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Afadin: a Novel Actin Filament–Binding Protein with One PDZ

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Afadin: a Novel Actin Filament–Binding Protein with One PDZ Afadin: A Novel Actin Filament–binding Protein with One PDZ Domain Localized at Cadherin-based Cell-to-Cell Adherens Junction Kenji Mandai,* Hiroyuki Nakanishi,* Ayako Satoh,* Hiroshi Obaishi,* Manabu Wada,* Hideo Nishioka,* Masahiko Itoh,§ Akira Mizoguchi,i Takeo Aoki,¶ Toyoshi Fujimoto,¶ Yoichi Matsuda,** Shoichiro Tsukita,§ and Yoshimi Takai*‡ *Takai Biotimer Project, ERATO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, c/o JCR Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Kobe 651-22, Japan; ‡Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565, Japan; §Department of Cell Biology, iDepartment of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan; ¶Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Gunma University School of Medicine, Maebashi 371, Japan; and **Laboratory of Animal Genetics, School of Agricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-01, Japan Abstract. A novel actin filament (F-actin)–binding pro- p190 showed 90% identity over the entire sequence tein with a molecular mass of z205 kD (p205), which with the product of the AF-6 gene, which was found to was concentrated at cadherin-based cell-to-cell adherens be fused to the ALL-1 gene, known to be involved in junction (AJ), was isolated and characterized. p205 was acute leukemia. p190 is likely to be a rat counterpart of purified from rat brain and its cDNA was cloned from a human AF-6 protein. p205 bound along the sides of rat brain cDNA library. p205 was a protein of 1,829 F-actin but hardly showed the F-actin–cross-linking ac- amino acids (aa) with a calculated molecular mass of tivity. Northern and Western blot analyses showed that 207,667 kD. p205 had one F-actin–binding domain at p205 was ubiquitously expressed in all the rat tissues 1,631–1,829 aa residues and one PDZ domain at 1,016– examined, whereas p190 was specifically expressed in 1,100 aa residues, a domain known to interact with trans- brain. Immunofluorescence and immunoelectron mi- membrane proteins. p205 was copurified from rat brain croscopic studies revealed that p205 was concentrated with another protein with a molecular mass of 190 kD at cadherin-based cell-to-cell AJ of various tissues. We (p190). p190 was a protein of 1,663 aa with a calculated named p205 l-afadin (a large splicing variant of AF-6 molecular mass of 188,971 kD. p190 was a splicing vari- protein localized at adherens junction) and p190 s-afa- ant of p205 having one PDZ domain at 1,009–1,093 aa din (a small splicing variant of l-afadin). These results residues but lacking the F-actin–binding domain. Ho- suggest that l-afadin serves as a linker of the actin cy- mology search analysis revealed that the aa sequence of toskeleton to the plasma membrane at cell-to-cell AJ. n various cellular events, such as cell adhesion, cell mo- linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma mem- tility, and cell shape determination, specialized mem- brane is not fully understood. I brane domains are formed with transmembrane pro- To understand this molecular linkage, the cell adhesion teins, such as cell adhesion molecules, receptors, and sites have most extensively been studied (Geiger, 1983, channels, and these domains are often associated with the 1989; Geiger and Ginsberg, 1991; Turner and Burridge, actin cytoskeleton (Geiger, 1983, 1989; Geiger and Ginsberg, 1991; Luna and Hitt, 1992; Tsukita et al., 1992, 1997; 1991; Turner and Burridge, 1991; Luna and Hitt, 1992; Bretscher, 1993). The actin filament (F-actin)1–associated Tsukita et al., 1992, 1997; Bretscher, 1993). The linkage cell adhesion sites are subclassed into two types: cell-to-cell between the actin cytoskeleton and the plasma membrane and cell-to-matrix adherens junctions (AJ). Many linker plays crucial roles in these cellular events, and proteins link- proteins have been identified at cell-to-cell AJ where cad- ing the actin cytoskeleton to the transmembrane proteins herins interact with each other at the extracellular surface have been identified. However, the molecular basis of the (Takeichi, 1988; Geiger and Ginsberg, 1991; Takeichi, 1. Abbreviations used in this paper: aa, amino acid; AJ, adherens junction; Address all correspondence to Y. Takai, Department of Molecular Biol- F-actin, actin filament; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; G-actin, ogy and Biochemistry, Osaka University Medical School, Suita 565, Osaka, actin monomer; GST, glutathione S-transferase; His6, six histidine resi- Japan. Tel.: 81-6-879-3410. Fax: 81-6-879-3419. E-mail: ytakai@molbio. dues; l-afadin, a large splicing variant of AF-6 protein localized at adherens med.osaka-u.ac.jp junction; S1, subfragment 1; s-afadin, a small splicing variant of l-afadin. The Rockefeller University Press, 0021-9525/97/10/517/12 $2.00 The Journal of Cell Biology, Volume 139, Number 2, October 20, 1997 517–528 http://www.jcb.org 517 1991; Tsukita et al., 1992). The cytoplasmic domain of cad- (Prasad et al., 1993), known to be involved in acute leuke- herin is associated with cytoplasmic proteins such as a-, b-, mia (Cimino et al., 1991). We named p205 l-afadin (a large and g-catenins (Ozawa et al., 1989; Nagafuchi et al., 1991; splicing variant of AF-6 protein localized at adherens junc- Takeichi, 1991; Tsukita et al., 1992). a-Catenin directly in- tion) and p190 s-afadin (a small splicing variant of l-afadin). teracts with F-actin (Rimm et al., 1995). a-Catenin also in- We describe here isolation and characterization of l-afadin. teracts indirectly with F-actin through a-actinin and/or ZO-1 (Knudsen et al., 1995; Itoh et al., 1997). Vinculin, an- other F-actin–binding protein, is concentrated at cell-to- Materials and Methods cell AJ, although its interacting molecule at cell-to-cell AJ 125 has not yet been identified (Geiger and Ginsberg, 1991; I-labeled F-Actin Blot Overlay Tsukita et al., 1992). At cell-to-matrix AJ where integrin 125I-labeled F-actin blot overlay was done as described (Chia et al., 1991; interacts with matrix proteins at the extracellular surface, Pestonjamasp et al., 1995). Briefly, purified actin monomer (G-actin) was 125 125 the cytoplasmic domain interacts directly or indirectly labeled with I-Bolton Hunter reagent. I-labeled G-actin (1 mg/ml, av- erage specific activity = 63.3 mCi/mg) was polymerized with 18 mg/ml of with F-actin–binding proteins, including a-actinin, vincu- gelsolin (molar ratio = 100:1; Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) by incu- lin, and talin (Jockusch et al., 1995). Thus, many F-actin– bation for 10 min at 48C in a solution containing 20 mM Pipes, pH 7.0, 50 binding proteins appear to serve as linkers of the actin cy- mM KCl, and 2 mM MgCl2. Phalloidin was then added to give a final con- toskeleton to the plasma membrane cadherin and integrin. centration of 40 mM. The mixture was then incubated for another 15 min 125 The linkage between the actin cytoskeleton and the at room temperature and stored at 48C as I-labeled F-actin. The sample to be tested was subjected to SDS-PAGE and transferred to a nitrocellu- plasma membrane is also important for neuron-specific lose membrane. The membrane was blocked in TBS containing 5% defat- events, such as growth cone pathfinding and the subse- ted powder milk. The membrane was then incubated for 1 h at room tem- quent formation and maintenance of synaptic junction perature with 10 mg/ml of 125I-labeled F-actin in TBS containing 5% (Mitchison and Kirschner, 1988; Smith, 1988; Bentley and defatted powder milk and 4 mM phalloidin. After the incubation, the membrane was washed with TBS containing 0.5% Tween 20, followed by O’Connor, 1994; Lin et al., 1994; Tanaka and Sabry, 1995). autoradiography using an image analyzer (Fujix BAS-2000II; Fuji Photo However, it remains to be clarified which molecules link Film Co., Tokyo, Japan). the actin cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane in these For competition experiments, 125I-labeled F-actin was prepared as de- neuron-specific events. To address this issue, we attempted scribed above, except that the concentration of gelsolin was reduced to 7.2 125 to isolate novel F-actin–binding proteins from the rat brain mg/ml (molar ratio = 250:1). 20 mg/ml of I-labeled F-actin was incubated 125 for 30 min at room temperature with 0.42 mg/ml of myosin subfragment 1 by using a blot overlay method with I-labeled F-actin. (S1; Sigma Chemical Co.) in a solution containing 20 mM Pipes, pH 7.0, 58 We had isolated a neural tissue-specific F-actin–binding mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl2, 130 mM CaCl2, and 0.8 mM phalloidin. Where in- protein that is concentrated at synapse and named it dicated, 4 mM MgATP was added to the mixture. After the incubation, neurabin (Nakanishi et al., 1997). Neurabin has one F-actin– the mixture was diluted with an equal volume of TBS containing 10% de- fatted powder milk, and it was added to the blot membrane, followed by binding domain and one PDZ domain. The PDZ domain incubation for 1 h at room temperature. has been found in a variety of proteins, some of which are localized at cell-to-cell junctions, such as PSD-95/SAP90 at Purification of l-Afadin synaptic junction (Cho et al., 1992; Kistner et al., 1993), Dlg at septate junction (Woods and Bryant, 1991), and All the purification procedures were carried out at 0–48C. Fetal brains from 60 mother rats (17-d gestation) were homogenized with a solution ZO-1 and ZO-2 at tight junction (Stevenson et al., 1986; containing 10 mM Tris/Cl, pH 8.0, 2 mM EDTA, 5 mM EGTA, and a pro- Gumbiner, 1991; Itoh et al., 1993; Tsukita et al., 1993; Wil- tease inhibitor cocktail (1 mM PMSF, 20 mg/ml of leupeptin, and 1 mg/ml lott et al., 1993; Jesaitis and Goodenough, 1994).
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