Intractable Diarrhea from Cytomegalovirus Enterocolitis in an Immunocompetent Infant
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Intractable Diarrhea From Cytomegalovirus Enterocolitis in an Immunocompetent Infant LeAnne M. Fox, MD*; Michael A. Gerber, MD‡; Laurie Penix, MD§; Andrew Ricci, Jr, MD\; and Jeffrey S. Hyams, MD‡ ABSTRACT. Infection with cytomegalovirus (CMV) in 133 mmol/L; K1 4.7 mmol/L; Cl, 103 mmol/L; infants can be congenital or perinatal. Infected infants HCO3, 19 mmol/L; blood urea nitrogen, 1.8 mmol/L; may be asymptomatic or present with pneumonia, rash, AST, 21 U/L; ALT, 11 U/L; albumin, 4.2 g/dL; and 1 hepatosplenomegaly, or encephalitis. In the presence of total protein, 7.1 g/dL. Examination of the stool re- an immunodeficiency, severe and sometimes fatal dis- vealed many leukocytes and the presence of occult ease may occur. To our knowledge, CMV has not been blood. Stool Na1 was 97 mmol/L, stool K1 was 10 identified previously as a cause of intractable diarrhea of 1 , infancy. We report the case of a 5-week-old immunocom- mmol/L, and urine Na was 10 mmol/L. Results petent infant with intractable diarrhea attributable to of the cerebrospinal fluid examination, chest radio- CMV-induced enterocolitis. Recognition of this infection graph, and abdominal ultrasound all were normal. and initiation of ganciclovir therapy was associated with Cultures of blood, stool (Salmonella, Shigella, Campy- a rapid improvement and resolution of the diarrhea. lobacter, Escherichia coli O157:H7, Yersinia); urine; and Pediatrics 1999;103(1). URL: http://www.pediatrics.org/ cerebrospinal fluid were obtained, and the patient cgi/content/full/103/1/e10; cytomegalovirus, enterocolitis, was treated empirically with intravenously adminis- intractable diarrhea. tered ampicillin and cefotaxime. Intravenous fluid support also was begun. Antimicrobial therapy was ABBREVIATIONS. CMV, cytomegalovirus; HIV, human immu- discontinued after 72 hours when all culture results nodeficiency virus. were negative. Despite being given nothing by mouth, the patient’s stool output continued at 90 CASE REPORT mL/kg/day, and he lost 445 g over 7 days. Attempts previously healthy 5-week-old male infant of to feed with a protein hydrolysate formula via con- a normal pregnancy and delivery presented tinuous infusion through a nasogastric tube were Ato Connecticut Children’s Medical Center in unsuccessful. A central venous catheter was placed, July 1997 with a 24-hour history of fever (38.5°C and parenteral nutritional support was begun. Inter- rectal), irritability, decreased oral intake, and diar- mittent fevers to 39°C (rectal) were noted. rhea. He had been born in Hartford, CT, and was Endoscopic evaluation of the upper gastrointesti- breastfed exclusively from birth. Physical examina- nal tract and the rectosigmoid was performed 5 days tion revealed a lethargic infant with a pulse of 140 after admission. Gastric, duodenal, and rectosigmoid beats/minute, a respiratory rate of 28/minute, a tem- biopsies revealed extensive neutrophilic inflamma- perature of 36.6°C (rectal), a weight of 4.4 kg (50th tion and epithelial changes with nuclear enlargement percentile), a length of 56 cm (75th percentile), and a suggestive of a viral cytopathic effect (Fig 1). Immu- head circumference of 37 cm (50th percentile). Bilat- noperoxidase staining for CMV, adenovirus, and eral anterior cervical and supraclavicular lymphad- herpes simplex virus were nonreactive. One week enopathy was noted. No murmurs were heard, and after admission (at 7 weeks of age), the patient’s his lungs were clear to auscultation. There was no organomegaly, and no rashes were present. Pertinent serum Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test laboratory values included white blood count of was nonreactive. IgG was 554 mg/dL, IgM was 110 9.5 3 109/L with 28% band forms; 4% neutrophils; mg/dL, and enumeration of T cell subsets by flow cytometry revealed normal CD41 T cells with 9% monocytes; and 56% lymphocytes with occa- 1 sional reactive lymphocytes; hematocrit, 33.5%; slightly low numbers of CD8 T cells. Results of platelet count, 540 3 109/L; serum electrolyte Na1, polymerase chain reaction for human immunodefi- ciency virus (HIV) DNA and serologic testing for HIV (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and From the *University of Connecticut School of Medicine, University of Western blot) were negative at this time and when Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut; ‡Department of Pe- repeated at 1 year of age. Empiric therapy with in- diatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Connecticut Chil- dren’s Medical Center, Hartford, Connecticut; §Department of Pediatrics, travenous immune globulin (1 g/kg) was initiated; Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut; and \Depart- however, the severe diarrhea continued. ment of Anatomic Pathology, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut. Three weeks after admission, the patient contin- Received for publication Jun 26, 1998; accepted Aug 25, 1998. ued to experience daily fevers of 39°C (rectal) with Address correspondence to Jeffrey S. Hyams, MD, Connecticut Children’s worsening of the diarrhea (.90 mL/kg/day) and, Medical Center, 282 Washington St, Hartford, CT 06106. PEDIATRICS (ISSN 0031 4005). Copyright © 1999 by the American Acad- consequently, repeat mucosal biopsies of the gastro- emy of Pediatrics. intestinal tract were performed. These revealed mod- http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/103/1/Downloaded from www.aappublications.org/newse10 byPEDIATRICS guest on September Vol. 30, 103 2021 No. 1 January 1999 1of3 tis (Fig 2). Although numerous, the inclusions were distributed in a patchy manner in the duodenal bi- opsy. CMV early antigen immunostaining was fo- cally reactive. A shell vial assay of the urine was positive for CMV early antigen, and subsequently the urine culture grew CMV. However, stool, naso- pharyngeal, and rectal cultures failed to grow CMV. Ophthalmologic examination was normal, and au- diologic evaluation revealed normal hearing. Neuro- logic findings throughout the hospital course were normal, including results of cranial computed to- mography. Intravenously administered ganciclovir (10 mg/kg/day) was given for 4 weeks, followed by 1 week of orally administered therapy. Within sev- eral days of initiating ganciclovir therapy, the patient became afebrile, the diarrhea decreased markedly to ;30 mL/kg/day, and enteral feeding was begun with a continuous nasogastric infusion of a low car- bohydrate protein hydrolysate formula (Mead John- son [Evansville, IN] 3232A). Over the next 4 weeks, the enteral feedings were slowly advanced with the addition of carbohydrate and an eventual switch to Alimentum (Ross Labora- tories, Columbus, OH). By 8 weeks after admission, intake was exclusively oral. After completing the ganciclovir therapy, fol- low-up biopsies of the duodenum and stomach showed diminished neutrophilic inflammation in both sites, with partial restoration of the villus archi- tecture in the duodenum. Results of repeat CMV Fig 1. Top, Marked active neutrophilic colitis with crypt ab- immunostaining were negative, and no nuclear or scesses (arrow). Bottom, Some enlarged nuclei are suspicious for cytoplasmic inclusions were seen. Repeat urine cul- viral cytopathic effect (arrows) (original magnifications, 2003 3 ture results at 6 months of age still were positive for [top] and 1000 [bottom]). CMV. At 4 months of age, repeated enumeration of pe- erate to severe chronic active duodenitis with subto- ripheral blood lymphocyte subsets by flow cytom- tal villus blunting and numerous nuclear and etry revealed normal numbers of both CD41 and cytoplasmic inclusions characteristic of CMV enteri- CD81 T cells (Table 1), as well as normal ratio of Fig 2. Active duodenitis with total villus atrophy without crypt hyperplasia. Inset, Characteristic CMV inclusions in nucleus and cytoplasm (original magnifications 2003 and 5003 [inset]). 2of3 CYTOMEGALOVIRUSDownloaded ENTEROCOLITIS from www.aappublications.org/news IN AN IMMUNOCOMPETENT by guest on September INFANT 30, 2021 naive CD45RA and memory CD45RO subsets of CD4 in association with CMV enteritis of the ileum has T cells for age (CD41 CD4RA1 2344 and CD41 been described,8 as well as a case of a 5-week-old CD45RO1 697 cells/58 L). At 6 months of age, in immunocompetent infant with cow milk allergy and vitro lymphocyte proliferation studies were per- CMV colitis in which the child thrived and devel- formed on the patient’s peripheral blood as well as oped normally without any specific treatment for the on that of an adult control subject. The patient’s CMV infection.9 lymphocytes demonstrated an excellent polyclonal Ganciclovir, a guanosine analog that selectively proliferation in response to mitogens but failed to inhibits CMV DNA polymerase, is the antiviral agent recognize Candida albicans or tetanus antigens. The used to treat immunocompromised patients with ac- patient was seen again for follow-up evaluation at 12 tive CMV infection. Ganciclovir has proven effica- months of age, at which time his growth and devel- cious in treating and preventing CMV infection in opment appeared to be entirely normal. transplant recipients, yet little data about the use of ganciclovir in the pediatric age group exist.10 Whitley DISCUSSION and associates11 report a phase II study of ganciclovir To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of in 42 neonates with symptomatic congenital CMV CMV-induced enterocolitis in an immunocompetent infection, and the dosage of ganciclovir and duration infant presenting with intractable diarrhea. of therapy used in our case were based on that