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18Th Symposium on Cryptogamic Botany Abstracts Book 18th SYMPOSIUM ON CRYPTOGAMIC BOTANY rd th BARCELONA JULY 13 -16 2011 ABSTRACTS BOOK Organized by Facultat de Biologia Facultat de Farmàcia CRAI – Universitat de Barcelona INDEX I) Plenary Lectures 2 - 6 II) Bryology - Oral Communications 7 - 22 III) Bryology - Poster Communications 23 - 36 IV) Phycology - Oral Communications 37 - 52 V) Phycology - Poster Communications 53 - 76 VI) Lichenology - Oral Communications 77 - 93 VII) Lichenology - Poster Communications 94 - 113 VIII) Mycology - Oral Communications 114 - 124 IX) Mycology - Poster Communications 125 - 135 X) Pteridology - Oral Communications 136 - 139 XI) Pteridology - Poster Communications 140 - 142 XII) Author Index 143 - 146 18th Symposium on Cryptogamic Botany Abstracts Book Plenary Lectures www.ub.edu/sbcn2011 2 18th Symposium on Cryptogamic Botany Abstracts Book ALGUNAS REFLEXIONES SOBRE 45 AÑOS DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN CRIPTOGAMIA (1965-2010) EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA Xavier Llimona Facultat de Biologia. Universitat de Barcelona Se presentan los principales rasgos del desarrollo y diversificación de los estudios relacionados con las criptógamas en la Península Ibérica, distinguiendo distintas etapa, a veces solapadas: florística y corología, descripción de las comunidades (fitocenología), taxonomía y sistemática clásicas, bioindicación, fisiología y ecofisiología, bancos de datos, filogenia molecular, conservación y gestión de la biodiversidad, criptogamia exótica. En el fondo, subyace una disyuntiva en la actitud de cualquier investigador: 1. Una motivación basada en la curiosidad científica, que le lleva a formular preguntas y a buscar respuestas, sin atender a su posible dificultad y trascendencia práctica, 2. Un móvil práctico, en pos de un rendimiento, curricular o aplicado, de los resultados, que le lleva a seleccionar las preguntas susceptibles de conducir a respuestas originales y, a su vez, fáciles de conseguir, y con un amplio colectivo de potenciales “consumidores- citadores”. Se examina, en especial, el efecto de la valoración de los resultados publicados sobre la deriva, presente y previsible, en la elección de los objetivos científicos y en el abandono de otros, así como los cambios producidos en la excelencia de los investigadores y en su encuadre en la Universidad y en otros centros de investigación no académicos. En el balance de la andadura, se comentan algunos puntos relacionados con el trabajo realizado y el pendiente, con la tipología y necesidades de investigadores y docentes, la precariedad prolongada y el endurecimiento de la carrera de investigación, la irrupción de los investigadores independientes en los estudios de biodiversidad (automecenazgo y sociedades de naturalistas), la problemática de la publicación y difusión de los resultados, la labor de divulgación. Pese a la situación crítica actual, que exige en muchos investigadores un sobreesfuerzo en reorganización y desempeño de la docencia que frena la dinámica de la producción científica, y que provoca perplejidad, incertidumbre y desánimo, se intentan destacar los enfoques y actitudes que parecen más recomendables para compaginar en el futuro, a corto y largo plazo, la investigación de calidad en campos poco brillantes pero necesitados de un esfuerzo (que no se realizó en el siglo XIX, cuando lo acometían los países cultos, y sólo en parte, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX), con la investigación puntera, que exige la formación y la retención de investigadores de excelencia, con buenas conexiones internacionales. Y todo ello, sin menoscabo de una actividad docente que permita el acceso a los avances más modernos, dejando una puerta abierta al conocimiento básico y equilibrado de la biodiversidad criptogámica. www.ub.edu/sbcn2011 3 18th Symposium on Cryptogamic Botany Abstracts Book TRACKING BACK THE ORIGINS OF THE LICHEN SYMBIOSIS C. Gueidan 1 1. Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom ([email protected]) Symbioses characterized by associations with reciprocal benefits (mutualistic associations) have played an important role in the evolution and diversification of many living organisms, especially the Plants and the Fungi. Among the mutualistic associations involving fungi, the lichen symbiosis is unique because it leads to the formation of a complex structure (the lichen thallus), which does not exist when the symbionts are grown separately. As a result, the symbiotic nature of lichens was only tardily discovered. To date, in vitro re-synthesis experiments of fertile lichens from a fungal spore and an algal cell have only been very rarely successful and the mechanisms of establishment of the lichen symbiosis are still not known. Because of the complexity of both the lichen thallus and its establishment mechanisms, lichens are sometimes thought to have evolved only few times in the evolutionary history of fungi. Molecular data and phylogenetic methods have been used to estimate the number of origins of the lichen symbiosis, but results vary from few (two or three) origins to many (five to six), and this question is still largely debated today. Recent mycological and lichenological studies are reviewed here in order to look for evidence to support either the “few origins” hypothesis or the “multiple origins” hypothesis. The study of fossil data, divergence time estimates, ancestral ecologies, photobiont associations and genetic mechanisms brings a new insight in the evolutionary history of lichenized fungi and suggests that the establishment of the lichen symbiosis might have occurred more times than previously thought. Among the lichen groups suspected to have evolved independently from the main lichen lineage Lecanoromycetes are the Arthoniales, the Pyrenulales, the Strigulaceae, the Trypetheliales and the Verrucariales, as well as some peculiar filamentous lichen genera (e.g., Cystocoleus, Racodium and Racoleus). Recent molecular phylogenetic studies will also be reviewed here in order to characterize the fungal groups from which these lichenized lineages have evolved (e.g., saprobes, plant pathogens, human pathogens). In ascomycetes, apart from the class Lecanoromycetes, lichenized fungi are found in Eurotiomycetes (Pyrenulales and Verrucariales) and Dothideomyceta (Arthoniales, Cytocoleus, Racodium, Racoleus, Strigulaceae and Trypetheliales), two fungal groups characterized by an incredible ecological diversity. Interestingly, these two groups also comprise some slow-growing melanized fungi colonizing rock surfaces in extreme environments. These rock-inhabiting fungi often form early diverging lineages within these two fungal groups and studies suggest that these ecologically diverse fungi (including some lichens) might have evolved from ancestral rock-inhabiting fungi. www.ub.edu/sbcn2011 4 18th Symposium on Cryptogamic Botany Abstracts Book BRYOPHYTE PHYLOGEOGRAPHY – PATTERNS, CONTEXTS, AND IMPLICATIONS ON SPECIATION L. Hedenäs Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden Objectives: After a brief overview of the background to phylogeographic approaches this lecture provides an overview of results of phylogeographic studies on bryophytes. Phylogeographic patterns, especially i n Europe, and implications on speciation that have appeared in studies derived from numerous specimens and mainly large geographical areas, are discussed. Methods : Phylogeography is a biogeographic discipline in between micro- and macroevolutionary approaches, and includes elements of molecular genetics. Based mainly on molecular variation it explores geographic patterns in organisms and their historical explanations in terms of, for example, vicariance and dispersal. Both tree-based and network- based methods are used depending on the purpose of the study. It is here argued that network- based approaches should be used more often than presently for studies addressing infraspecific variation or involving closely related taxa. Since different partitions of the genome are inherited in different ways (the plastid genome is, for example, maternally inherited) care should be taken not to merge these unless they are congruent in a network context. Patterns and implications: As expected, a number of observed bryophyte phylogeographic patterns match those known from other organisms. However, for European bryophytes northern and Macaronesian glacial refugia or regions of survival were possibly at least as important as the three classical Mediterranean ones of the Iberian, Italian, and Balkan peninsulas. Among the few examples from Southern Hemisphere temperate to subantarctic zones, different species’ phylogeographic patterns are best explained by either vicariance or dispersal. Some phylogeographic studies of bryophytes reveal cryptic species, cryptic infraspecific habitat differentiation, or possible hybridization. Such features are possible to discern only when many s pecimens of single or closely related species are included. The future: We have only begun to understand the potential of bryophyte phylogeographic studies, but can already see that bryophytes display characteristic geographic patterns that are related to historical factors. Bryophytes are small plants dominated by the gametophyte generation, have seemingly efficient spore dispersal, are able to survive in extremely cold or dry habitats, and can thrive in very small spots. All these characteristics are hardly shared by those organisms that are most frequently studied by phylogeographic approaches. It is therefore anticipated that additional differences in phylogeographic patterns will be revealed when further species are studied.
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