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Publication of the Archaeological Society of British Columbia ISSN 0047-7222 Vol. 29, No.2 Summer 1997

SERIALS SERVICES RECEIVED SEP 0 5 1997

UNIVERSITY OF VICTORIA McPHERSON LIBRARY ·

cross-section at stem

hypothetical .... basal grinding 0 25 rnm original outline potlid ~ llmpoct flute SHELL MIDDENS, SEA LEVELS AND A SCOTTBLUFF-LIKE POINT ~MIDDEN ASBC

Published four times a year by the Dedicated to the protection of archaeological resources Archaeological Society of British Columbia and the spread of archaeological knowledge.

Editorial Committee President Acting Chief Editors: Robbin Chatan (215-1746) Joyce Johnson (730-8468) Heather Myles (274-4294) Field Editor: Richard Brolly (689-1678) Membership News Editor: Heather Myles (274-4294) Caroline Milburn-Brown (987-8787) P'ublications Editor: Robbin Chatan (215-1746) Annual membership includes I year's subscription to Production: Fred Braches (462-8942) Subscriptions: Fred Braches (462-8942) The Midden and the ASBC newsletter, SocNotes. Membership Fees StJBSCRJPTION is included with membership in the ASBC. Non-members: $14.50 per year ($17.00 USA and overseas), payable in Canadian funds to the ASBC. Remit to: Individual: $25 Family: $30 Seniors/Students: $18 Midden Subscriptions, ASBC P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station Send cheque or money order payable to the ASBC to: Vancouver, B.C. VSC 2N3 ASBC Membership SuBMISSIONs: We welcome contributions on subjects germane P.O. Box 520, Bentall Station to B.C. archaeology. Guidelines are available on request. Sub­ Vancouver, B.C., V6C 2N3 missions and exchange publications should be directed to the appropriate editor. at the ASBC address. ASBC World Wide Web http://mindlink.bc.ca.glen_chan/asbc.html Contributors this issue Don Abbott, Qrant Beattie, Richard Brolly, Robbin Chatan, Bruce Dahlstrom and Sharon Keen Affiliated Chapters Copyright Nanaimo Contact: Rachael Sydenham Contents of The Midden are copyrighted by the ASBC. Programme Chair: Lorrie Lee Hayden It is unlawful to reproduce all or any part, by any means what­ Meetings the second Monday of the month at Malaspina Uni­ soever, without the Society's permission, which is usually versity College, Department of Social Science. gladly given. Victoria Contact: Tom Bown (250-385-2708) Meetings on the third Thursday of the month at 7:30pm at the Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. The British Columbia Heritage Trust has provided financial as­ sistance to this project to support conservation ofour heritage resources, gain further knowledge and increase public understanding of the com­ p'lete history of British Columbia.

,.fRONT COVER: ASBC DIARY:

MEETINGS featuring illustrated lectures are held on the second An artifact illustration of the base of a Scottsbluff-like pro- r' Wednesday of each month (except July and August) at 8:00pm. jectile point, recovered by Millennia Research and Meetings are usually held in the Auditorium of the Vancouver Museum at 1100 Chestnut Street in Vancouver. Kwantlen First Nation in a archaeological survey of Stave New members and visitors are welcome! Reservoir. September 10 David Pokotylo, UBC (Illustration courtesy of Millennia Research)

Public Opinion and Archaeology See also FIELD NOTES, Duncan McLaren on page 7 a THE IDDEN

TABLE OF CoNTENTS·

INTRODUCTION Introduction

The Midden crew has experienced some changes over this In Memoriam Elizabeth Jane 2- 3 past spring. Both Geordie Howe (Chief Editor) and Alison Hill (1924-1997) Biely (Production Manager) have left due to their busy job by Donald Abbott and Sharon loads and work schedules. Their involvement in the Edito­ Keen rial Committee and conceptual inputs will be missed. In fact, they had .a decisive role in the planning of this and Test Excavations at DdSc12 4 - 6 several upcoming issues. We thank them for their contri­ on the Juan de Fuca Marine Trail bution to The Midden and wish them well with their ca­ by Bruce Dahlstrom reers. No doubt, we will hear from them again in future pages in this quarterly. Field Notes 7 At the same time we would like to welcome Fred Braches, a long-time member of the ASBC, who has enthusiastically Prehistoric Responses to Sea 8 - 11 stepped into the vacancy of Production Manager. He was Levels and Delta Growth at responsible for the layout of the last issue (Vol. 29, No. 1, the Beach Grove Site 1997), and we look forward to his contributions in the pro­ by Richard Brolly duction of The Midden. The Chief Editorship remains un­ filled, and we presently are both acting as interim Chief Recent Publications 12 Editors. Archaeology and Geographi- 12- 13 The content of The Midden relies on the co-operation and cal Information Systems goodwill of its various members, subscribers, and practi­ Review by Grant Beattie tioners in B.C. archaeology. Without their interest and sup­ port this quarterly could not exist in its present form. We An Archaeology of Capitalism 14 - 15 would like to personally thank all the contributors to this Review by Robbin Chatan issue - Don Abbott, Grant Beattie, Richard Brolly, Bruce [ Dahlstrom and Sharon Keen. and look forward to new and A letter from Sage Birchwater 15 interesting articles and reviews. Permits 16- 17 Robbin Chatan and Heather Myles, Chief Editors r Annual Index to The Midden 18-20 I Vol. 28. 1996

Conferences Inside back cover

Exhibits, Courses Outside back cover

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 IN MEMORIAM: ELIZABETH JANE HILL {1924-1997) by Donald Abbott and Sharon Keen

Betli Hill's dying, like everything she Ray taught in Point Grey. Their daughter festation. Our first meeting was a memo­ undertook, was entered into with gusto. Frances was born in 1953. Beth returned rable one. I (Donald Abbot) had. been The cancer, after allowing her a charac­ to work part-time driving the bookmobile asked to speak on archaeology to a gath­ teristically productive reprieve, finally for the Vancouver Public Library. She ering of the Gulflslands Historical Soci­ took her on the 24th of January this year. also helped found the Burnaby Public ety at Miners Bay on Mayne Island in The book Beth found time to write about Library. Both Beth and Ray became ex­ 1960 or '61. Most of us there had come the process and the new insights it pro­ tremely busy with work, family and other by ferry and car but we were quite im­ vided her, Moonrakers, is being published commitrnents-clearlytoo busy. In 1959 pressed with the arrival of one well-· I . I by Horsdal & Schubart this dressed woman - Beth - who June. It is a fitting closure to come barrelling down Active Pass the life and multifaceted ca­ in a small open boat, beached it reer of this vibrant and smartly, then stepped out to join our thoughtful woman who con­ discussions with a degree of intel­ tributed so much to B .C . lectual fervour and practical deter­ Coastal Archaeology and to mination that we had never before many other fields and causes encountered. My wife, a recent im­ as well. migrant from Europe was particu­ Beth was born Elizabeth larly impressed. " So this is what Jane Quinsey, 21 November, Gulf Islands women are like," she 1924 near Fort Erie, Ontario. thought. We became good friends She graduated from with the Hills after that. McMasters with an honours Beth never affiliated with an in­ degree in English in 1946, stitution but her contributions to ar­ then obtained a degree in Li­ chaeology were both considerable brary Science from the Uni­ and valuable. She undertook a de­ versity of Toronto in 1947, tailed archaeological survey of and took employment with Saltspring Island, and other Gulf Is­ the Regional Library in lands, meticulously recording sites Prince George, B.C. The fol­ and private coll ections and doing a lowing year she was asked to typology of them. Since she did not found a library on the Alaska collect artifacts herself and did not Highway, based in Dawson represent government or an institu­ Creek but covering the 700 tion she had excellent success in miles of Highway to the Yu­ winning the trust of local collectors. kon Border. With a quarter She shared information, ideas and ton truck, an unlimited budget, and a boss they decided to make a radical change. insights with Wilson Duff and myself at in Victoria, she "had a marvellous time" They bought a big old house at the end of the Provincial Museum. When Wilson, setting tip and servicing both school and a point jutting into Ganges Harbour (with whom she considered a mentor, advocated public branch libraries in the region - a prehistoric shell midden, DfRu 4, on the that she study archaeology at Cambridge, and learning about survival in 40° below property), quit their jobs, and became is­ then at the forefront of archaeological zero conditions. She also met Ray Hill, a land people. Ray secured a new teaching methodology, she found the suggestion young Industrial Arts te.acher. They mar­ job in Duncan - an easy commute from shocking-- but followed it! By 1969 Ray ried in 1950 and their son John was born Saltspring. would have put in the two decades of in 195 I. After a year in Prince Rupert, Now Beth's intellectual interest in ar­ teaching that he had planned and the chil­ they moved to Burnaby for six years while chaeology began to take a practical mani- dren were nearly finished high school. It

2 · The Midden 29/1, Spring 1997 was again time for a major change and it about archaeology but also on a wide va­ teaching night school courses and active "all worked out". riety of other topics. Over the remaining participation in organizations such as the "Cambridge", she said, "was quite will­ twenty-two years of her life, in addition Voice of Women and the Council of Ca­ ing to have me," and the family spent to numerous professional and popular ar­ nadians. She was an ardent reader and 1969-'70 there. Beth completed two years ticles, she published seven books and constantly seeking new ideas and insights of tripos to receive a Certificate in Pre­ completed at least two unpublished book­ about humanity. Her need to be close to historic Archaeology while Ray learned length manuscripts. Several of these in­ good library facilities led them to move to fly, studied German, photography and volved adventurous research trips to west­ to Victoria about nine years ago. aluminium welding. For Beth, Cambridge ern and eastern Europe with Ray. Last June, while on a trip to Wales, the was an extraordinarily rewarding and In addition to her writing she reached cancer that Beth had been fighting for stimulating learning experience, working out to people in many ways: through book some time reasserted itself and she had to with scholars at the leading edge of the tours, conferences, public speaking, cut the trip short to return home. The Hills profession Mellars and Ian Hodder. decided to move back to Saltspring for She was gratified that these men re­ her last months and her final book. .' garded her, "with great interest and con­ tinually questioned me to see what Select Bibliography of Elizabeth Jane Hill insights I might have." Her particular in­ 1974 (with Ray Hill) Indian Petroglyphs ofthe Pacific Northwest. Hancock House, terest was in prehistoric art. Saanichton. With their funds used up the Hills re­ 1975 Guide to Indian Rock Carvings ofthe Pacific Northwest Coast. Hancock House, turned home in 1970 and had to resume Saanichton. (2nd. ed. 1980). making a living. Ray became a building 1978 The Remarkable World ofFrances Barkley: I769-1845. Gray's Publishing contractor but Beth was at first uncertain Limited, Sidney. about her next steps. She was offered a 1981 Times Past: A Guide to the Photographic Exhibit ofSome ofthe Earliest Houses position at the University of Calgary but on Salt Spring Island. Gulflslands Community Arts Council, Ganges. she neither wanted to become a teacher 1981 "Bedrock and Boulder Bowls" In The World is as Sharp as a Knife. An Antholo.gy nor move to Calgary. It had been a re­ in Honour of Wilson Duff, Donald N. Abbott, ed., pp 127-142. British Columbia quest of the Cambridge depat"tt!lent that Provincial Museum, Victoria. she prepare a report on the rock art of 1983 Times Past: Salt Spring Island Houses and History Before the Turn ofthe Cen tury. Gulf Islands Community Arts Council, Ganges. British Columbia and in 1972 Beth be­ I 985 Upcoast Summers. Horsdal and Schubart, Ganges. came one of four participants in a Local I987 Sappers: The Royal Engineers in British Columbia. Initiatives Project (LIP) to record Vancou­ Horsdal and Schubart, Ganges. ver Island petroglyphs by rubbings and 1989 Exploring the Kettle Valley Railway. Polestar Press Ltd., Winlaw. photographs. In 1973, the second I 992 "Small Painted Stones from Salish Territory". petroglyph expedition by herself and Ray Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 26(1): 89-99. was to cover the sites between the north­ I994 Seven-knot Summers. Horsdal and Schubart, Victoria. em end of Vancouver Island and Prince I 997 Moonrakers. Horsdal and Schubart, Victoria. Rupert. The Hills obtained a $2000 1975-I 983 : Innumerable articles, too many to cite, published in venues such as the Koerner Foundation grant, bought an old Daily Colonist "Islander" and "Westworld" magazine on archaeology and local fishboat (rechristened Liza Jane), and, history. with the co-operation of Native bands, spent three months completing their me­ UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPTS ticulous compilation of coastal 1971 "Archaeological Site Survey Salt Spring Island". Two Volumes. Royal British petroglyphs, which resulted in their 1974 Columbia Museum, Archaeology Collections, Victoria. book, Indian Petrog/yphs of the Pacific Northwest, a landmark of professional and 1973 "Petroglyph Sites from Queen Charlotte Strait to the Alaska Border: Petroglyph popular publishing in British Columbia Survey". Archaeological Sites Advisory Board, Victoria. Permit I 973-34. 1988(?) A Cargo ofPetticoats . Women in the Industrial Revolution. Archaeology. I 992 Road to Atlantis. Also in 1973, the Hills hosted an exca­ vation crew at the midden on their prop­ A complete list of Beth Hill's publications is available upon request from Don Abbott, erty. In 1976, Beth became the archaeo­ 311 Masters Road, Victoria, B.C.; or bound reprints of her articles can be found in the logical warden for Saltspring and Culture Library, Ministry of Small Business, Tourism and Culture, Victoria. remained in that appointment for the du­ ration of the warden programme. She was a member of the ASBC and a founding member of the Canadian Rock Art Re­ Sharon Keen is a Heritage Resource Donald Abbott is a Curator Emeritus search Association (CRARA). Consultant based in Victoria. She (Archaeology) of the Royal British interviewed Beth in 1996 as the first of an Columbia Musem in Victoria where he Her career increasingly took on a new on-going series on women archaeologists worked from 1960 to 1995. tack as a professional author, not only

in B.C. The Midden 2912 , Summer 1997 3 TEST EXCAVATIONS AT DdSc 12 ON THE JUAN DE FUCA MARINE TRAIL

r by Bruce Dahlstrom .I

In 1994, B.C. Parks contacted /. R. fine shell was noted, and excavation con­ resented fish were the most diverse, "fol­ I Wilson Consultants Ltd. regarding pro­ tinued from this point in 5 em levels with lowed by mammal, and birds we.re repre­ posed trail construction of the Juan de all deposits screened through 1/4" and 1/ sented by a few non-diagnostic fragments. Fuca Marine Trail, a hiking trail currently 8" mesh. Shell and ash lenses of varying The limited representation of mammal, under construction that is planned to con­ widths and compositions were noted un­ consisting of a few deer and racoon ele­ nect Port Renfrew to Jordan River. Three til there was a sharp transition to a sterile ments, is in part a result of sample size. archaeological projects were carried out brown loam at !50 em. Fish, being smaller bodied, are likely to in cooperation with the Pacheenaht First A single radio-carbon date of 4120 ± be better represented in small excavations ) Nation. The first was an overview of re­ 130 BP was obtained from charcoal at because of their greater number of ele- '?"\ corded archaeological sites and ethno­ 145-150 em below surface. This repre- ments and smaller size. . f graphic places in proximity to the pro­ The fish identified from the project con- If posed trail (Wilsori and Bouchard 1994 ). sist predominantly of greenling, rock fish The second study was an archaeoiogical and herring. Both greenling and herring inventory and impact assessment of the are well-represented from all levels of the proposed trail and associated facilities column sample and greenling is the domi­ (Wilson and Macnab 1995). Based on the nant taxa collected. Rockfish is common results of the field programme, additional from II 0-13 5 em below surface. A small work was proposed involving, among concentration of salmon is present from other tasks, a small mitigative test exca­ II 0-120 em in depth. Other fish follow a vation. This test excavation consisted of more sporadic distribution throughout the a single I xI m test unit at DdSc 12. This unit with cod, dogfish, skate and ancho y. article summarises the results of this present inthe upper layers of the deposit, project which are presented in more de­ and ®gcoclanQ. great scujpi.!!. present in tail in Dahlstrom and Wilson (1996). the lower layers. The size range of DdSc 12 is a small shell midden which ~enling recovered indicates possible overlooks a rugged rocky open coast en­ basket trap collection. The presence of vironment. A small unnamed drainage small fish species such as anchovy, her­ is present within the site boundaries. The ring, small greenling, and small cod sug­ excavation unit was placed in the centre gests that hook and line fishing may have of the site to test the deepest area of de­ been practiced, with these species possi­ posit. The ground surface was covered bly representing bait. The presence of ..,I by dense salal with fir and cedar adja­ gorge hooks is consistent with this inter­ cent to the site. Once the brush and duff pretation. was cleared, a reddish brown loam was Shellfish was well-represented through­ Photo courtesy Bruce Dahlstrom "1 uncovered. With the possible exception out the deposit. Most of the species .. I of one. herring vertebra, this horizon did sents the basal cultural deposits ofthe site present are abundant in this locality in­ I not contain cultural materials. The soil had and the date likely reflects the earliest use cluding California mussel and black katy apparently accumulated after occupation of the site. It is unquestionable that later chiton. Both of these species are common of the site had been discontinued. A deci­ use took place on the site and it is possi­ on open rocky coasts and mussels are par­ sion was made to remove and selectively ble that other spatially and temporally ticularly visible on the rocks overlooking screen this soil as a single stratigraphic discrete occupations of the site occurred. the site. Also present are two species as­ unit. At 36 em below surface, a change to Faunal analysis was conducted by Pa­ sociated with mussel colonies: Nucella (a a darker siltier soil which contained I 0% cific Identifications. Of the species rep- mussel predator) and barnacle (often

4 The Midden 29/1 , Spring 1997 0

Legend

50 Rock mJ< Very Dense Shell (90%) -I ~I Ash a Dense Shell (75%) Overburden c:l Less Dense Shell (50%) -m Transition Clay Loam (no shell) 100% Shell 100 -

150

Stratigraphic profile from excavation unit DdSc 12 (Courtesy ofB. Dahlstrom, l.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd)

found in association with mus~el beds). grained blade-like flake. The artifact ex­ the amount of debitage argues for spo­ Limpets and periwinkles are also associ­ hibits extensive dorsal modification in­ radic task specific procurement. The ated with rocky environments, and may cluding an isolated step fracture. The ven­ unformed flake tools indicate a variety of have been introduced incidentally or in­ tral face has less modification. It has a activities with a slight emphasis on cut­ tentionally. Urchin was collected at the contracting stem with possible hafting­ ting (based on acute to obtuse angled lower levels of the excavation unit but was related rounding on one side of the stem. flakes) and some evidence of wood work­ absent from upper deposits. Their abun­ This artifact may represent a lost or ing (based on the number of use relate9 dance in deeper levels is a result of the cached item. It measures 77.3 mm x 22.3 step fractures). The bone tools are con­ presence of an urchin cooking feature. mm x 11.2 mm, with a blade length of 62 sistent with general tool manufacture and Urchins are common on rocky coasts. mm and a hafting length of 16.6 mm. repair with an apparent concentration on More unusual are horse clam that are Slate tools were not well-represented fishing technology. represented in small but consistent num­ apart from a single biface fragment. How­ The faunal data suggest a reliance on bers throughout the deposits. Such mol­ ever, six pieces of slate were recovered local resources including shellfish and lusc species are not common to rocky and may represent tool manufacture de­ fish. This is most consistent with a sea­ open coasts, and are more often found in bris. Bone tools are better represented sonal camp at which local resources were more protected areas. These may have with ten artifacts including a possible net procured. Such a camp might well have been procured in another location and spacer, and a possible herring rake tine. been occupied in spring or summer. Evi­ transported to the site, or collected in a A single possible shell bead consisting of dence of seasonality is weak, but it points protected environment, such as a small a spire-loped ollivella was also recovered. to a possible spring occupation. Appar­ bay, that may once have been present in The artifacts collected are suggestive of ently some collection of terrestrial re­ the area. a variety of subsistence related activities, sources also took place but was less im­ In total, thirty-three artifacts were re­ including the procurement of both terres­ portant. covered·from the single 1m2 excavation trial and marine animal resources. The It is difficult to compare materials from unit. Eight pieces of basalt debitage were projectile point and preform suggest hunt­ this site with others on the west coast of retrieved as were six unformed flake tools. ing of large terrestrial or marine mam­ Vancouver Island because of the limited Two formed basalt tools were also col­ mals. The nature of the materials used as amount ofwork which has occurred. Also, lected. One is a projectile point preform well as presence of shatter and cortical most sites excavated along this coast are fragment while the second is a complete flakes in the debitage suggest the procure­ much more recent than the earliest occu­ basalt projectile point made from a fine ment oflocally available materials, while pation of DdSc 12 as confirmed by ra-

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 5 diocarbon-dating elsewhere. Components pie of artifacts and fauna, many ofwhich Renfrew in early occupations. It is possi­ contemporaneous to the DdSc 12 occu­ are water-worn. The artifacts include ble that these areas may have even been pation include the basal component of abraders, celts, saws, a possible labret, and Salish occupations at this early date, and Little Beach in Ucluelet, possibly the bone tools including awls, needles, bone suggesting later population movement. It Zone 1 Yuquot component in Nootka points, harpoon parts and one shuttle. certainly appears that early occupations Sound, and the Layer E Shoemaker Bay Artifacts are seen as broadly similar with on the southern west coast of Vancouver component in Port Alberni. Each of these those recovered from later levels at Island are markedly different from those sites is briefly discussed for comparative Yuquot. Only one utilized basalt flake was to the north. purposes. recovered. This assemblage is largely dis­ Bruce Dahlstrom received his BA in Little Beach yielded dates in its basal similar to that recovered from DdSc 12. Anthropology from the University of ~ I component of 4000 170 years B.P. (char­ This may be in part a result of a different California, Berkeley, in 1988, and is coal) and 4000 90 years B.P. (charcoal). season of occupation. However, the dif­ presently in the MA programme at Sonoma State University. He has worked in British The site also had later components dated ferent assemblage may also point to cul­ Columbia since 1994, and specializes in at 2510 60 years B.P. (organic sediment) tural differences between Nootka Sound coastal archaeology and computer and 3310 70 years B.P. (human bone col­ and sites further to the south. applications. He currently works for J.R. lagen). Little Beach is thought to have af­ The lowest stratigraphic layer of the Wilson Consultant Ltd. in Victoria as a consulting archaeologist. filiations with Shoemaker I in Port Shoemaker Bay site has been dated to Alberni that yielded similar chipped stone 4030 150 years B.P. This component con­ References Cited and ground stone artifacts. Twenty-nine tained a sparse assemblage of water-worn burials, many associated with cairns, were artifacts which were combined with later Dahlstrom, Bruce, and Ian Wilson 1996. noted during excavation. A single green­ materials to form the Shoemaker I assem­ "Mitigative Archaeological Excavations DdSc ish basalt or dacite leaf-shaped point, de­ blage. Of particular interest within this as­ 12, Juan de Fuca Marine Trail Port Renfrew, scribed as having a diamond shaped cross­ semblage is a large water-worn basalt British Columbia". Culture library, Ministry section and a slightly contracting stem, point measuring 58 mm x 26 mm x 8 mm of Small Business, Tourism and Culture, Vic­ was recovered in the lower portion of the with a generally leaf shaped form. It is toria. deposit. This artifact has some similari­ somewhat similar to the projectile point Dewhurst, John 1980. The Yuquot project: "The indigenous archaeology of Yuquot, a ties with the contracting stem point from recovered from DdSc 12. This point was Nootkan outside village". Vol. 1-3. History DdSc 12 in terms of morphology. The recovered from the top oflayer E at Shoe­ and Archaeology 39,43,44. Parks Canada, Ot­ range of lithic materials used at Little maker Bay associated with the earliest ra­ tawa. Beach and DdSc 12 is somewhat similar, diocarbon date of the site. A fragmentary Ham, Leonard, A. Yip, and L. Kullar 1984. although Little Beach includes a wider basalt point was also recovered from layer "A Charles culture fishing village-the 1982/ range ofmaterials including argilite, sand­ E. 83 archaeological excavations at the St. stone, siltstone and jasper. A more diverse Materials recovered at DdSc 12 are also Mungo site (DgRr 2), North Delta, British Co­ artifact assemblage is present at Little similar to those from the Gulf of Georgia lumbia". Culture library, Ministry of Small Business, Tourism and Culture, Victoria. Beach, consisting of choppers, ground culture area. This is an area in which a McMillan, Alan, and Denis St. Claire 1982. slate points, abraders, labrets, and a slate considerable amount of archaeological Alberni prehistory: archaeological and eth- · saw. Bone tools at Little Beach consist work has been conducted and cultural se­ nographic investigations on Western Vancou­ primarily of non-diagnostic fragments quences are relatively well-defmed for the ver Island. Theytus Books, Penticton. with a whale bone club fragment and a later periods. It has been suggested that Mitchell, Donald 1990 "Prehistory of the possible herring rake tine. A single shell materials from Shoemaker Bay and Lit­ coasts of southern British Columbia and bead was also recovered. The Little Beach tle Beach are related to those from the Northern Washington" in: Handbook ofNorth faunal assemblage was dominated by fish Gulf of Georgia culture area (McMillan American Indians: Northwest Coast 6:340- with lingcod, rock fish and greenlings and St. Claire 1982; Stryd 1991 ). Gulf of 358. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. being the most common. Marine mam­ Georgia prehistory has been summarized Stryd, Arnoud H. 1991 "Archaeological in­ mals, including cetacea (whales, dolphins, in Mitchell (1990), and the Charles Phase, vestigations at Little Beach site, Ucluelet, B.C. porpoises), northern fur seals and harbor dating between 5,490 to 3,280 B.P., has Interim Report". Culture library, Ministry of seals, were collected, _and land mammals been discussed in detail in Ham et a/. Small Business, Tourism and Culture, Victo­ were uncommon. It should be remem­ (1984) based on work at the St. Mungo ria. bered when comparing assemblages that site (DgRr 2). Ham describes leaf-shaped Wilson, Ian R., and Randy Bouchard 1994. the sample from DdSc 12 is very small, contracting stem bifaces which, although "Archaeological resource overview Juan de and undoubtedly, does not reflect the full shorter, have similar widths and Fuca Marine Trail corridor". Culture library, range of materials that are likely present morphologies to that from DdSc 12 (Ham Ministry of Small Business, Tourism and Cul­ ture, Victoria. at the site. eta/. 1984:72). Similar bifaces have been Wilson, Ian R., and Scott Macnab 1995. The lower components of the Yuquot recovered from several Charles Phase "Archaeological resource inventory and im­ site have dates ranging from 3090 100 to sites including the St. Mungo site in Van­ pact assessment, Juan de Fuca Park Trail cor­ 4357 100 years B.P. The assemblage as­ couver. The evidence is suggestive of ridor, China Beach Park to Botanical Beach sociated with these dates is termed Zone close ties to Salishan groups in sites be­ Park". Culture library, Ministry of Small I and consists of a relatively sparse sam- tween Ucluelet, Port Alberni and Port Business, Tourism and Culture, Victoria.

6 The Midden 29/1, Spring 1997 FIELD NOTES

collected. A crossroads of coastal and archaeological resource management ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY interior influences is demonstrated by the practices. More specifically, the inven­ OF STAVE RESERVOIR DRAW raw material types and artifact styles tory work sought to generate baseline in­ DOWN ZONE present. formation on archaeological site locations Evidence of palaeomarine shorelines and distribution, particularly culturally Duncan McLaren of MILLEN­ was discovered when marine shells and modified trees (CMTs). An important NIA RESEARCH writes that in associa­ sediments were identified between 76 and outgrowth of the inventory project is the tion with a construction related draw 80 m as!. A sample of shells was con­ development ofa predictive model for the down of Stave Reservoir, an inventory ventionally radiocarbon-dated to 12,880 location of CMTs. This model will help and impact assessment of the inundated ± I 00 BP (Beta-! 04529). Beneath this First Nations and development pmpo­ lands of 'this reservoir was conducted in layer of marine sediments, ancient forest nents identify potential conflicts between March and April of this year. The Stave floor and freshwater peat deposits were proposed forestry operating areas· and watershed, which drains into the Fraser present. Cultural materials were found CMT site locations early in th~ forestry River is located within the traditional ter­ near the marine sediments, but a direct planning process. ritory,. of the Kwantlen First Nation and is association between them has not been The involvement and training_ of local situated 8 km north of Mission and 65 km conclusively proven. First Nations in this archaeological inven­ east of Vancouver. The Millennia study All of the sites located now lie beneath tory increased local capacity to collect, focused on the inundated shoreline which the waters of the reservoir. Archaeologi­ maintain and update the archaeological surrounds the reservoir north of the Stave cal research in the Stave watershed con­ site inventory database, and to participate Falls dam site. These lands lie between tinued when the Hayward Reservoir was in the management of archaeological re­ 72 and 80 metres above sea level. drawn down in late May. Millennia Re­ sources in their traditional territories. . The project was carried out as a result search is hopeful that research on past The first season of inventory fieldwork of the combined efforts of B.C. Hydro, occupations of inundated lands in the identified 77 new archaeological sites, re­ the Kwantlen First Nation, and Millennia Stave watershed will continue into the visited 16 previously recorded sites, and Research. All stages of this project, in­ future. provided additional information for 3 pre­ cluding permitting, field preparation, field viously recorded sites. A total of 286 survey, site mapping, artifact cataloguing, CLAYOQUOT SOUND CMT' s were recorded during this survey. drawing and analysis, photography, and INVENTORY PROJECT Equally important, the inventory revealed report writing, involved representatives of where sites are not found, which is nec­ both the Kwantlen First Nation and Mil­ Andrew Mason writes that be­ essary for the development of a predic­ lennia Research. Training for this project tween 13 January and 15 February 1997, tive model. . included three days of pre-field training GOLDER ASSOCIATES LTD. and Two CMT predictive models were de-. sessions as well as hands-on and in-field SHORELINE ARCHAEOLOGICAL veloped for this study, based entirely upon training. SERVICES INC. jointly directed an ar­ terrain-related variables (e.g., distance to After 12 days of survey, 28 sites were chaeological inventory in Clayoquot fresh water). The lack of suitable forest identified and over I ,600 artifacts had Sound, on the west coast of Vancouver cover database prevented the incorpora­ been collected. The majority of artifacts Island. This project was funded by For­ tion of this data type into the modeling were recovered from the surface of the est Renewal B.C., and represents the first process thus limiting the success of the. sites. Most were individually mapped to phase of a proposed multi-year project modeling effort. One model was designed enable analyses of inundation-related ar­ whose objectives are to conduct an ar­ to predict the location and density of tifact movement and settlement pattern re­ chaeological site inventory of all land in aboriginally-logged red cedar CMTs search. Artifact types included in this Clayoquot Sound (exclusive of Meares while the other modeled bark-stripped red assemblage are dominated by chipped Island and lands under federal jurisdic­ cedar CMTs. The logged CMT model stone. A large number of formed tools tion) - an area of 265,419 hectares. was found to be 82% accurate for predict­ are represented, including projectile Localities that were examined this winter ing known site locations and 76% accu­ points, microblades, and retouched flakes, included the Sydney River watershed, a rate for predicting logged CMT density. as well as flaking detritus. Lithic raw portion of the Catface-Herbert watershed ln contrast, the bark-stripped CMT model materials include a variety of cherts, as and the Bedwell-Warn-Fortune water­ was shown to be far less reliable at 42% well as basalt, andesite, crystalline quartz, shed. and 34% accurate for location and den­ and a material thought to be [Garibaldi] This study has both general and specif­ sity. These preliminary findings provide glassy rhyodacite were identified. The ics objectives. The primary objective is valuable data that will serve as the basis base of a Scottsbluff-like projectile point to conduct an archaeological inventory of to improve and refine the modeling ap­ and several other points demonstrating the study area while integrating Clayoquot proach during future phases of this study. masterful stone-knapping technique· were Sound Nuu-chah-nulth communities into

The Midden 2912, Summer 1997 7 PREHISTORIC RESPONSES TO SEA LEVELS AND DELTA GROWTH AT THE BEACH GROVE SITE By Richard Brolly

INTRODUCTION Excavation Plan Northwest Coast archaeologists often pay - Excavatioo Trench lip service to the influence of sea level vari~ [] Excavatioo Bloclc ations in this region. Development of the r=------_ Fraser River delta had profound implica­ 13 ~~zsicat ~Y Locatioo IIIli! l:rntockll Block ill1 ~ tions for pre-Contact lifeways in the Lower Mainland. Ironically, despite the fact that many excavations have taken place 160B throughout the Fraser River delta, few ar­ chaeologists have considered how such ;;t~~------...~ 0 :-:-:-:-:-:-: ~ changes affected its prehistoric inhabitants. :::::::::::3 ~ 1401! =:=:=:=:=:=~ Recent excavations at the Beach Grove Site ;- 11fif -: (DgRs 1) in Tsawwassen, has shed some > : Trenc hll .t::. light on how sea levels and delta growth ~ ; 1201! ~ influenced First Nations people at this site z~ Central i Mound over the past 4500 years. l] The Beach Grove Site will be familiar to 1- - 1001! ,I'>( many readers of The Midden. No fewer .' •"- :o 1-i than 10 excavations have taken place here · .' i : between 1956 and 1995. Originally, this ! TrerehiV : lllB was a very large shell midden, distin­ • ' .' ' guished by ten or eleven house depressions ' ' ' on its southern half. Due to suburban ' f 601! ' growth in Tsawwassen, only scattered rem­ .. ______, .--- ' ' nants of the site exist. During a detailed Building survey of the site in 1978, just over Depression 40B 68,000 m2 were calculated to remain from a'f'vt an original estimate of 197,000 m2 !

201! 1995 PROJECT BACKGROUND In 1994, Molnar Capital Corporation ac­ quired the Pillars Motor Inn, a familiar 01! landmark on 56 Street in Tsawwassen, in­ 0 20n bN 40N ZON ON tending to redevelop the property for high­ density housing. The inn stood east of the street, immediately south ofthe South Delta Recreation Centre. This location is within Figure 1: Excavation plan of Pillars Property at the Beach Grove Site; trenches the northern half of the site. The Archae­ dug during 1994 impact assessment; GPR Trench dug for geomorphological ology Branch ordered an archaeological investigations; building depression from razed Pillars inn structure. impact assessment prior to approval of the

8 · The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 Summary of Radiocarbon Dates from the Beach Grove Site, 1995.

Lab# Age Estimate1 Calibrated Date2 Culture3 Provenience Comments

Beta-8311 0 340 ± 60 AD 1440- 1665 Layer 1-82 Rejected: probable burned root Beta-83113 970 ± 70 AD 970- 1225 St Feature 11-1 Date on ash spread Beta-83112 1010±50 AD 970- 1165 St Feature 11-1 Date on ash spread Beta-89974 2290 ± 80 515- 165 BC L- M Peat layer Dates final infilling of backwater lagoon Beta-83121 2910 ± 70 1295-905 BC Hearth #7 Extended count date on beach hearth Beta-89695 cor 3230 ± 70 1275-890 BC StM- L Layer 1-81 Marine shell date Beta-83120 3300 ± 90 1760- 1400 BC StM- L Hearth #1 Date on beach hearth Beta-89696 cor 3440 ± 80 1520 - 1150 BC StM- L Layer I-D1 Marine shell date for lower cultural stratum Beta-83111 3470 ± 60 1920- 1630 BC StM- L Feature 6-1 Basal date for Block I midden Beta-83118 3800 ± 60 2450 - 2030 BC StM Layer IV-B AMS date for shelly stratum B.eta-89697 3860 ± 230 2910- 1685 BC StM Layer IV-B? Extended count on sample from backdirt Beta-83115 3890 ± 60 2490- 2175 BC StM Layer IV-B AMS date for shelly stratum Beta-83117 3900 ± 60 2555 - 2535 BC & StM Layer IV-C AMS date for non-shelly stratum 2495- 2190 BC• Beta-83116 3900 ±50 2485 - 2205 BC StM Layer IV-C AMS date for non-shelly stratum Beta-93401 cor 4530 ± 70 2905 - 2565 BC StM Deep Midden Marine shell date on stratum exposed during.rT]onitoring

1 .conventional dates BP; shell dates corrected for isotope fractionation and marine reservoir effects 2 Calibrated date = date in calendar years 3 St = Stselax Phase; M =Marpole Phase; L = Locarno Beach Phase; StM = St. Mungo Phase 4 Signifies two intercepts of calibration curve (at 2 sigmas only)

development, and Areas Consultmg Arch­ people were involved with the monitor­ The midden deposits observed on the eologists Ltd. (ARCAS) carried out the ing, under the direction ofBrolly or Vicki property are associated with four particu­ assessment in 1994. This investigation Feddema, though burial recovery parties lar geomorphological events that influ­ established that intact midden · deposits from the Semiahmoo First Nation at­ enced the occupation and development of were present on the property, beneath the tended on two occasions when human the Beach Grove Site: parking lot and the central courtyard of remains were discovered. A layer of Deep Midden seen dur­ the demolished motel. Salvage of a sam­ ing monitoring was about 60 em below ple of intact deposits prior to the onset of the lowest level of the oldest deposits in construction was recommended, with fol­ RESULTS SUMMARY nearby Block IV. This midden is 41 cll!­ The site plan (Figure I) shows the lo­ low-up monitoring during ground prepa­ above mean sea level, but when depos­ cation of the blocks excavated during this ration. These recommendations were ac­ ited around 4500 years ago would have project. Four blocks were laid out, cepted by Molnar, the Archaeology been about 200 em above the prevailing configured to backhoe trenches dug for Branch, and the First Nations communi­ sea level. the 1994 impact assessment. Six or nine ties. ARCAS was requested to undertake The Block IV Midden deposits separate excavation units were present in these investigations by Molnar Capital were about 4000 years old, and were de­ each block, although only one was exca­ Corporation, whose financial support for posited on a marine beach. This would vated in Block Ill, an extra unit was dug all stages of this project is gratefully ac­ have been a favourable location for camp­ in Block I, and a single unit was also dug knowledged. ing until approximately 3600 years ago, in Trench III. To assist geological re­ A research design was developed in when two converging beach ridges search carried out by geomorphologist consultation with the Semiahmoo and blocked off seaward access to the west June Ryder, a trench was excavated across Tsawwassen First Nations, and excava­ and created a fetid backwater lagoon im­ the middle of the property for a Ground tions were carried out in February and mediately adjacent to the Block IV Penetrating Radar (GPR) traverse. Some March of 1995. Twenty crew members midden. beach hearths were exposed in this trench, r (including five members of the Blocks 1/III, Trench III Midden and we decided to also investigate these Tsawwassen and Semiahmoo First Na­ and GPR Trench Hearths are all features. Monitoring focused on instal­ tions) under the direction of Richard configured to an active marine beach east lation of underground service lines and Brolly (ably assisted by Karen Preckel of the Block IV midden. Deposition of excavations for a sub-grade parking lot. and Sue Woods) worked on the site dur­ the Block I midden, which commenced The age of the cultural deposits exca­ ing the excavation. Construction moni­ about 3500 years ago, was coeval with vated on the Pillars property was estab­ toring began in October and continued formation of the hearths exposed in the lished by 15 radiocarbon dates, that are into November of 1995. Two or three GPR Trench. However, the midden was summarized in the accompanying table.

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 9 apparently situated on a stable beach ridge while the hearths were constantly being buried by beach sediments. Midden build­ Fraser River Delta up continued at or very near the edge of an active beach in Trench III and Block III until about 3000 years ago, when marine effects end at Beach Grove. Be­ Boundary Bay cause the top half of the Block I midden had been stripped when the Pillars Inn was built, it is impossible to state how much longer midden accumulation continued in this location after about 3000 BP. The Block II Midden accumu­ N lated on top ofstabilized marine sediments about 1000 years ago, after most other A midden deposition on the northern half of the site had ceased. No further deposi­ tion appears to have taken place at Beach Grove after this, and the village on the southern half of the site was also aban­ doned around this time.

GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE BEACH GROVE SITE Figure 2 represents a geomorphological map ofPoint Roberts. Before being joined to the Mainland by the advancing Fraser River delta, Point Roberts was for all in­ tents and purposes a "Gulflsland" (which Strait we call Roberts Island). The island of emerged from the Strait of Georgia around 12,000 years ago, when post-Ice Age sea Georgia levels (about 75 m higher than modern ~ Ancient Coastal Bluffs levels in this area) began to recede. As ~ Modern Spits & Beaches ~ Present Coastal Bluffs shown by the plot of local sea levels (Fig­ Ancient Shoreline MacDonald's Ridge ure 3), the decline did not stop until it was PIR Raised Beaches Pillars Inn Bea:z"~Ridge nearly 12 m lower than modern levels 0 around 9000 years ago. Resubmergence Ancient Spits & Beaches stabilized sea levels at their current eleva­ tion about 2500 years ago. The effect of sea level variation upon Roberts Island was profound. In particu­ Figure 2: Geomorphological map ofTsawwassen- Point Roberts locality lar, the post-9000 BP resubmergence (by June Ryder and Tina Van Gaalen) . caused intense wave erosion of the gla­ cial drift bluffs around the island. Based on modem erosion rates of the UBC Bluffs the remains of a completely-eroded head­ ago, the Pillars Inn Ridge. At a later date, above Wreck Beach, it was conservatively land of Roberts Island. Sediment-laden a beach ridge forming northeasterly from J estimated that the ancient shoreline of longshore currents, flowing up the west­ a point further west along the northern Roberts Island could have been eroded ern and eastern shores, converged at the shore of Roberts Island (called the ! back over 1000 m! This erosional proc­ northeastern tip of Roberts Island. There, McDonald's Ridge), joined the Pillar Inn ess freed up huge volumes of sandy a sandy beach ridge built northwards out Ridge at the approximate location of the sediments that were transported around from the shoreline around 6000 years ago, South Delta Recreation Centre. The join­ the margins of the island by longshore when sea levels were between 3 and 4 m ing of these two ridges created a triangu­ currents. Offshore from the eroded bluffs lower than they are today. As sea levels lar-shaped backwater lagoon between remained the boulders; rocks, and other rose to about -2 m (relative to today), a them. Over the next millennium or so, materials too heavy to be carried by wa­ new beach ridge was deposited on top of successional vegetation infilled the la­ ter - Cannery Point Reef, at the south­ the original beach. We call this ridge, goon, until only a peat bog existed here eastern tip of Point Roberts, appears to be which began to form before 4500 years by 2300 years ago.

10 · The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 Don· Abbott, who conducted excava­ the Pillars Inn Ridge. For example, no choked off by the advancing Fraser Delta, tions at the Beach Grove S~te in the 1950s midden deposits were associated with a creating Boundary Bay. The shoreline of and 1960s, perceived that the site had cluster of burials discovered during the Boundary Bay receded from its original developed on ancient beach ridges that monitoring, which had been interred in position at the eastern edge of the Beach must have formed before the Fraser River weathered sandy soil during Locarno Grove Site, stranding the midden build­ delta joined Roberts Island to the Main­ Beach times. ers that utilized the northern half of the land. Surprisingly, the results of our geo­ The village on the southern half of the site and the villagers that settled on its logical research revealed that the beach site was founded around 2200 years ago. southern half. As the original marine ridges at the northeastern tip of the island Midden on the northern half of the site nearshore environment of Roberts Island were deposited on top of Fraser River probably continued to accumulate while evolved first into an estuarine setting, and sediments. This means that the last stage the village was occupied, though the shell­ later still into a landlocked delta lowland, t of beach formation at Beach Grove oc­ fish harvesters and fishers to the north the prehistoric occupants of the site l curred after the so-called "subtidal plat­ may not have been related to the villag­ adapted to these changes. The most ob­ form"· of the delta reached the island. A ers. The locations of the shellfish har­ vious adaptation is one of abandonment, shallow, probably tidal, sea channel vesting camp and village both became when the receding shoreline of Bound­ would have continued to separate the is­ uninhabitable around 1000 BP, when the ary Bay stranded both halves of'the site land from the "subaerial" (above high shoreline of Boundary Bay receded to the at an uneconomic distance from tidewa-· water mark) portion of the delta until east, following which a new midden ter. More subtle changes are also ex­ about 3000 years ago. At this point, the (DgRs 7) accumulated near the modem pressed in the archaeological record, such forme.r channel was cut off, creating shoreline. Some parts ofthe Beach Grove as the shift from the western· side of the Boundary Bay. For most of the time that Site were later used as a burial ground, Pillars Inn Ridge (Block IV) to its east­ the Beach Grove Site was occupied, vast possibly including the Pillars property, ern side (Block IIIli) when creation of a intertidal flats would have dominated the but the site apparently fell into disuse af­ backwater lagoon cut off access to marine foreshore, but they disappeared as ter about 600 BP. nearshore resources. the shoreline of Boundary Bay receded east to its modem position by around 1000 CONCLUSION years ago. The results of the 1995 investigations People may have occupied the ancient at Beach Grove demonstrate that First shoreline of Roberts Island at the Beach Nations people occupied this site between Richard Brolly has worked in B.C. Grove Site before the sandy beach ridges about 4500 and 600 BP. In that time, re­ archaeology since graduating from SFU in developed. However, signific'ant midden 1977. He has been a full-time Senior gional sea levels rose approximately 2 m. accumulation did not begin until the sand Archaeologist with Areas Consulting A shallow marine channel between ridges were present. Only the Pillars Inn Archeologists since 1989. Roberts Island and the mainland was Ridge was utilized- no evidence of ar­ chaeological remains has ever been iden­ tified on the McDonald's Ridge, which was exposed to the full force of northwest­ erly storms. The earliest midden depos­ its on the Pillars property (the Deep Midden and the Block IV deposits) are clearly oriented to the western side of the 100 • Pillars Inn Ridge. After the backwater ?T lagoon formed, subsequent midden devel­ opment continued on the eastern part of g the ridge. The basal date for the Block I .g= 50 deposits is 3470 BP, suggesting that the ..> ..!l backwater lagoon.made the Block IV lo­ UJ cation unusable by then. ( Pioneer archaeologist Harlan I. Smith first visited this site in the 1890s, and ob­ 11 10 4 0 served midden mounds on the northern Radiocarbon Age (x 103 Years BP) half of the site - doubtless similar to (A) those still present at the nearby Tsawwassen Site (DgRs 2). Although Figure 3: Sea level curve for the Fraser Lowland. post-1900 land use on the property made it hard to be certain, it is possible that midden deposits were not continuous be­ tween the eastern and western halves of

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 11 THE MANAGEMENT OF RECENT SPATIAL DATA Archaeology and PUBLICATIONS Geographical Information System~: ARCHAEOLOGY a European Drennan, Robert D. 1996 .statistics For Archaeologists: A Commonsense Approach. Perspective Plenum Press, New York. 300 pp., illus .. edited by GARY LOCK an~ Priye: ISBN 0-306-45327-4 (He) $42.50 US; ISBN 0-306-45326-6 (Pb) $24.50 US. ZORAN STANCIC.

Fagan, Brian ed. Taylor & Francis, London, 1995. 1996 Eyewitnesses to Discovery: First Person Accounts of More xvii + 392 pp., illus., refs., index. Than Fifty of the World's Greatest Archaeological Discoveries. Price: ISBN 0-74840-208-X Oxford University Press, Oxford. (He) $99.95 US. Price: ISBN O-I9-508141-2, (He) $34.95 CDN.

Fagan, Brian, ed. For many archaeologists involved in 1996 The Oxford Companion to Archaeology. Cultural Resource Management (CRM) in Oxford University Press, Oxford. British Columbia the use of a Geographic Price: ISBN 0-19-5076I8-4, (He) $59.95 CDN. Information System, or GIS, has become an essential part of the work they are con­ Shackel, Paul A. tracted to perform. If a consultant has to 1996 Culture Change and the New Technology: An Archaeology of review archaeological potential for an en­ the Early American Industrial Era. tire Forest District, for example, he or she Plenum Press, New York. 240 pp., illus .. might be looking at hundreds of thousands · Price: ISBN 0-306-45333-9 (He) $37.50 US. of hectares of terrain, and some means of mechanically performing a coherent Straus, Lawrence Guy, Berit Valentin Eriksen, Jon M. Erlandson, analysis of that large amount of space is and David R. Yesner, eds. necessary. Measuring distances with rul­ 1996 Humans at the End of the Ice Age: The Archaeology of the ers and overlaying maps on light tables Pleistocene-Holocene Transition. are techniques that soon lose there effec­ Plenum Press, New York. 396 pp., illus .. tiveness when dealing with hundreds of Price: ISBN 0-306-5I77-8 (He) $65.00 US. paper map sheets. Add to this the need for multiple layers of mapped informa­ MUSEOLOGY tion from various sources, often at differ­ Davis, Joy, Martin Segger, and Lois Irvine. ent scales, and the non-automated ap­ 1996 Curatorship: proach becomes impossible. Indigenous Perspectives in Post-Colonial Societies. Archaeology and Geographic Informa­ ·Canadian Museum of Civilization Mercury Series, tion Systems resulted from a conference Directorate Paper No. 8, Hull, PQ. 224 pp .. held in Ravello, Italy in late 1993. A Price: ISBN 0-66-I5957-0 (Pb) $24.95 CDN. number of European and British archae­ ologists from universities and cultural re­ source management situations came to­ gether to describe and discuss the sorts of problems they were having with analyzing and managing spatial data and

12 · The Midden 2912, Summer 1997 BOOK REVIEWS to relate their experiences with GIS. The when the GIS is used to analyze the land to expect unevenness, but what we have results show many similarities with an around a particular point to determine in this book is a mess. Out of the 23 chap­ earlier collection from the same publisher what is visible from that point. The goal ters that describe the application of a GIS which dealt with North American projects is to recreate the visual landscape of the to an archaeological problem, only one, a ~ Interpreting Space: GIS and Archaeol­ spectator, which, in the case of a prehis­ discussion of the distribution of early ogy (1990). toric location, is supposed to be someone metal working in the region around Ma­ Topics in this volume include the map­ using that location hundreds or thousands drid, Spain, is presented as a complete ping and display of large inventories of of years ago. Terrain difficulty analysis project (Baena, et al). All the rest are ei­ sites,_analysis of the relations between can be used to check for ease of traverse, ther at the progress report level,, or else individual features across individual sites, determining optimal routes from A to B. so preliminary they appear as little more assessments of pre-existing survey data, The high number ofprojects in this vol­ than proposals for future work. Although and experiments with different landscape ume that attempt to use landscape surfaces it can be assumed that for a majority of variables and how useful they might be not only distinguishes it from those in the the authors, English is not their frrst ian~ in understanding particular site distribu­ earlier American volume, but also puts guage, no attempt seems to· have been tions and settlement patterns. The major GIS technology in the thick of current made to correct or touch up.the writing. difference between this research and the debates dealing with environmental vari­ Some of the chapters are so mangled as work described in Interpreting Space, is ables in land use and settlement analysis. to be incomprehensible. There is a defi­ a much greater focus on a generalized The perceived overuse of these variables nite sense here that anything submitted got landscape approach rather than relating in typical CRM applications has brought published. archaeological site locations to specific on claims that the people who perceived Finally, one of the more useful entries local environmental features. these landscapes have been ignored or discusses design and presentation issues One ofthe most basic functions ofa GIS deleted from the picture; such analysis is for GIS outputs (Miller). Many of the im­ is to organize various types of-terrain data guilty of, in the words of one of the au­ ages, figures, and maps scattered through­ into layers or coverages which can then thors as "the conceptual poverty of Y.. en­ out this volume, however, are simply bad, be measured and compared with each vironmental determinism." The writers often appearing as if someone tried to other. A typical application would have a in this book hope that techniques such as photograph the display as it appeared on coverage containing archaeological site viewshed and other surface analyses will their computer monitor. Map and figure locations, another containing the slope of counter this tendency. legends are often either non-existent or the land, a third with soil areas, a fourth One problem with this approach is that incomplete. Both these issues of atrocious with water features such as lakes and riv­ it overemphasizes the importance and writing and shoddy graphics are unaccept­ ers, and so on. Each coverage, once it is abilities of GIS. While certainly more able in a volume costing over $135.00 spatially referenced in the computer, can complex than something like Core!Draw CDN. be assessed by itself or in relation to other or Microsoft Word or Access, these are Geographic Information Systems could coverages. A site location in the site cov­ still basically tools to help the archaeolo­ be playing a much more important role erage, for example, can be related to a wa­ gist, forester, geologist, or whoever to deal in both describing and explaining the spa­ ter coverage in order to measure distances with the high volumes of data in their spa­ tial distribution of the prehistoric record to river and Jake edges. A database con­ tial modeling and related decision mak­ than they are at present. One much-needeq taining this information for all sites in the ing. The writers in this book have then aid to this end is a study showing the study area can then be output for further engaged in one of those curious debates planned application of this technology statistical analysis that will assess whether where they are ostensibly talking about right from the inception of the project on nearness to water was a critical factor in one thing, the application of GIS technol­ through the modeling, analysis, and pres­ determining these locations. This in tum ogy, and in tum use it to try and resolve entation stages. With all the experience can be fed back into models of archaeo­ old questions of how to describe prehis­ that a publisher like Taylor & Francis logical site potential, or in some cases site toric human land use and the overempha­ should have gained since publishing In­ prediction. This sort of data manipulation sis on scientific interpretation. The most terpreting Space in 1990, a better book. and analysis is fairly typical of most CRM interesting part of the entire book high­ should have resulted. use of GIS. lights this- the Postscript by Van Leusen A more advanced application for these and Gaffney, with the former defending systems comes from the analysis ofland­ the use of a GIS, at least in CRM settings, Grant Beattie received his MA i n Anthropology from UBC in 1995. His thesis scape surfaces. This includes the 3D visu­ and the latter condemning the technology research concentrated on settlement alization of certain map areas, terrain dif­ for reinforcing mechanistic models of pattern analysis using GIS. Since 1996 he ficulty analysis, and a technique known human adaptation. has been working for Areas Consulting as viewshed analysis. This last type is With such conference volumes we tend Archaeologists Ltd. as a GIS analyst.

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 13 landscape the author looks at their his­ tice. Post medieval documents order A TALE OF ENCLOSURE AND tory and context, the way they were clas­ space, people and knowledge, both so­ COMMODIFICATION sified, used and re-used, by individuals cially and topographically. Documents, and groups to gain insights about the such as probate inventories, illustrate the "structuring of modernity". The two as­ emergence of the so called middling or­ pects that are discussed at length in this der, and the commodification of land and text are enclosure, the changing goods. An Archaeology of patterning of mental and physical/mate­ The following chapter looks at the:"ar­ rial space, and commodification, the chaeology of authority", principally the Capitalism changing role of objects as foci of cul­ large-scale and monumental architecture by MATTHEW JOHNSON tural, social, and economic relationships. of the English aristocratic elite. In this Following the introductory chapters in chapter Johnson describes the transition which he sets out his theoretical approach from feudal castle architecture to."polite" Basil Blackwell Publishers, Ltd., and provides an historical context to post mansions and palaces. He also. discusses Oxford, 1996. medieval England, Johnson launches his the manipulation of the landscape, such as xiv + 244 pp., illus., glossary, bib., discussion on enclosure. In chapter 3 he in formal gardens and the development of index. Price: ISBN 1-55786-348- critically examines the enclosure debate. the "gaze", to create spatial order. On the Enclosure is the term that refers to the other hand, chapter 7 concentrates on the 2, (Pb) $27.75 CDN replacement of unbounded open furlong "archaeology of the ordinary, vernacular, and strip fields and medieval agrarian and small-scale" by looking at the mid­ practices with a modern system of dling expressions in architecture, furniture, An Archaeology of Capitalism is the hedged and ditched fields and profit and portable material culture associated tenth volume in the "Social Archaeology" farming (agrarian capitalism). Johnson with notions of "comfort". This empha­ series under the general editorship oflan sees enclosure as "a narrative ofchange." sizes new materialist attitudes towards the Hodder. The appearance ofthis.series is To his mind the models of conflict, cli­ world, including the discerned increase in due to the recognition of the increasing mate, and economic improvement pre­ patriarchalism in society associated with role that social theory plays in current ar­ viously presented by scholars are inad­ emergent capitalism. Along with the meta­ chaeology. Social archaeology includes equate to explain enclosure. Rather, he morphosis of space and material culture such diverse topics as meaning, structure, believes that closure should be seen in seen in both aristocratic and middling text, power, and ideology through com­ the wider sphere of contexts, including spheres, social forms also changed, reflect­ bining archaeology, anthropology, soci­ the agrarian, domestic and cultural ing the transition related to the values of. ology, economics, historical geography, realms. In chapter 4 the author tries to nascent capitalism. social and cultural history, and architec­ define or re-define an "archaeology of Chapter 8 focuses on the increased con­ tural history. In this book, Matthew closure" by examining the ordering or sumption of new forms of material culture Johnson looks at the material and textual closure found in post-medieval British and the development of commodification. manifestations that mark the transition architecture, field systems, agrarian trea­ This is linked to increased secularism, an from feudalism to capitalism in post me­ tises, and maps. The author observes that increase in both frequency and variability dieval England, dating between ca. 1400 enclosure is part of a changing set of of new forms and styles of objects, and and 1750. English cultural attitudes and practices urbanism. Johnson emphasizes the impor­ The emergence of nascent capitalism is from the mid-fifteenth century onwards. tance of the social and cultural context of documented in aspects of space (land­ Johnson observes that the imposition of the feudal/capitalist transition in which ar­ scape) and objects (material culture). a planned landscape on a relatively tifacts were made, distributed, used, and Borrowing Michel Foucault's defmition "unenclosed" wilderness also occurred in discarded. of archaeology, Johnson (p.l) states that: British colonies, such as Ireland and New The concluding chapter of the book dis­ "I want to 'excavate' below the surface England. cusses the appearance of the Georgian of pre-industrial material life; I want to Johnson next addresses the "archaeol­ Order in the eighteenth century. The au­ sketch some of the lines of the geneal­ ogy of texts" in chapter 5. He believes thor notes that the ordering of space, peo­ ogy, the underlying geology, of certain that historical records should be treated ple, knowledge, time, and discipline were social, cultural and mental processes that as artifacts rather than just documents. necessary precursors to the Industrial came together in the post-medieval pe­ Researchers, therefore, should look for Revolution and mass production. The riod." Using both material culture and changes in both the material and mental Georgian Order is defined by architecture, landscapes in the creation of social prac- material culture, and lifeways, that is char-

14 The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 A letter from Sage Birchwater

acterised by symmetry, balance, order, Feb. 2, 1997 and an increasing emphasis on individu­ The MIDDEN, Box 520 Bentall Station, Vancouver V5C 2N3 alism. These patterns are related to the ·development of capitalist relations in both Many thanks to Cindy English for her very kind review of my book, England and in her North American colo­ CHIWID, in the Fall issue of The MIDDEN. I found it interesting nies. to view the book through the eyes of an ethnologist. The book is well-written and illustrated. I wish to clarify two points brought up by Cindy. Johnson's narrative is both enjoyable to read as it is intellectually stimulating. Al­ 1) With respect to the inconsistency use of "Cochin" {the offi­ though the subject matter discussed in the cial name found on the government maps) and "Kwatsine" Lake, the vernacular used by most Tsilhqot'in speakers. The two terms are text does not directly relate to North both in common use in the Chilcotin today, and refer to the same. American or British Columbia archaeol­ body of water . Some individuals use either term intermittently, ogy, the theoretical approach used by depending who they are talking to. John~on may be applicable. For exam­ The name of this lake has an interesting, if not somewhat muddled ple, future archaeological research could origin. In fact people can't really agree on what it should be investigate the impact of Anglo notions called. You see, a couple of kilometres away, at the bottom the of "property" and enclosure in the fron­ Tatlayoko Hill, there used to be a lake that was identified on tier landscape of the Pacific Northwest. old maps as Quitsin or Kwatsine. On these same maps, the present Cochin Lake was listed as "Cochin" Lake. Such studies could concentrate on the material manifestations of capitalism in Then one day a settler by the name of Charley Parks, drained the the transition from the fur trade to settle­ lower lake and made a hayfield out of it. So the original ment eras, thus augmenting·current his­ Quitsin or Kwatsine Lake no longer existed. torical research. In any case, an under­ One can only speculate whether Cochin Lake was indeed called standing ofthe development of capitalism "Cochin" by Tsilhoqot'in speakers before "Quitsin" Lake was in post medieval England through archae­ drained. Or whether the original map makers erred . ology is an important step in recognising One thing is certain though, Cochin {Quitsin or Kwatsine), the the material manifestations of mercantile lake that exists today, was always renowned for its prolific and industrial capitalism in both the Old abundance of big, delicious sucker fish that the Tsilhqot'in made and New Worlds. a point of catching. Especially in winter through ice.

Robbin Chatan 2) Again for your information, I did have the generous assist~nce of translators in compiling the material for CHIWID. Douglas Myers translated for his mother, Helena Myers; Jane Mueller ASBC member Robbin Chatan obtained his translated for her mother, Louisa Jeff; the late Rosalie Dawn MA in Archaeology from the University of Haines translated for her mother, Julianna George Setah; Donald Calgary in 1992. He has an interest in Ekks translated for his wife Emily Lulua Ekks; and Zaloway Setah historical/industrial archaeology of the for his friend Charlie Quilt . North American West, and has worked on historical period sites in both Alberta and There were indeed other Tsilhqot'in individuals I spoke to, whose British Columbia, including the Mclean Mill anecdotes sadly did not appear in the book, just as there were a National Historic Site in Port Alberni. number of non-native story tellers whose wonderful tales were eliminated by the merciless delete button of the publisher. They fell victim to publishing space constraints .

Anyway, thanks again for acknowledging CHIWID in The MIDDEN.

Sage Birchwater, Box 55, Tatla Lake, B.C. VOL lVO

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 15 PERMITS PERMITS ISSUED BY THE ARCHAEOLOGY BRANCH, JANUARY- MARCH 1997

The assistance of Mr. Ray Kenny (Manager, Assessment and Planning Section) in providing this information is gratefully acknowledged.

Types ofpennits are Insp(ection), Alt(eration) and (Inv)estigation.

Other abbreviations which may be found are: DL- Disctrict Lot FD- Forest District AlA -Archaeological Impact Assessment MoF- Ministry of Forestry AIS- Archaeological Inventory Survey SBFEP- Small Business Forest Enterprise Programs ATh-1- Archaeological Impact Management TFL - Tree Fann License AOA- Archaeological Overview Assessment TL- Timber License CMT- Culturally Modified Tree TSA- Timber Supply Area CP - Gutting Permit TSL - Timber Sale License

1997-001 Vicki Feddema Insp. AlA for City of Abbotsford's proposed Atkinson Reservoir and Waterline development, Sumas Mountain 1997-002 Joseph LeBlanc Alt. Alteration by West Fraser Mills to site in FL A 16885, Bish Creek Operating Area 1997-003 Clinton Coates Insp. AlA for subdivision and proposed residential construction, west side of Tunkwa Lake Road north of Logan Lake 1997-004 Andrew Mason Insp. AlA of MoTH Highways Maintenance Yard, Coquitlam 1997-005 Rob Shortland Insp. AlA for proposed Pacific Natural Gas pipeline loop, southeast side of Skeen a River, east of the Gitnadoix River, Rge.5, Coast Land District 1997-006 Morley Eldridge Insp. AlA of Western Forest Products forestry operations within TFL 25 at Spiller Inlet and Ellerslie Lake, Mid-Coast FD 1997-007 Murray Carvey Alt. Alterations to sites DjPw 20 and DjPw 21 by construction of City of Cranbrook's east side watermain project, Cranbrook 1997-008 Morley Eldridge Insp. AlA for Saanich Peninsula Sewerage System North and South Trunk lines, located between Sidney, Saanichton, & vicinity of Tsawout IR#2 1997-009 John Maxwell Insp. AlA at 2920 Comox Road, Comox Land District 1997-010 Lindsay Oliver Insp. Inventory and evaluation of MoTH Deroche Highways Yard, 42769 Lougheed Highway, Mission 1997-011 Tina Christensen Insp. AlA of proposed residential development within part of DeRu 12, Strata 21, Section 53, southern Saltspring Island 1997-012 Christopher Alt. Excavation/levelling/moving heavy equipment on EaRe 26, Hardwick near Merritt 1997-013 Peter Hryko Alt. Excavation and relocation of archaeological deposits during house construction, from DkSf 24 at 2920 Comox Road, Comox 1997-014 Jean Bussey Insp. AlA of McMahon Lumber Company forestry operations in the Mission - Dewdney area, Chilliwack FD 1997-015 Brian Hayden lnv. Excavations at the Keatley Creek Site (EeRI 7), near Lillooet 1997-016 Rick Howard Insp. Site inventory and AlA of forestry operations within Woodlot 1474 and an adjacent parcel of Crown Land, Port Alberni FD 1997-017 lan Wilson Insp. Post-construction AlA for AEC West Ltd. pipeline from Alberta border to wellsite in SE 1/4 Sec.1 2, Tp.26, southeast of Pouce Coupe 1997-018 Lindsay Oliver Insp. AlA of proposed septic field for Anderson Lake Resort, Lillooet Land District 1997-019 Dan Weinberger Insp. AlA for subdivision within DL 9511, Cariboo District, except Plan 29013, located south of Puntataenkut Lake 1997-020 Moe Attalla and Alt. Alterations within DgRs 9, at 380 Tsawwassen Beach Road, Delta Eleanor Attalla 1997-021 Morley Eldridge Insp. AlA of Western Forest Products Ltd.'s forestry operations in cut blocks 102H, 103H, 104H, 106H(North), 109H and 110H in Green Inlet, Mid­ Coast FD

16 The Midden 2912 , Summer 1997 1997-022 Henry Gil Alt. Westcoast Gas Services pipeline trench excavations within HiRg 1, HfRI 1 and HfRm 11 for construction of Highway Gas and Liquids Plant and Pipeline Project, NE B.C. 1997-023 D'Ann Owens-Baird Insp. AlA of geotechnical drilling progam on Bees IR#6 and adjacent portions of Bish Cove, Douglas Channel ~ 997-024 Geordie Howe Insp. AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Juskatla Division) forestry operations within TFL 37, Moresby and Graham Islands, QCI 1997-025 Heather Pratt Insp. AlA of Canadian Forest Products (Englewood Logging Division) forestry operations within TFL 37, NW Vancouver Island 1997-026 Susan Woods Insp. AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Eve River Division) forestry operations within TFL 39, E coast of Vancouver Island 1997 ~ 027 Susan Woods Insp. AlA of Hecate Logging Ltd. forestry operations in FL A19236, between · Port Eliza and Espinosa Inlet, Nootka Sound 1997-028 Larry Hewitt Alt. Alterations to HjRm 3, 6, and 7, HiRm 1 and 2, HhRm 2 and 3, HfRm 1, 9 and 10, by construction of Westcoast Gas Services' Jedney Expansion Plant/Pipeline Project, NE B.C. 1997-029 Heather Pratt Insp. AlA of TimberWest Forest Ltd . (Honeymoon Bay Ops) forestry operations within TFL 46 and associated tenures in the Port Alberni FD, western Vancouver Island 1997-030 Vicki Feddema Insp. AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Kelsey Bay Division) forestry operations in TFL 39, Block 2 and associated tenures, Campbell River FD 1997-031 Vicki Feddema Insp. AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Port McNeill Division) forestry operations in TFL 39 and associated tenures, Port McNeill and Mid-Coast FDs 1997-032 Richard Brolly Insp. AlA for proposed road and other facilities in Boundary Bay Regional Park, Delta 1997-033 Morley Eldridge Insp. AlA for proposed bare-land strata subdivision in Section 19, near Sointula on Malcolm Island, Rupert District 1997-034 Bruce Dahlstrom Insp. AlA of property development near Langford Lake, District of Langford 1997-035 Stephen Lavigne Alt. Alteration of CMTs by Western Forest Products within TFL 25, Block 5 in Green Inlet, Mid-Coast FD 1997-036 Duncan Mclaren Insp. AlA of BC Hydro's Stave Lake Reservoir drawdown, NW of Mission 1997-037 lan Wilson Insp. AlA of International Forest Products Ltd. forestry operations in FL A 19235, Arrowsmith TSA 1997-038 Donald MacKay Alt. Alteration to CMTs on or near EiSt 3, within TSL A48401, Smith Inlet, Mid-Coast FD 1997-039 Fred Parkin Alt. Trench excavations within DkSf 4 for installation of a storm sewer drain, Section 56, Comox Land District 1997-040 Clifford West Alt. Trench excavations within DkSf 4 for installation of a storm sewer drain, Section 56, Comox Land District 1997-041 lan Wilson Insp. AlA of Western Forest Products Ltd . forestry operations within TFLs 6 and 25, Port McNeill FD 1997-042 Dan Weinberger Insp. AlA for proposed development of Lots 4- 14, Section 2, Plan VIP61203, located E of Thetis Cove and NW of Admirai/Hallowel Road junction, Esquimault District 1997-043 Barbara Kulle Insp. AlA of Novagas Clearinghouse Ltd. proposed Taylor Straddle Plant and associated pipeline, Taylor 1997-044 Arnoud Stryd Insp. AlA of MacMillan Bloedel (Franklin Woodlands Division) forestry operations within TFL 44 and associated tenures, southern Vancouver Island 1997-045 Arnoud Stryd Insp. AlA of lnterfor Ltd. 0fVest Coast Operations) forestry operations within TFL 54 and associated tenures, west coast of Vancouver Island 1997-046 Donald MacKay Alt. Alteration of CMTs on or near EhSv 8, within TSL 48402, Smith Inlet, Mid-Coast FD 1997-047 Normand Canuel Insp. AlA for Rustad Bros. & Co . Ltd . forestry operations within FL A18167, Prince George FD 1997-048 Robert Howie Alt. Alteration of CMTs within FL A 19236, Campbell River FD 1997-049 Peter Merchant Insp. AlA of Sherwood Estates development near DgRI10 on Teskey Road, Chilliwack

The Midden 2912, Summer 1997 17 ANNUAL INDEX TO THE MIDDEN VOL. 28, 1996

compiled by Heather Myles *indicates illustrated article AUTHOR ALEXANDER, DIANA: In Their Own Words [Book Review: Our LEPOFSKY, DANA: Salmonberries and Chokecherries Tellings: Interior Salish Stories of the Nlha7kapmx People, com­ [Book Review: Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples, by Nancy J. piled and edited by Darwin Hanna and Mamie Henry]. Sum 96, Turner]. Win 96,28/4:16 28/2:8, 16 MASON, ANDREW: Sunken Ships and Rusty Bits [Book Review: The BLAKE, MIKE: A Matter of Respect [Reckoning With the Dead: The Wreck Diver's Guide to Sailing Ship Artifacts of the 19th Cen­ Larsen Bay Repatriation and the Smithsonian Institution, edited tury, and Vancouver's Undersea Heritage: Shipwrecks and Sub­ by Tamara L. Bray and Thomas W. Killion]. Sum 96,28/2:9-10 merged Cultural Sites in Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound, by BRACHES, FRED and HELMI BRACHES: DavidLeighStone]. Spr96,28/1:13-14, 16 . *The Private Collections. Win 96, 28/4:7-8 McLAY, ERIC: *1996 Valdes Island Archaeological Survey. Fall 96, BUNYAN;. DON and HELMI BRACHES: *Grubbing Among the 28/3:3-5 Middens: 30 Years of ASBC Participation in Archaeological McMILLAN, ALAN D.: Text or Guidebook? Exploring Ancient Native Projects. Win 96, 28/4:3-5 America: An Archaeological Guide, by David Hurst ThomB$]. CHATAN, ROBBIN: Soot, Oil, and Rust [Book Review: Industrial Ar­ Win 96, 28/4:15 chaeology: Techniques, edited by Emory L. Kemp]. Spr 96, 28/ NEWELL, DIANNE: *Archaeological Survey of the Coastal I :15-16 Salmon-Canning Industry. Spr96, 28/1:2-4, 12 __ The Wide World of Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Historical NICHOLAS, GEORGE: *Jules Scholarship. Sum 96, 28/2:2 Archaeology, by Charles E. Orser, Jr. and Brian Fagan]. Fall PRATT, HEATHER: Behind Every Atlatl There is a Great Key-Shaped 96, 28/3:9 Formed Uniface [Book Review: Integrated Lithic Analysis: The __Chasing the Nuances of Northwest Coast Artifacts [Book Review: Significance and Function of Key-Shaped Formed Unifaces on. Stone, Bone, Antler & Shell: Artifacts of the Northwest Coast, the Interior Plateau of Northwestern North America, by Michael by Hilary Stewart]. Win 96, 28/4:14 Rousseau]. Sum 96, 28/2:7 COPP, STAN: Plateau Microblade Tradition Occupations- Stirling ROUSSEAU, MIKE: The B.C. Association of Professional Creek Bridge Site. Win 96, 28/4:8 Consulting Archaeologists. Sum 96, 28/2:3-4 ENGLISH, CINDY: The Life of an Extraordinary Tsilhqot'in Woman STEVENSON, ANN: Reflections on Museum Collections [Book Review: [Book Review: Chi wid, by Sage Birchwater]. Fall 96, 28/3: II Captured Heritage: The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts, FRENCH, DIANA: *Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the by Douglas Cole]. Fall96, 28/3:10 D'Arcy Island Leper Colony·, 1891-1924. Spr 96, 28/1:10-12 SUTHERLAND, RON: Can We Make A Difference? Win 96, 28/4:9 HOLM, MARGARET: A Pictorial Journey of the Pacific Northwest WOLF, TINA: *A Summer at DgRv-2, Shingle Point, Valdes Island: 1996 [Book Review: Paul Kane's Great Nor-West, by Diane Easton UBC Archaeology Field School. Fall 96, 28/3:6-7 and Shelia Urban]. Fall 96,28/3:8 WOODWARD, ROBYN P.: *The Underwater Archaeological Society of HOOPER, ROBIN: *ASBC Participation in the Chinatown Dig, British Columbia: Twenty Years of Exploration and Education. 1996. Win 96,28/4:13,20 Spr 96, 28/1 :5-7 JOHNSON, JOYCE: Annual Index to the Midden, Volume27, 1995. Spr96,28/1:18-20 KEEN, SHARON: Food For Thought. Spr 96, 28/1:8-9,16 TITLE

*1996 Valdes Island Archaeological Survey. Fall96 28/3:3-5 Northwestern North America, by Michael Rousseau]. Sum 96, 28/ 30th Anniversary Issue. Win 96, 28/4: I 2:7 British Columbia Museums Association. Win 96, 28/4:20 Aboriginal Tourism Diploma. Fall 96, 29/3:2 A Deep Appreciation of the ASBC. Win 96, 28/4:17-18 Can We Make A Difference? Win 96, 28/4:9 A Matter of Respect [Reckoning With the Dead: The Larsen Bay Repatria­ Chasing the Nuances of Northwest Coast Artifacts [Book Review: Stone, tion and the Smithsonian Institution, edited by Tamara L. Bray Bone, Antler & Shell: Artifacts of the Northwest Coast, by Hilary and Thomas W. Killion]. Sum 96, 28/2:9-10 Stewart]. Win 96, 28/4:14 Annual Index to the Midden, Volume 27, 1995. Spr 96, 28/1:18-20 CMT Handbook. Win 96, 28/4:20 Antiquus Archaeological Consultants Ltd. Win 96, 28/4:12 Conferences. Spr 96, 28/1:17-18 A Pictorial Journey of the Pacific Northwest [Book Review: Paul Kane's Conferences. Sum 96, 28/2:17-18 Great Nor-West, by Diane Easton and Shelia Urban]. Fall 96, Conferences. Fall 96, 28/3:17 28/3:8 Conferences. Win 96, 28/4:17-18 Areas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. Win 96, 28/4:10 Courses. Win 96, 28/4:2 Areas Move. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Debitage. Fall 96, 28/3: 12 • Archaeological Survey of the Coastal Salmon-Canning Industry. Equinox Research and Consulting Ltd. Win 96, 28/4:10 Spr 96, 28/1:2-4, 12 Exhibits. Sum 96, 28/2:5 Artifa~:t 10 Clinic. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Exhibits. Fall 96, 28/3:16 ASBC AGM. Sum 96, 28/2:6 • ASBC Participation in the Chinatown Dig, 1996. Win 96, 28/4: 13, 20 Food For Thought. Spr 96, 28/1:8-9,16 *A Summer at DgRv-2, Shingle Point, Valdes Island: 1996 UBC Archae­ F.Y.I. Sum 96, 28/2: 5 ology Field School. Fall 96, 28/3:6-7 F.Y.I. Fall 96, 28/3:13

B.C. Archaeology Forum: Fall 96, 28/3:2 Gathering for Prince Ruperites. Spr 96, 28/1:17 Behind Every Atlatl There is a Great Key-Shaped Formed Uniface [Book Golder Associates Ltd. (Burnaby). Win 96, 28/4: I 0 Review: Integrated Lithic Analysis: The Significance and Func­ Golder Update. Sum 96, 28/2:6 tion of Key-Shaped Formed Unifaces on the Interior Plateau of

18 The Midden 2912, Summer 1997 *Grubbing Among the Middens: 30 Years of ASBC Participation in Ar­ Recent Publications. Fall 96, 28/3:12 chaeological Projects. Win 96, 28/4:3-5 Reflections on Museum Collections [Book Review: Captured Heritage: The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts, by Douglas Cole). Fall *Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the D'Arcy Island Leper 96, 28/3: I 0 Colony, 189 1-1924. Spr 96,28/1:10-12 Salmonberries and Chokecherries [Book Review: Food Plants of Coastal First Interpreting MOA's Classics Collection. Fall96, 28/3:2 Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner). Win 96,28/4:16 In Their Own Words [Book Review: Our Tellings: Interior Salish Stories Soot, Oil, and Rust [Book Review: Industrial Archaeology: Techniques, ed­ of the Nlha7kapmx People, compiled and edited by Darwin ited by Emory L. Kemp). Spr 96, 28/ I: 15-16 Hanna and Mamie Henry]. Sum 96, 28/2:8, 16 Sunken Ships and Rusty Bits [Book Review: The Wreck Diver's Guide to I.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: II Sailing Ship Artifacts of the 19th Century, and Vancouver's Under­ l'tkus Consulting Archaeologists. Win 96, 28/4: I 0 sea Heritage: Shipwrecks and Submerged Cultural Sites in Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound, by David Leigh Stone). Spr 96, 28/1:13-14, • Jules Scholarship. Sum 96, 28/2:2 16

Lecture. Spr 96, 28/ 1:18 Text or Guidebook? Exploring Ancient Native America: An Archaeological Lc;ctures. Sum 96, 28/2:5 Guide, by David Hurst Thomas]. Win 96,28/4:15 Lectures. Fall 96, 28/3: 16 The Bastion Group Heritage Consultants. Win 96,28/4:11-12 Lectures. Win 96, 28/4:19 The B.C. Association of Professional Consulting Archaeologists. Leonard C. Ham, Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant. Win 96, Sum 96, 28/2:3-4 · 28.4:12 The Life of an Extraordinary Tsilhqot' in Woman [Book Review: Chi wid, by Lopk For. Win 96, 28/4:6 Sage Birch water). Fall 96, 28/3: II *The Private Collections. Millennia Research Consulting. Win 96, 28/4: 12 Win 96,28/4:7-8 •The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia:. Twenty Years Obituary - Beth Hill. Win 96, 28/4: I of Exploration and Education. Spr 96, 28/ 1:5-7 The Wide World of Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Historical Archae­ Permits - iss ued by the Archaeology Branch. Sum 96, 28/2:11 -14 ology, by Charles E. Orser, Jr. and Brian Fagan). Fall 96, 28/3:9 Permits- issued by the Archaeology Branch, June -October 1996. Traces Archaeological Research and Consulting Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: II Fall96, 28/3 :14-15 Plateau Microblade Tradition Occupations - Stirling Creek Bridge Site. Underwater Archaeology Course. Fall 96, 28/3:2 Win 96, 28/4:8 Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: I 0 Volunteers Needed. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Recent Publications. Sum 96, 2~/2: 15-16

SUBJECT

Archaeology Permits A Pictorial Journey of the Pacific Northwest [Book Review: Paul Kane's Permits- issued by the Archaeology Branch. Sum 96, 28/2:11 -1 4 Great Nor-West, by Diane Easton and Shelia Urban). Fal l 96, 28/ Permits - issued by the Archaeology Branch, June - October 1996. Fall 96, 3:8 28/3: 14-1 5 Behind Every Atlatl There is a Great Key-Shaped Formed Uniface [Book Re­ view: Integrated Lithic Analysis: The Significance and Function of Archaeologists, local Key-Shaped Formed Unifaces on the Interior Plateau of Northwest­ Areas Move. Sum 96, 28/2 :6 ern North America, by Michael Rousseau). Sum 96, 28/2 :7 Debitage. Fall96, 28/3:12 Chasing the Nuances of Northwest Coast Artifacts [Book Review: Stone, Field Notes. Win 96, 28/4: I 0 Bone, Antler & Shell: Artifacts of the Northwest Coast, by Hilary Golder Update. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Stewart). Win 96, 28/4:14 In Their Own Words [Book Review: Our Tellings: Interior Salish Stories of Archaeological Institute of America the Nlha7kapmx People, compiled and edited by Darwin Hanna Lectures. Fall 96, 28/3 :16 and Mamie Henry). Sum 96, 28/2:8, 16 Lectures. Win 96, 28/4: 19 Refl ections on Museum Collections [Book Review: Captured Heritage: The Scramble for Northwest Coast Artifacts, by Douglas Cole). Fall ASBC 96, 28/3: 10 30th Anniversary Issue. Win 96, 28/4: I Salmon berries and Chokecherries [Book Review: Food Plants of Coastal First A Deep Appreciation ofthe ASBC. Win 96, 28/4:17-18 Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner]. Win 96,28/4:16 ASBC AGM. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Soot, Oil, and Rust [Book Review: Industrial Archaeology: Techniques, ed­ *ASBC Participation in the C hinatown Dig, 1996. Win 96, 28/4: 13, 20 ited by Emory L. Kemp). Spr 96, 28/ I : 15-16 Can We Make A Difference? Win 96, 28/4:9 Sunken Ships and Rusty Bits (Book Review: The Wreck Diver' s Guide to *Grubbing Among the Middens: 30 Years of ASBC Participation in Ar­ Sailing Ship Artifacts of the 19th Century, and Vancouver's Under­ chaeological Projects. Win 96, 28/4:3-5 sea Heritage: Shipwrecks and Submerged Cultural Sites in Burrard *The Private Collections. Win 96, 28/4:7-8 Inlet and Howe Sound, by David Leigh Stone). Spr 96, 28/1:13-14, Volunteers Needed. Sum 96, 2812: 6 16 Text or Guidebook? Exploring Ancient Native America: An Archaeological The B.C. Association of Professional Consulting Archaeologists Guide, by David Hurst Thomas). Win 96, 28/4:15 The B.C. Association of Professional Consulting Archaeologists. Sum 96, The Life of an Extraordinary Tsilhqot' in Woman [Book Review: Chiwid, by 28/2:3-4 Sage Birchwater). Fall 96, 28/3: II The Wide World of Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Historical Archae­ Book Reviews ology, by Charles E. Orser, Jr. and Brian Fagan]. Fall 96, 28/3:9 A Matter of Respect [Reckoning With the Dead: The Larsen Bay Repatria­ Conferences tion and the Smithsonian Institution, edited by Tamara L. Bray Gathering for Prince Ruperites. Spr 96, 28/ 1:17 and Thomas W. Killion). Sum 96, 28/2:9-1 0

The Midden 29/2, Summer 1997 19 Cultural Resource Management Notices British Columbia Museums Association. Win 96, 28/4:20 British Columbia Museums Association. Win 96, 28/4:20 Courses. Win 96, 28/4:2 Conferences. Spr 96, 28/1:17-18 Conferences. Sum 96, 28/2:17-18 Field Notes Conferences. Fall 96, 28/3:17 Antiquus Archaeological Consultants Ltd. Win 96, 28/4:12 Conferences. Win 96,28/4:17-18 Areas Consulting Archeologists Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: 10 Courses. Win 96, 28/4:2 Equinox Research and Consulting Ltd. Win 96, 28/4:10 Exhibits. Sum 96, 28/2:5 Golder Associates Ltd. (Burnaby). Win 96, 28/4:10 Exhibits. Fall96, 28/3:16 I.R. Wilson Consultants Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: II Lecture. Spr 96, 28/1 :18 ltkus Consulting Archaeologists. Win 96, 28/4:10 Lectures. Sum 96, 28/2:5 Leonard C. Ham, Archaeologist and Heritage Consultant. Win 96, 28.4:12 Lectures. Fall96, 28/3:16 Millennia Research Consulting. Win 96, 28/4:12 Lectures. Win 96, 28/4:19 Points West Heritage Consulting Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: I 0 The Bastion Group Heritage Consultants. Win 96, 28/4:11-12 Obituaries Traces Archaeological Research and Consulting Ltd. Win 96, 28/4: II Obituary - Beth Hill. Win 96, 28/4: 1

First Nations Publications Aboriginal Tourism Diploma. Fall 96, 29/3:2 CMT Handbook. Win 96, 28/4:20 Exhibits. Fall96, 28/3:16 F.Y.I. Sum 96, 28/2:5 In Their Own Words [Book Review: Our Tellings: Interior Salish Stories of F.Y.I. Fall96, 28/3:13 the Nlha7kapmx People, compiled and edited by Darwin Hanna Look For. Win 96, 28/4:6 and Mamie Henry]. Sum 96,28/2:8, 16 Recent Publications. Sum 96, 28/2:15-16 • Jules Scholarship. Sum 96, 28/2:2 Recent Publications. Fall 96, 28/3:12 Salmonberries and Chokecherries [Book Review: Food Plants of Coastal First Peoples, by Nancy J. Turner]. Win 96, 28/4:16 Repatriation The Life of an Extraordinary Tsilhqot' in Woman [Book Review: Chi wid, A Matter of Respect [Reckoning With the Dead: The Larsen Bay Repatria­ by Sage Birchwater]. Fall96, 28/3:11 tion and the Smithsonian Institution, edited by Tamara L Bray and Thomas W. Killion]. Sum 96, 28/2:9-10 Historical Archaeology A Pictorial Journey of the Pacific Northwest [Book Review: Paul Kane's Sites: Gulf Islands Great Nor-West, by Diane Easton and Shelia Urban]. Fall 96, *1996 Valdes Island Archaeological Survey. Fall 96, 28/3:3-5 28/3:8 *A Summer at DgRv-2, Shingle Point, Valdes Island: 1996 UBC *Archaeological Survey of the Coastal Salmon-Canning Industry. Archaeology Field School. Fall96, 28/3:6-7 Spr 96, 28/ 1:2-4, 12 *Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the D'Arcy Island Leper Food For Thought. Spr 96, 28/1:8-9,16 Colony, 1891-1924. Spr 96,28/1:10-12 • ASBC Participation in the Chinatown Dig, 1996. Win 96, 28/4: 13, 20 *Historical and Archaeological Investigations of the D'Arcy Island Leper Sites: Interior Colony,I891-1924. Spr96, 28/l:I0-12 Plateau Microblade Tradition Occupations - Stirling Creek Bridge Site. Soot, Oil, and Rust [Book Review: Industrial Archaeology: Techniques, ed­ Win 96, 28/4:8 ited by Emory L. Kemp]. Spr 96, 28/1: 15-16 Sunken Ships and Rusty Bits [Book Review: The Wreck Diver's Guide to Sites: Lower Mainland Sailing Ship Artifacts of the 19th Century, and Vancouver's Un­ *ASBC Participation in the Chinatown Dig, 1996. Win 96, 28/4:13, 20 dersea Heritage: Shipwrecks and Submerged Cultural Sites in Volunteers Needed. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound, by David Leigh Stone]. Spr 96, 28/1:13-14, 16 Surveys *The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia: Twenty *1996 Valdes Island Archaeological Survey. Fall 96, 28/3:3-5 Years of Exploration and Education. Spr 96, 28/1:5-7 • Archaeological Survey of the Coastal Salmon-Canning Industry. Spr 96, The Wide World of Historical Archaeology [Book Review: Historical Ar­ 28/1:2-4, 12 chaeology, by Charles E. Orser, Jr. and Brian Fagan]. Fall 96, 28/3:9 The Midden Annual Index to the Midden, Volume 27, 1995. Spr 96, 28/1:18-20 Lithic Analysis By Way of Thanks. Spr 96, 28/1: 1 Artifact ID Clinic. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Behind Every Atlatl There is a Great Key-Shaped Formed Uniface [Book Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia Review: Integrated Lithic Analysis: The Significance and Func­ Lectures. Fall 96, 28/3: 16 tion of Key-Shaped Formed Unifaces on the Interior Plateau of Lectures. Win 96, 28/4:19 Northwestern North America, by Michael Rousseau]. Sum 96, *The Underwater Archaeological Society of British Columbia: Twenty 28/2:7 . Years of Exploration and Education. Spr 96,28/1:5-7 Chasing the Nuances of Northwest Coast Artifacts [Book Review: Stone, Sunken Ships and Rusty Bits [Book Review: The Wreck Diver's Guide to Bone, Antler & Shell: Artifacts of the Northwest Coast, by Hilary Sailing Ship Artifacts of the 19th Century, and Vancouver's Un­ Stewart]. Win 96, 28/4:14 dersea Heritage: Shipwrecks and Submerged Cultural Sites in News Items Burrard Inlet and Howe Sound, by David Leigh Stone]. Spr 96, Aboriginal Tourism Diploma. Fall 96, 29/3:2 28/1:13-14, 16 Areas Move. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Underwater Archaeology Course. Fall 96, 28/3:2 Artifact ID Clinic. Sum 96, 28/2:6 Volunteers Needed. Sum 96, 28/2:6 ASBC AGM. Sum 96, 28/2:6 B.C. Archaeology Forum. Fall 96, 28/3:2

Golder Update. Sum 961 28/2:6 Interpreting MOA's Classics Collection. Fall 96, 28/3:2 Underwater Archaeology Course. Fall 96, 28/3:2 Volunteers Needed. Sum 96, 28/2:6

20 The Midden 2912, Summer 1997 CONFERENCES 1997

October 1-5 British Columbia Museum Association Conference '97 "The New Frontier: Has a Museum Renaissance Begun?" PRINCE GEORGE, British Columbia

The 1997 conference will challenge the status quo, discussing the unique ways large and small institutions are responding to their communities. Discussions will examine and encourage the optimism and opportunity museums are now creating, highlighting the efforts institutions are making towards success in the new millennium.

Contact: Glen Mikkelsen, Fraser Fort George Regional Museum, PO Box I 779, Prince George, BC,· V2L 4V7; Tel (250) 526-I6I2; Fax (250) 562-6395; E-mail: [email protected]

November Sixth Annual BC Archaeology Forum (T.B.A) STO:LO NATION, Chilliwack, British Columbia

Contact: Heather Myles, St6:lo Nation, Bldg. #I- 720I Vedder Rd., Chilliwack, BC, V2R 4G5; Tel. (604) 858-3366; Fax (604) 824-5226.

November 13-16 Chacmool 30th Annual Conference, "The Entangled Past" Integrating History and Archaeology UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY, Calgary, Alberta

Archaeologists and anthropologists who study culture contact around the world have recently sought to integrate archae­ ology with history as a means of understanding significant cultural transformations, within the context of large-scale, long term traditions in cultures. Researchers have increasingly turned to historical sources in order to re-construct the transi­ tion from a pre-contact to a post-contact world. This approach has begun to impact archaeologists investigating all forms of culture change. The recognition ofthe numerous historical sources, such as oral history, folklore, art, and photography, has also been implicit in this approach. This new synthesis of history and archaeology has allowed the discipline of archaeology to play a leading role in the critical reappraisal of historical events and culture change around the world.

Confirmed Sessions: Archaeology as Long-Term History; Archaeology as Historical Anthropology in Polynesia; Be­ yond the Baseline: Placing Post-Contact Histories into Long-Term Perspectives; Linguistic and Archaeological Struc­ tures; Mythology and Archaeology; Text as Material Culture/Material Culture as Text: Alternative Readings of the Archaeological Past; Tangible Histories: Time, Historicity and Material Realities; From the Edge of History.

Plenary Session includes Dr. Thomas Patterson, Temple University; Dr. Ann Stahl, SUNY Binghamton; and Dr. Jennifer Brown, University of Winnipeg.

Contact: Nancy Saxberg, Chair, I997 Conference Committee, Department ofArchaeology, University of Calgary, 2500 University DriveN. W., Calgary, AB, T2N IN4; Tel. (403) 220-5227; Fax (403) 282-9567; Email: [email protected]

1998 SAA, Society for American Archaeology, 63rd Annual Meeting March 26-29 SEA TILE, Washington, USA

The 1998 meeting of the Society for American Archaeology will be held at the Seattle Convention Center. Deadline for papers, submissions, and symposia is September 3, 1997.

Further information: Society for American Archaeology, 900 Second Street NE #I 2, Washington, DC, 20002-3557, USA; Tel. (202) 789-8200; Fax (202) 789-0284; E-mail: [email protected]; WWW: http:// www.saa.org EXHIBITS

Vancouver Museum

Through My Eyes: Northwest Coast Artifacts As Seen By Contemporary First Nations People Through September 20, 1998

Produced in cooperation with the Museum of Anthropology at UBC, this exhibit is designed to help us appreciate the artistry and significance of First Nations artifacts as seen through First Nations eyes. It encourages the visitor to experience the artifact as a whole, examine its details, and understand the power and history it contains for those who look into it and beyond.

COURSES

Cultural Resource Management University ofVictoria, Division of Continuing Studies and Faculty ofFine Arts

The Cultural Resource Management Program at the University of Victoria is offering the following course for museum, heritage, and cultural professional, designed to address the essential role of effective public relations and marketing in the survival of museums and cultural heritage organizations in today's competitive environment.

September 22-27 Museums· in the Marketplace: Public Relations and Marketing Strategies

To be successful in the crowded "edu 'tainment" marketplace, museums need strong marketing and public relations strategies that are grounded in a clear commitment to mission, community and collections. This course emphases the central role ofeffective public relations and marketing in the management of contemporary museums, and focuses on the processes that are vital to effective communication with your target audiences. The course is designed to develop your ability in: relating institutional mission and goals to community needs; defining current and potential audi­ ences; building staff commitment to positive public relations; creating effective public relations, communications and marketing strategies; design-. ing publications to communicate and reinforce your image and programs; working with media; and balancing marketing with development activity. Instructor: Pamela Johnson, consultant Location: University of Victoria Registration deadline: August 29, 1997 Fee: $589 (credit and non-credit)

For further information on this and other courses contact Brenda Weathers/on or Joy Davis, Cultural Resource Management Program, Division ofContinuing Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 3030, Victoria, BC, V8W 3N6. Tel. (250) 72 1-8462; Fax (250) 721-8774; Email: [email protected] or [email protected]; Web site: http://www.uvcs.uvic.ca/crmp/ To receive bi-monthly updates send a request to [email protected]

~MIDDEN P.O. Box 520 Bentall Station Vancouver, B.C. V6C 2N3 ------~.. ~------