White Nationalism: Lessons from Marx by Andrew Kliman
    Combatting White Nationalism: Lessons from Marx by Andrew Kliman October 2, 2017 version Abstract This essay seeks to draw lessons from Karl Marx’s writings and practice that can help combat Trumpism and other expressions of white nationalism. The foremost lesson is that fighting white nationalism in the tradition of Marx entails the perspective of solidarizing with the “white working class” by decisively defeating Trumpism and other far-right forces. Their defeat will help liberate the “white working class” from the grip of reaction and thereby spur the independent emancipatory self-development of working people as a whole. The anti-neoliberal “left” claims that Trump’s electoral victory was due to an uprising of the “white working class” against a rapacious neoliberalism that has caused its income to stagnate for decades. However, working-class income (measured reasonably) did not stagnate, nor is “economic distress” a source of Trump’s surprisingly strong support from “working-class” whites. And by looking back at the presidential campaigns of George Wallace between 1964 and 1972, it becomes clear that Trumpism is a manifestation of a long-standing white nationalist strain in US politics, not a response to neoliberalism or globalization. Marx differed from the anti-neoliberal “left” in that he sought to encourage the “independent movement of the workers” toward human emancipation, not further the political interests of “the left.” Their different responses to white nationalism are rooted in this general difference. Detailed analysis of Marx’s writings and activity around the US Civil War and the Irish independence struggle against England reveals that Marx stood for the defeat of the Confederacy, and the defeat of England, largely because he anticipated that these defeats would stimulate the independent emancipatory self-development of the working class.
    [Show full text]
  • Online Media and the 2016 US Presidential Election
    Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Faris, Robert M., Hal Roberts, Bruce Etling, Nikki Bourassa, Ethan Zuckerman, and Yochai Benkler. 2017. Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Paper. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33759251 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA AUGUST 2017 PARTISANSHIP, Robert Faris Hal Roberts PROPAGANDA, & Bruce Etling Nikki Bourassa DISINFORMATION Ethan Zuckerman Yochai Benkler Online Media & the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This paper is the result of months of effort and has only come to be as a result of the generous input of many people from the Berkman Klein Center and beyond. Jonas Kaiser and Paola Villarreal expanded our thinking around methods and interpretation. Brendan Roach provided excellent research assistance. Rebekah Heacock Jones helped get this research off the ground, and Justin Clark helped bring it home. We are grateful to Gretchen Weber, David Talbot, and Daniel Dennis Jones for their assistance in the production and publication of this study. This paper has also benefited from contributions of many outside the Berkman Klein community. The entire Media Cloud team at the Center for Civic Media at MIT’s Media Lab has been essential to this research.
    [Show full text]