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October 2003 Number 3 October 2003 ISSN 1175-6233 Haere ra Jacqueline Contents As we go to press, a key member management strategies for of the invasive invertebrate team introduced wasps and ants; and Haere ra Jacqueline 1 and editor of Stowaways — developed BIOSECURE, a web- Jacqueline Beggs — is leaving. based decision tool for managing At The Warehouse, The Warehouse 2 The rest of the team want to take biosecurity risks to New Zealand’s That 'caffiene" buzz 3 this opportunity to acknowledge indigenous ecosystems. all Jacqueline has achieved Annual meeting of Entomogical Society 3 As a skilled science while working for Landcare communicator, Jacqueline has Invasiveness is promoted by good Research and to wish her well in actively spread the word that habitat and plenty of it 4 her new role as a lecturer at the invasive species are a major University of Auckland. Have trye, will travel 6 threat to native ecosystems. As Arboviruses in New Zealand 8 Jacqueline's first research was she says, “We desperately need on the native parrot, kaka, for answers on how to prevent more Bumbling in the dark 9 DSIR Division in 1984. This species arriving, and how to evolved into Ant invaders galore!! 10 research on the New kids on the block 11 ecology and Brian Karl control of Argentine ant update 12 introduced Sea containers: Plugging New Zealand’s wasps. She has leaky border 14 led the “Invasive What else do container ships bring Invertebrates in into New Zealand? 15 Natural Ecosystems” Obituary: Dr Nigel Barlow 15 research Recent publications 16 programme since 1992. Under her leadership the programme has flourished. We have measured the impacts of wasps in native beech forest (especially on invertebrates and birds); developed Jacqueline Beggs collecting honeydew from a wasp exclosure 1 At The Warehouse, The Warehouse... eradicate or control those that The Warehouse aims to bring us Landcare Research project looking are already here.” international products at at the prevalence of exotic affordable prices, but it is also invertebrates in urban environments Jacqueline also contributes concerned that it does not bring us and seeking to develop general significantly to the wider unwelcome exotic stowaways surveillance techniques to detect ecological community. She is a along with the bargains. the presence of new populations of member of the Invasive Species foreign species. A range of trap The Warehouse imports about Specialist Group of the IUCN (an types were deployed in 12 groups 7000 containers of goods per international agency), the Rotoiti around the site and operated for 6 annum, with the largest proportion Nature Recovery Project weeks over the summer. Analysis of (>80%) of these being processed Technical Advisory Group, and samples is far from complete, but at their North Island distribution the Kakapo Scientific and the presence of a previously centre at Wiri, Auckland. The giant Technical Advisory Committee. unrecorded exotic species of “red shed” at the distribution centre She has a strong commitment to fungus gnat (Sciophila sp.) has is the largest facility of its kind in encouraging women and Maori been confirmed, although we are New Zealand. It is 14.3 m high and in science and assisting young still unclear about its origin. Nearly has a floor area of 65 000 m2, people to get involved in half (46.4%) the moth species equivalent to 8 rugby fields! Six ecology. As a member of the collected, and all ten of the ant thousand containers (9000 of 20 ft New Zealand Ecological Society, species collected, are introduced, equivalent units) are emptied at the Jacqueline has been involved in but none are new to New Zealand. site per annum. With this quantity of developing TuiTime — a web- overseas material being Identification of the samples based resource to encourage processed, the site is a potential continues. We also plan to trial some students to learn about New establishment point for new exotic additional trap types in other areas Zealand’s unique ecology. species. Aware of this potential over the coming summer. We hope Jacqueline gained her PhD in biosecurity issue, the Warehouse there won’t be many nasty surprises zoology from the University of was keen for Landcare Research in the form of new exotic stowaways. to conduct some exotic-insect Otago in 1999, while juggling her Richard Toft surveillance trials around the job with Landcare Research and Landcare Research perimeter of the site. raising two young boys. She has [email protected] been quoted as saying The research at the Warehouse This research was funded by the Foundation “Fieldwork with a baby in a front distribution centre is part of a for Research, Science and Technology. pack added a new dimension to science!” Joanna Rees Jacqueline will continue to work on invasive invertebrates in Auckland and looks forward to ongoing collaboration with Landcare Research. Already she has a queue of postgraduate students keen to work on the Invasive Invertebrate Programme. Kerry Barton Landcare Research [email protected] 2 Malaise Trap - collects a wide variety of flying insects That caffeine “buzz” Most adults have experienced the and 0.1%) caffeine “buzz” – the slight jitters of caffeine and sleeplessness that comes with mixed caffeine overload. Caffeine acts as with our a toxin on a range of species, from standard humans and mice, spiders to slugs bait and snails. It is readily available, (sardines cheap, and already widespread in in aspic Web of a spider on caffeine Web of a drug-naive spider the environment (imagine all those jelly) and From: Spider Communication: Mechanisms and Ecological Significance. Edited by Peter N.Witt & trampers needing a mid-morning Beauveria Jerome S. Rovner, Princeton University Press, 1982 pit-stop). So, when we were spores. In thinking of potential toxins to disrupt other the cleaning behaviour of Vespula studies, snails treated with similar times over the next month to wasps, a double espresso seemed levels of caffeine showed monitor the colonies. The nests worth a try. measurable changes in behaviour were then dug up for inspection. and physiology, although a topical There was no effect at all! Nothing. treatment with 0.5% caffeine Ah well, back to the drawing boards resulted in their death after 4 days. (and a good strong latte to help the Our objective was to disrupt the thought process). behaviour of the wasps, rather than Jacqueline Beggs kill the bait carriers with caffeine. Landcare Research The bait was placed at the [email protected] entrance to wasp nests (6 nests per This research was funded by the Foundation treatment), and we went back five for Research, Science and Technology Annual meeting of Entomological Society The annual general meeting of the New Zealand Entomogical Society for Earlier laboratory work showed that 2004 will be held in Nelson from 13 to 16 April. For more information the pathogenic fungus Beauveria contact Richard Harris, email:[email protected] or visit the bassiana was effective at killing Society's webpage at http://ento.rsnz.org/conf04.htm. wasps. However, when added to an active nest in the field, the cleaning behaviour of wasps prevented the fungus from spreading and killing the colony. If we could disrupt the cleaning behaviour of the wasps, then we might be able to develop Beauveria as an environmentally friendly wasp control tool. Researchers have solved a similar problem with ants by adding a neurotoxin, but the neurotoxin they used had no effect on wasps. We tried three different concentrations (0.001%, 0.01% 3 Invasiveness is promoted by good habitat and plenty of it Successful invaders need the ability to disperse, either through their own effort or on the back of others, but a new mathematical model suggests even the best dispersers need to strike it lucky. Most species disperse, and some species devote a large part of their reproductive potential to dispersal. For example, Sphecophaga vesparum vesparum, the parasitoid introduced to control social wasps in New Zealand, uses about half its reproductive potential for dispersal and, as a result, has slowly spread outwards from its release point at Pelorus Bridge. Dispersal, however, is a risky business. Finding the right habitat may be a more or less random event. Consequently, honeydew in New Zealand beech where invading pests are often dispersal is often associated with a forests, which leads to the world’s particularly well studied. One is the high mortality, and is therefore a highest wasp populations. blue-green Lucerne aphid, which drain on the population as a whole. Significantly, our model also established in 1975, reached a The cost of dispersal depends suggests the threat from invaders huge peak in numbers over the partly on the proportion of the will increase with increasing next 2 years, and then declined to population that regularly disperses, habitat size. Therefore, in the case low levels in lucerne crops. Why and the amount of suitable habitat of wasps in honeydew beech was this? forests, the extent of the forests across the landscape. The more The initial response to the plague (about 1 million ha in total) is part of suitable habitat in total, or the more of aphids was that less lucerne the reason wasp densities are so clumped the habitat patches, the was grown and, over time, resistant high. Estimating the extent to which greater the chance that a varieties began to replace many of the scale of contiguous honeydew dispersing individual will find such the susceptible crops. This led to a beech forest contributes to wasp habitat and survive. Because of decrease in the total area of density is harder to assess. In this, local densities within each suitable habitat and, consistent theory this could be tested by habitat patch increase with the with our model’s predictions, the comparing wasp densities in proportion of habitat in the local densities of aphids within small, remote stands, with those in landscape.
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