Harmony and Discord Within the English 'Counter- Culture', 1965-1975, with Particular Reference to the 'Rock Operas'
Harmony and discord within the English ‘Counter- Culture’, 1965-1975, with particular reference to the ‘Rock Operas’ Hair, Godspell, Tommy and Jesus Christ Superstar. Christopher John McGowan This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Queen Mary, University of London 1 Declaration The work presented in this thesis is my own. This thesis consists of 99,999 words, inclusive of footnotes and excluding bibliography. Signed: Christopher John McGowan 20 November 2011 2 Abstract This thesis considers the discrete, historically-specific theatrical and musical sub- genre of ‘Rock Opera’ as a lens through which to examine the cultural, political and social changes that are widely assumed to have characterised ‘The Sixties’ in Britain. The musical and dramatic texts, creation and production of Hair (1967), Tommy (1969), Godspell (1971), Jesus Christ Superstar (1970) and other neglected ‘Rock Operas’ of the period are analysed. Their great popularity with ‘mainstream’ audiences is considered and contrasted with the overwhelmingly negative and often internally contradictory reaction towards them from the English ‘counter-culture’. This examination offers new insights into both the ‘counter- culture’ and the ‘mainstream’ against which it claimed to define and differentiate itself. The four ‘Rock Operas’, two of which are based upon Christian scriptures, are considered as narratives of spiritual quest. The relationship between the often controversial quests for re-defined forms of faith and the apparently precipitous ‘secularization’ and ‘de-Christianization’ of British society during the 1960s and 1970s is considered. The thesis therefore analyses the ‘Rock Operas’ as significant, enlightening prisms through which to view many of the profound societal debates – over ‘faith’ and ‘belief’ in the widest senses, sexuality, the Vietnam war, generational conflict, drugs and ‘spiritual enlightenment’, and race – which were, to some considerable extent, elevated onto the national, political agenda by the activities of the broadly- defined ‘counter-culture’.
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