DOCSLIB.ORG

Entomopathogenic Nematodes

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Entomopathogenic Nematodes Steinernema carpocapsae (entomopathogenic nematodes) For control of the Red Palm Weevil ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ) and Palm Borer ( Paysandisia archon ) General information Palm Borer (P. archon) Today, red palm weevils and palm borers are Application recommendation considered to be the main pests causing major damage to palm trees. In the larval stage, both Crop Water Dose Application pests can effectively be controlled by repeated volume interval treatments with the entomopathogenic nematode Date palm 5 – 15 litres/ 3 million every 3 Steinernema carpocapsae . Phoenix palm nematodes/ weeks dactylifera approx. litre (preventive) (preventative) Canary Iand 15 – 25 Red Palm Weevil (R. ferrugineus) every 2 date palm litres/ palm 6 million weeks Application recommendation Phoenix approx. nematodes/ (curative) Crop Water Dose Application canariensis litre (curative) volume interval Date palm 5 – 15 2 million every 4 to 6 Application period (for Mediterranean zone) Phoenix litres/ palm nematodes/ weeks dactylifera approx. litre (intensify (reduce treatments Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov the volume when pest Preventative for plant activity is Curative nurseries) high) Canary Iand 15 – 25 date palm litres/ palm Spray mixture and application method Phoenix approx. 1. Nematode applications can be made by canariensis watering can, irrigation system, motorised sprayer (lance), etc. 2. Clean tank well, especially after insecticide Application period (for Mediterranean zone) application. Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 3. Dissolve nematode packages into a bucket of tap water and stir well. 4. Partly fill the tank with cool clean water. To be noted 5. Start agitator and add content of the bucket into If temperatures are above 35°C inside palm the spray tank. stem use other treatments. 6. Dilute the mixture to the required quantity of If palms already show severe damage water in the tank. symptoms use other treatments from June - 7. For R. ferrugineus/ P. archon: spray nematode August, and combine with nematodes for the solution slowly into the crown of the palm to the rest of the application period. base of the leaves. If adult palm weevils can be found, use For P. archon: also treat the top few metres of CK-lures (a mixture the palm stem. of pheromones and 8. Keep agitator running during application to feed attractant, avai- prevent nematodes sinking to the bottom of lable from Andermatt the spray tank. Biocontrol) to capture 9. The stock should be applied immediately after them. preparation. 10. Adjust water volume according to palm size. 25.02.2011 Steinernema carpocapsae (entomopathogenic nematodes) For control of the Red Palm Weevil ( Rhynchophorus ferrugineus ) and Palm Borer ( Paysandisia archon ) Important Contact Humidity: Rain, drizzle, mist or dew after/ For advice on the use of nematodes please during the treatment favours a good efficacy. contact: Nematodes are susceptible to direct sunlight. Therefore apply in the evening or late Andermatt Biocontrol AG afternoon, if possible. Stahlermatten 6 To prevent nematode damage or clogging, CH-6146 Grossdietwil remove all filters and sieves. Tel ++41 (0)62 917 51 25 The aperture of the nozzle should have a Fax ++41 (0)62 917 50 06 diameter of at least 0.5 mm. Flat spray or sales@biocontrol.ch , www.biocontrol.ch hollow cone nozzles are ideal. Spray with pressure of 2 -5 bar. If necessary, increase pressure up to a maximum of 15 - 20 bar. Treat at temperatures between 14°C and 35°C (internal temperature of the palm). Storage Use nematodes as soon as possible after receipt. See package for expiry date Storage temperature after receipt: 2 - 6 °C in the dark Do not freeze the product Do not store mixed suspension Precaution Keep away from children. Wash face and hands after handling. Limitation of liability The instructions for use are a general guideline. Numerous factors, such as application technique, population density, incorrect storage and failure to observe the required waiting period after a chemical control, can influence the efficiency of the product. Andermatt Biocontrol AG cannot be held responsible for any risks. Please follow the instructions carefully or ask for help. Liability is disclaimed for insufficient quality or possible damage arising from circumstances outside of our jurisdiction. 25.02.2011 .
Load more
Loading...
Loading...

—— Preview end. ——

Recommended publications
  • Assessment of Pathogenic Bacteria Transfer from Pristionchus
    Assessment of Pathogenic Bacteria Transfer From Pristionchus Entomophagus (Nematoda: Diplogasteridae) to the Invasive Ant Myrmica Rubra and Its Potential Role in Colony Mortality in Coastal Maine Suzanne Lynn Ishaq ( sue.ishaq@maine.edu ) School of Food and Agriculture, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469 https://orcid.org/0000-0002- 2615-8055 Alice Hotopp University of Maine Samantha Silverbrand University of Maine Jonathan E. Dumont Husson University Amy Michaud University of California Davis Jean MacRae University of Maine S. Patricia Stock University of Arizona Eleanor Groden University of Maine Research Article Keywords: bacterial community, biological control, microbial transfer, nematodes, Illumina, Galleria mellonella larvae Posted Date: November 5th, 2020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-101817/v1 License: This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Read Full License Page 1/38 Abstract Background: Necromenic nematode Pristionchus entomophagus has been frequently found in nests of the invasive European ant Myrmica rubra in coastal Maine, United States. The nematodes may contribute to ant mortality and collapse of colonies by transferring environmental bacteria. M. rubra ants naturally hosting nematodes were collected from collapsed wild nests in Maine and used for bacteria identication. Virulence assays were carried out to validate acquisition and vectoring of environmental bacteria to the ants. Results: Multiple bacteria species, including Paenibacillus spp., were found in the nematodes’ digestive tract. Serratia marcescens, Serratia nematodiphila, and Pseudomonas uorescens were collected from the hemolymph of nematode-infected Galleria mellonella larvae. Variability was observed in insect virulence in relation to the site origin of the nematodes. In vitro assays conrmed uptake of RFP-labeled Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 by nematodes.
    [Show full text]
  • Monophyly of Clade III Nematodes Is Not Supported by Phylogenetic Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequences
    UC Davis UC Davis Previously Published Works Title Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7509r5vp Journal BMC Genomics, 12(1) ISSN 1471-2164 Authors Park, Joong-Ki Sultana, Tahera Lee, Sang-Hwa et al. Publication Date 2011-08-03 DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-12-392 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Park et al. BMC Genomics 2011, 12:392 http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2164/12/392 RESEARCHARTICLE Open Access Monophyly of clade III nematodes is not supported by phylogenetic analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences Joong-Ki Park1*, Tahera Sultana2, Sang-Hwa Lee3, Seokha Kang4, Hyong Kyu Kim5, Gi-Sik Min2, Keeseon S Eom6 and Steven A Nadler7 Abstract Background: The orders Ascaridida, Oxyurida, and Spirurida represent major components of zooparasitic nematode diversity, including many species of veterinary and medical importance. Phylum-wide nematode phylogenetic hypotheses have mainly been based on nuclear rDNA sequences, but more recently complete mitochondrial (mtDNA) gene sequences have provided another source of molecular information to evaluate relationships. Although there is much agreement between nuclear rDNA and mtDNA phylogenies, relationships among certain major clades are different. In this study we report that mtDNA sequences do not support the monophyly of Ascaridida, Oxyurida and Spirurida (clade III) in contrast to results for nuclear rDNA. Results from mtDNA genomes show promise as an additional independently evolving genome for developing phylogenetic hypotheses for nematodes, although substantially increased taxon sampling is needed for enhanced comparative value with nuclear rDNA.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Effectiveness of Entomopathogenic Nematodes
    Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 2017; 5(5): 756-760 E-ISSN: 2320-7078 P-ISSN: 2349-6800 Comparative effectiveness of entomopathogenic JEZS 2017; 5(5): 756-760 © 2017 JEZS nematodes against red palm weevil Received: 17-07-2017 Accepted: 20-08-2017 (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) in Pakistan Mujahid Manzoor Integrated, Genomics, Cellular, Developmental and Biotechnology Mujahid Manzoor, Jam Nazeer Ahmad, Muhammad Zahid Sharif, Laboratory Department of Entomology, Dilawar Majeed, Hina Kiran, Muhammad Jafir and Habib Ali University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan Abstract Jam Nazeer Ahmad In this investigation the effectiveness of EPNs (entomopathogenic nematode species) including Integrated, Genomics, Cellular, Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema feltiae on the Rhynchophorus Developmental and Biotechnology ferrugineus larvae and adults were scrutinized. While during bioassays, plastic boxes of 9x5x5 cm size Laboratory rd th th Department of Entomology, were used. Whatman filter paper was retained at the base of each culture box and 3 , 6 and 10 instar University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, larvae ofred palm weevil (RPW) (R. ferrugineus) were placed. EPNs were inoculated to weevil larvae of Pakistan mentioned in stars and also to the adults at the concentration level of the 100 IJs/larva+adult and then incubated at temperature of 25°C. Later the EPNs inoculation, larval instars and adults were tested after Muhammad Zahid Sharif th Integrated, Genomics, Cellular, 12 hours of time length and their mortality were noted. This investigation was terminated at the end of 8 Developmental and Biotechnology day and consequences were assessed. All of the mentioned EPNs applied in this experiment resulted Laboratory variant mortality on each larval instar and adult stage of red palm weevil.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida: Families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) 1 Nastaran Tofangsazi, Steven P
    EENY-530 Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda: Rhabditida: families Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae) 1 Nastaran Tofangsazi, Steven P. Arthurs, and Robin M. Giblin-Davis2 Introduction Entomopathogenic nematodes are soft bodied, non- segmented roundworms that are obligate or sometimes facultative parasites of insects. Entomopathogenic nema- todes occur naturally in soil environments and locate their host in response to carbon dioxide, vibration, and other chemical cues (Kaya and Gaugler 1993). Species in two families (Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae) have been effectively used as biological insecticides in pest man- agement programs (Grewal et al. 2005). Entomopathogenic nematodes fit nicely into integrated pest management, or IPM, programs because they are considered nontoxic to Figure 1. Infective juvenile stages of Steinernema carpocapsae clearly humans, relatively specific to their target pest(s), and can showing protective sheath formed by retaining the second stage be applied with standard pesticide equipment (Shapiro-Ilan cuticle. et al. 2006). Entomopathogenic nematodes have been Credits: James Kerrigan, UF/IFAS exempted from the US Environmental Protection Agency Life Cycle (EPA) pesticide registration. There is no need for personal protective equipment and re-entry restrictions. Insect The infective juvenile stage (IJ) is the only free living resistance problems are unlikely. stage of entomopathogenic nematodes. The juvenile stage penetrates the host insect via the spiracles, mouth, anus, or in some species through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle, and then enters into the hemocoel (Bedding and Molyneux 1982). Both Heterorhabditis and Steinernema are mutualistically associated with bacteria of the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus, respectively (Ferreira and 1. This document is EENY-530, one of a series of the Department of Entomology and Nematology, UF/IFAS Extension.
    [Show full text]
  • Management of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus) Larvae) in Georgia
    Volume 3, Issue 11, November – 2018 International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ISSN No:-2456-2165 Management of Entomopathogenic Nematodes on the Red Palm Weevil (Rhynchophorus Ferrugineus) Larvae) in Georgia Nona Mikaia Department of Natural Sciences and Health Care Sokhumi State University, Tbilisi, Georgia Abstract: - Management; S. carpocapsae, S. feltiae and H. mortality in approximately 24-72 h. Nematodes produce bacteriophora on the larvae investigated. In the bioassay, amphimictic population (nematodes of male and female 9x5x5 cm sized plastic boxes were used. Base of each box, genus) in the host intestinal (2,8).Steinernematidae nematodes whatman filter paper was placed and a last instar larva of heterorhabditdae nematodes. Next. these species of nematodes red palm weevil was put the 1000 infective Juveniles larva are distinguished by safety to humans and the environment, and were incubated at 25°C. After infection, R ferrugineus and they are effective biological agents for biological control larvae were checked daily and mortality on larva were of pests (5,4). recorded. The study was ended at the end of 5th day and the results were evaluated. All entomopathogenic II. MATERIALS AND METHODS nematode species used in this study caused different mortality on red palm weevil larvae. The highest mortality Management EPNs Rhynchophorus ferrugineus was caused by S. carpocapsae with 96.4%, S. feltiae laboratory conditions Management, S.feltiae in conditions of followed it with 92.6% and H. bacteriophora caused 56.2% room temperature 24-25°C and 75% humidity for trial were mortality on R. ferrugineus larvae respectively. As a used pest form of larva.
    [Show full text]
  • First Report and Comparative Study of Steinernema Surkhetense (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and Its Symbiont Bacteria from Subcontinental India
    Journal of Nematology 49(1):92–102. 2017. Ó The Society of Nematologists 2017. First Report and Comparative Study of Steinernema surkhetense (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) and its Symbiont Bacteria from Subcontinental India 1 1 1 2 3 AASHIQ HUSSAIN BHAT, ISTKHAR, ASHOK KUMAR CHAUBEY, VLADIMIR PUzA, AND ERNESTO SAN-BLAS Abstract: Two populations (CS19 and CS20) of entomopathogenic nematodes were isolated from the soils of vegetable fields from Bijnor district, India. Based on morphological, morphometrical, and molecular studies, the nematodes were identified as Steinernema surkhetense. This work represents the first report of this species in India. The infective juveniles (IJs) showed morphometrical and morphological differences, with the original description based on longer IJs size. The IJs of the Indian isolates possess six ridges in their lateral field instead of eight reported in the original description. The analysis of ITS-rDNA sequences revealed nucleotide differences at 345, 608, and 920 positions in aligned data. No difference was observed in D2-D3 domain. The S. surkhetense COI gene was studied for the first time as well as the molecular characterization of their Xenorhabdus symbiont using the sequences of recA and gyrB genes revealing Xenorhabdus stockiae as its symbiont. These data, together with the finding of X. stockiae, suggest that this bacterium is widespread among South Asian nematodes from the ‘‘carpocapsae’’ group. Virulence of both isolates was tested on Spodoptera litura. The strain CS19 was capable to kill the larvae with 31.78 IJs at 72 hr, whereas CS20 needed 67.7 IJs. Key words: D2-D3 domain, entomopathogenic nematode, ITS-rDNA, mt COI gene, Xenorhabdus stockiae.
    [Show full text]
  • Olfaction Shapes Host–Parasite Interactions in Parasitic Nematodes
    Olfaction shapes host–parasite interactions in PNAS PLUS parasitic nematodes Adler R. Dillmana, Manon L. Guillerminb, Joon Ha Leeb, Brian Kima, Paul W. Sternberga,1, and Elissa A. Hallemb,1 aHoward Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125; and bDepartment of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 Contributed by Paul W. Sternberg, July 9, 2012 (sent for review May 8, 2012) Many parasitic nematodes actively seek out hosts in which to host recognition (19). IJs then infect the host either by entering complete their lifecycles. Olfaction is thought to play an important through natural orifices or by penetrating through the insect role in the host-seeking process, with parasites following a chem- cuticle (20). Following infection, IJs release a bacterial endo- ical trail toward host-associated odors. However, little is known symbiont into the insect host and resume development (21–23). about the olfactory cues that attract parasitic nematodes to hosts The bacteria proliferate inside the insect, producing an arsenal or the behavioral responses these cues elicit. Moreover, what little of secondary metabolites that lead to rapid insect death and is known focuses on easily obtainable laboratory hosts rather digestion of insect tissues. The nematodes feed on the multi- than on natural or other ecologically relevant hosts. Here we in- plying bacteria and the liberated nutrients of broken-down in- vestigate the olfactory responses of six diverse species of ento- sect tissues. They reproduce in the cadaver until resources are mopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to seven ecologically relevant depleted, at which time new IJs form and disperse in search of potential invertebrate hosts, including one known natural host new hosts (24).
    [Show full text]
  • JOURNAL of NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/Jofnem-2020-089 E2020-89 | Vol
    JOURNAL OF NEMATOLOGY Article | DOI: 10.21307/jofnem-2020-089 e2020-89 | Vol. 52 Isolation, identification, and pathogenicity of Steinernema carpocapsae and its bacterial symbiont in Cauca-Colombia Esteban Neira-Monsalve1, Natalia Carolina Wilches-Ramírez1, Wilson Terán1, María del Pilar Abstract 1 Márquez , Ana Teresa In Colombia, identification of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN’s) 2 Mosquera-Espinosa and native species is of great importance for pest management 1, Adriana Sáenz-Aponte * programs. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify EPNs 1Biología de Plantas y Sistemas and their bacterial symbiont in the department of Cauca-Colombia Productivos, Departamento de and then evaluate the susceptibility of two Hass avocado (Persea Biología, Pontificia Universidad americana) pests to the EPNs isolated. EPNs were isolated from soil Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. samples by the insect baiting technique. Their bacterial symbiont was isolated from hemolymph of infected Galleria mellonella larvae. 2 Departamento de Ciencias Both organisms were molecularly identified. Morphological, and Naturales y Matemáticas, biochemical cha racterization was done for the bacteria. Susceptibility Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, of Epitrix cucumeris and Pandeleteius cinereus adults was evaluated Cali, Colombia. by individually exposing adults to 50 infective juveniles. EPNs were *E-mail: adriana.saenz@javeriana. allegedly detected at two sampled sites (natural forest and coffee edu.co cultivation) in 5.8% of the samples analyzed. However, only natural forest EPN’s could be isolated and multiplied. The isolate was identified This paper was edited by as Steinernema carpocapsae BPS and its bacterial symbiont as Raquel Campos-Herrera. Xenorhabus nematophila BPS. Adults of both pests were susceptible Received for publication to S.
    [Show full text]
  • Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Turfgrass Pest Management
    A PRACTICAL RESEARCH DIGEST FOR TURF MANAGERS TURFG Volume 10, Issue 5 • May 2001 S TRENDS I T URFGRASS PEST MANAGEMENT IN THIS ISSUE Using entomopathogenic nematodes for turfgrass Using Entomopathogenic pest management 1 Nematodes for Tiirfgrass Life cycle Pest Management Species, strains, behavior Pests controlled By Parwinder Grewal Plant-parasitic nematodes ntomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis) are microscopic Where to buy roundworms that parasitize and kill insects in the soil. These nematodes have demon- Estrated potential for biological control of insect pests. Quality The entomopathogenic nematodes occur naturally in almost all soils and reproduce in dead hosts (see Fig. 1). The nematodes cause widespread mortality of insects in the soil and How and when to apply are often seen as crashes in insect populations or conspicuous epizootics. More than 30 of Compatibility these nematode species have been discovered world- wide. Due to the ease in nematode mass production, Conservation Tests on home lawn several nematode-based products have been developed for use as biological insecticides. Entomopathogenic Two more unconventional turf have shown that grass families to know nematodes are well suited for pest control in turfgrass and love 8 S. carpocapsae is the because they attack a broad range of pests and can be most effective nema- easily mass-produced and applied using conventional Three species of alkali spray equipment. grass tode species for the control of army- Life cycle Test trials Under suitable environmental conditions, the infective From the editor. 15 worms. juvenile nematodes seek insect larvae and pupae in soil. They penetrate host insects through natural body open- Grass: stupidly simple? ings (mouth, anus, and spiracles) and release a bacterium that kills the insects within a day or two.
    [Show full text]
  • Entomopathogenic Nematodes for the Control of Gryllus Sp. (Orthoptera
    AGRICULTURAL MICROBIOLOGY / SCIENTIFIC ARTICLE DOI: 10.1590/1808‑1657000442017 Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) under laboratory and field conditions Nematoides entomopatogênicos no controle de Gryllus sp. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) em condições de laboratório e campo Vanessa Andaló1* , Kellin Patrícia Rossati1, Fábio Janoni Carvalho1 , Jéssica Mieko1, Lucas Silva de Faria1 , Gleice Aparecida de Assis1 , Leonardo Rodrigues Barbosa2 ABSTRACT: Entomopathogenic nematodes are effective in RESUMO: Os nematoides entomopatogênicos (NEPs) são eficazes controlling soil insects and they are used in agricultural systems. contra insetos de solo e têm sido usados em sistemas agrícolas. A ação The virulence of entomopathogenic nematodes on crickets de NEPs sobre grilos (Gryllus L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) foi avaliada (Gryllus L.) (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) was evaluated under different em condições de laboratório e campo, a fim de selecionar populações conditions in order to select populations for application in the para aplicação em área de cultivo. Foram realizados testes de virulên- field. Virulence tests with Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC05, cia com Heterorhabditis amazonensis RSC05, H. amazonensis MC01, H. amazonensis MC01, Steinernema carpocapsae All (Weiser) Steinernema carpocapsae All (Weiser) e H. amazonensis GL, assim como and H. amazonensis GL were performed. Evaluations were then verificadas a adequação da concentração de juvenis infectantes (100, made of the concentrations of infective juveniles (100, 200, 200, 400 e 600 juvenis infectantes por inseto) e a preferência alimen- 400 and 600 infective juveniles per insect); feeding preference tar sem chance de escolha e com chance de escolha, além do teste de with or without choice; and field tests using traps to evaluate campo utilizando armadilhas para amostragem dos insetos.
    [Show full text]
  • Phylogenetic and Population Genetic Studies on Some Insect and Plant Associated Nematodes
    PHYLOGENETIC AND POPULATION GENETIC STUDIES ON SOME INSECT AND PLANT ASSOCIATED NEMATODES DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Amr T. M. Saeb, M.S. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2006 Dissertation Committee: Professor Parwinder S. Grewal, Adviser Professor Sally A. Miller Professor Sophien Kamoun Professor Michael A. Ellis Approved by Adviser Plant Pathology Graduate Program Abstract: Throughout the evolutionary time, nine families of nematodes have been found to have close associations with insects. These nematodes either have a passive relationship with their insect hosts and use it as a vector to reach their primary hosts or they attack and invade their insect partners then kill, sterilize or alter their development. In this work I used the internal transcribed spacer 1 of ribosomal DNA (ITS1-rDNA) and the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase subunit I (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 (nd4) genes to investigate genetic diversity and phylogeny of six species of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis. Generally, cox1 sequences showed higher levels of genetic variation, larger number of phylogenetically informative characters, more variable sites and more reliable parsimony trees compared to ITS1-rDNA and nd4. The ITS1-rDNA phylogenetic trees suggested the division of the unknown isolates into two major phylogenetic groups: the HP88 group and the Oswego group. All cox1 based phylogenetic trees agreed for the division of unknown isolates into three phylogenetic groups: KMD10 and GPS5 and the HP88 group containing the remaining 11 isolates. KMD10, GPS5 represent potentially new taxa. The cox1 analysis also suggested that HP88 is divided into two subgroups: the GPS11 group and the Oswego subgroup.
    [Show full text]
  • Temperature Effects on Heterorhabditis Megidis and Steinernema Carpocapsae Infectivity to Galleria Mellonella
    Journal of Nematology 31(3):299–304. 1999. © The Society of Nematologists 1999. Temperature Effects on Heterorhabditis megidis and Steinernema carpocapsae Infectivity to Galleria mellonella J. E. Saunders1 and J. M. Webster2 Abstract: The effect of temperature on the infection of larvae of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella, by Heterorhabditis megidis H90 and Steinernema carpocapsae strain All, was determined. For both species, infection, reproduction, and development were fastest at 20 to 24 °C. Infection by both H. megidis and S. carpocapsae occurred between 8 and 16 °C; however, neither species reproduced at 8 °C. Among the nematodes used in experiments at 8 °C, no H. megidis and very few S. carpocapsae developed beyond the infective juvenile stage. Compared with H. megidis, S. carpocapsae invaded and killed G. mellonella larvae faster at 8 to 16 °C. By comparing invasion rates, differences in infectivity between the two nematode species were detected that could not be detected in conventional petri dish bioassays where mortality was measured after a specified period. Invasion of G. mellonella larvae by H. megidis was faster at 24 than at 16 °C. Key words: entomopathogenic nematode, Heterorhabditis megidis, infectivity, invasion rate, nematode, Photorhabdus luminescens, Steinernema carpocapsae, temperature, Xenorhabdus nematophilus. Nematode infectivity as measured by in- dis strain H90 and Steinernema carpocapsae sect mortality varies with the species and strain All into a host and the subsequent strain of both the insect and the nematode development of the nematodes and their re- and is affected by abiotic factors, especially spective bacteria, Photorhabdus luminescens temperature (Mason and Hominick, 1995; and Xenorhabdus nematophilus.
    [Show full text]