56 TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(1): 56-59, 2016 MÜLLER: A new of Chaetocneme

A new species of Chaetocneme Felder, 1860 from Papua New Guinea (: Hesperiidae)

Chris J. Müller

Honorary Associate, Australian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia

Abstract: A new butterfly Chaetocneme richardsi n. sp., from the Upper Sepik, West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea, is described and figured. The new species lacks a forewing costal fold and is compared with putative related species in thehelirius and tenuis species groups of Chaetocneme Felder, 1860, particularly the Bismarckian endemic C. sombra Evans, 1934.

INTRODUCTION History), London, England (BMNH). Adult specimens were photographed using a Nikon D300s Chaetocneme Felder, 1860, belongs to the hesperiid Digital SLR Camera with a Nikon AF-S VR Micro-Nikkor subfamily Pyrginae, and is most closely related to the Oriental 105mm f/2.8G IFED Macro lens and Nikon R1C1 Close-up Capila Moore, [1866] (Parsons, 1998). The contains Kit Flashes Speedlights. Genitalia were photographed using approximately 18 species, with the majority restricted to the the same camera with a Meiji Techno EMZ-5TR-P-FOI New Guinea mainland (Parsons, 1998). Most Chaetocneme are Trinocular Stereozoom Microscope, with OPTEK FL95E rarely encountered in the wild and the majority of species are Fibreoptic Illuminator and twin arm optical fibre. Individual poorly represented in collections (Parsons, 1998). The adults sliced genitalia images were concatenated using the software are usually crepuscular, flying mainly at dusk, generally resting Helicon Focus 6.0 and edited in Adobe Photoshop CS6. Plates through the day on the undersides of leaves in the understorey. were designed in Adobe InDesign CS6. They are occasionally taken at artificial light (Parsons, 1998). The life histories of few species are documented but, where RESULTS known, they feed on a range of plant families, including Myrtaceae, Lauraceae and Annonaceae (Lane, 1993; Miller, Chaetocneme richardsi sp. nov 1990; Parsons, 1998; Wood, 1984). (Figs. 1 - 3, 16) A male specimen of an unusual Chaetocneme was collected during an expedition to the Upper Sepik in early 2010. It was Adult Description. Male (Figs. 1, 2). Forewing length 28 mm, antenna 16 mm immediately recognised as representing a new species, based on (nudum count 19). Head deep chestnut red-brown; labial palpus reddish brown above and orange below, eye ringed with white; antenna black, ringed with distinctive external facies, in particular the lack of a forewing orange-brown, club with red-brown ventrally. Thorax deep chestnut red-brown costal fold that is found in males of most other Chaetocneme above, beneath anterior of thorax and legs orange, posterior part of thorax deep species. This costal fold at the base of the dorsal forewing brown. Abdomen deep red-brown above, medium brown beneath. contains tightly packed androconial scales which are covered by Forewing with costa nearly straight and without costal fold, termen slightly concave, apex notably rounded, inner margin straight. Forewing a flap. The only other known Chaetocneme in which the costal upperside uniform rich chestnut red-brown and unmarked, termen and apex fold is absent are the Bismarckian C. sombra Evans, 1934 and broadly dark brown; veins black; cilia narrow and orange-brown. Forewing an undescribed species related to C. tenuis (van Eecke, 1924) underside uniform deep velvet brown and unmarked except for a slightly paler (Parsons, 1998). brown postmedian patch and paler brown area along inner margin and at base; costa orange-brown near base; cilia narrow and orange-brown. Several Chaetocneme taxa, including the new species Hindwing upperside uniform rich chestnut brown and unmarked; termen described here, are unicolorous brown on both wing surfaces, broadly dark brown; cilia narrow and orange. Hindwing underside uniform with no obvious markings. However, as well as the presence deep velvet brown and unmarked, slightly paler brown broadly along inner or absence of a costal fold, the size, wing shape and colour, margin; cilia narrow and orange. Male Genitalia (Fig 16). Tegumen tall, crown- or shield-like, colour and width of the terminal fringe, and particularly approximately equal in length and width; uncus long and narrow dorsally, the male genitalia, are generally diagnostic. Parsons (1998) laterally resembling beak of an albatross; gnathos spiny, long and narrow, illustrated line drawings of the male genitalia of almost all tapered towards tip of uncus; valva large, bulbous in lateral view, slightly species occurring in Papua New Guinea, showing the extensive indented along upper margin and with a single prominent spike near base of cucullus; cucullus about a quarter length of valva, narrow, upthrust, terminating diversity in the genitalic morphology. The purpose of this paper in an anteriorly facing tip bearing about seven sharp spines of equal length; is to describe this new species and to compare it to related saccus prominent, upturned at right angles to tegumen; aedeagus large and species. wide, bearing complex cornuti both in middle of post-zonal section and within vesica, which is flanged and flute-like. Female. Unknown. MATERIALS AND METHODS HOLOTYPE ♂: PAPUA NEW GUINEA: labelled “Papua New Guinea, Type and other relevant specimens were examined and/ Upper Sepik, West Sepik Province, 550m, 4°40’S, 141°46’E, 8 - 12 Feb, 2010, or deposited in the following institutions: Australian Museum, S. J. Richards”; deposited in AMS (AMS Registration No. K.465330). Sydney, Australia (AMS), Australian National Collection, Type locality. Papua New Guinea: Upper Sepik, West Sepik Province (4°40’S, Canberra, Australia (ANIC), and the British Museum (Natural 141°46’E, 550 m). MÜLLER: A new species of Chaetocneme TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(1): 56-59, 2016 57

Figs. 1–15. Adults of Chaetocneme. Fig. 1, Chaetocneme richardsi n. sp., ♂ (Holotype), dorsal view; Fig. 2, C. richardsi n. sp., ♂ (Holotype), ventral view; Fig. 3, C. richardsi n. sp., (Holotype), label data; Fig. 4, C. sombra ♂, dorsal view; Fig. 5, C. sombra ♂, ventral view; Fig. 6, C. sombra ♂, label data; Fig. 7, C. tenuis ♂, dorsal view; Fig. 8, C. tenuis ♂, ventral view; Fig. 9, C. tenuis ♂, label data; Fig. 10, C. helirius ♂, dorsal view; Fig. 11, C. helirius ♂, ventral view; Fig. 12, C. helirius ♂, label data; Fig. 13, C. naevifera ♂, dorsal view; Fig. 14, C. naevifera ♂, ventral view; Fig. 15, C. naevifera ♂, label data. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Etymology. The species name honours Stephen J. Richards, Distribution and phenology. Chaetocneme richardsi is known who collected the holotype specimen while on expedition to the only from the northern part of the central cordillera, Papua New Upper Sepik with the author, during early 2010. Guinea. 58 TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(1): 56-59, 2016 MÜLLER: A new species of Chaetocneme

Figs. 16-20. Male genitalia of Chaetocneme, showing a) lateral view, b) dorsal view, c) ventral view, d) aedeagus in lateral view, e) aedeagus in dorsal view. Fig. 16, Chaetocneme richardsi (Holotype); Fig. 17, C. sombra; Fig. 18, C. tenuis; Fig. 19, C. helirius; Fig. 20, C. naevifera. Scale bar = 1 mm (Figs. 16 – 19), 0.8 mm (Fig. 20).

Diagnosis: The new species is one of a few in the genus Guinea, C. naevifera (Mabille, 1888) (Figs. 13 – 15, 20), C. Chaetocneme which is unicolourous on both wing surfaces, tenuis (Figs. 7 – 9, 18) and C. helirius (Cramer, [1775]) (Figs. lacking obvious markings. However, C. richardsi is highly 10 – 12, 19) bear no markings on the upperside but all of these distinctive in its wing shape and the ground colour plus the species possess forewing costal pouches. Only C. sombra colour and width of the terminal fringe. In mainland New (Figs. 4 – 6, 17), endemic to the Bismarck Archipelago, and an MÜLLER: A new species of Chaetocneme TROP. LEPID. RES., 26(1): 56-59, 2016 59

undescribed species from Humboldt Bay, Indonesian Papua, do and C. lunula (Mabille, 1888). A number of Chaetocneme not possess the costal flap. In both of these species the terminal larvae were discovered at the type locality of C. richardsi, fringe is uniformly dark brown, whereas in C. richardsi it is feeding on the foliage of Litsea Lam. and Neolitsea (Benth. distinctly orange. The wing shape of C. richardsi is distinctive & Hook.f.) Merr. species (Lauraceae) and unidentified species from other members of this group, with quite narrow wings of Annonaceae. Adults of C. antipodes and C. critomedia vertically, but the forewing apices are evenly rounded, whereas were reared from mature larvae located on Neolitsea sp. and they are pointed or falcate in other species. The ground colour of Annonaceae, respectively, but no immature larvae could be the upperside of C. richardsi is a distinct deep, chestnut brown raised to adult, due to time constraints. It is therefore possible rather than an ochreous or plain brown as in related species, that C. richardsi larvae were among these and feed on one of and the underside is a deep velvet brown. The terminal fringe these plant families. (cilia) in C. richardsi is narrow and deep orange, whereas in Chaetocneme butterflies are particularly elusive and several putative related species it is wide and either brown (C. sombra, species are known from few specimens. C. kumpiana Evans, C. tenuis), yellow (C. naevifera) or cream-yellow (C. helirius). 1934, for example, is known only from a single specimen from The male genitalia of C. richardsi are also highly distinct, the Weyland Mountains, Indonesian Papua Province. Others, having a long uncus that is somewhat similar to, but much such as C. morea Evans, 1934 and C. lunula, are widely longer, taller and narrower dorsally than that of C. tenuis (but distributed yet known from few specimens. It is therefore C. tenuis has the valva terminating in a long spike), whereas probable that C. richardsi has a much wider range in suitable the others have an anvil-shaped sclerotized underside to the habitats outside of the Upper Sepik Basin. uncus. The valvae are disproportionately large and terminate in an upward pointing tip bearing several spines of equal ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS length, unlike any known species. The saccus is upturned at right angles to the tegumen in C. richardsi whereas it is parallel This work was supported by Xstrata Copper Limited. The or at low angles in other taxa. The aedeagus of C. richardsi is author is also grateful to the PNG Department of Environment more squat than related species and is elaborately flanged, with and Conservation for approving export of specimens. John a sclerotised inner tube and anterioral section, unlike in related Tennent, Natural History Museum, London, kindly sought species. and provided obscure references. Blanca Huertas, Natural History Museum, London, Ted Edwards, Australian National DISCUSSION Insect Collection, Canberra, and Dr. David Britton, Australian Museum, kindly allowed examination of specimens in their Parsons (1998) evaluated the adult male wing and genitalic care. Two reviewers provided helpful comments. characters of the genus Chaetocneme in detail and theorised that the presence of a costal fold is significant in the recognition LITERATURE CITED of species. Parsons (1998) considered that it is unlikely that the presence or absence of such an important morphological Evans, W. H. 1949. A Catalogue of the Hesperiidae from Europe, Asia and structure is simply a genetic dimorphism within species. C. Australia in the British Museum (Natural History). British Museum (Natural History), London. 502 pp. richardsi n. sp. is one of only a few Chaetocneme taxa in which Evans, W. H. 1952. A Catalogue of the American Hesperiidae in the British the costal fold is absent, thus readily distinguishing it from other Museum (Natural History). Part II: Pyrginae - section J. British Museum unicolourous members of the genus in mainland New Guinea, (Natural History), London. 246 pp. namely C. naevifera, C. tenuis and C. helirius. Cramer, P. 1775. Papillons Exotiques des Trois Parties du Monde L’Asia, Though the type specimens of C. naevifera and C. helirius L’Africque et L’Amerique. De Uitlandsche Kapellen Voorkomende in de could not be located, their descriptions with illustrations provide Drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America 1 (1-7): 1 – 414. no doubt as to their identity in the respective publications by Lane, D. A. 1993. New food plant records for Chaetocneme denitza (Hewitson) Mabille (1888) and Cramer [1775]. It must be noted that the (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Australian Entomologist 20(2): 73- type locality of C. naevifera was given as ‘Batjan’ by Mabille 74. (1888), yet was recorded as ‘New Guinea’ by both Rothschild Mabille, P. 1888. Diagnoses de Lépidotères (Hespérides) nouveaux. Le Naturaliste (2) 26: 77-78. (1915) and Parsons (1998). The type specimen of C. tenuis, located in Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, was not Miller, C. G. 1990. The life history of Chaetocneme denitza (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Australian Entomological examined but it was illustrated in colour by van Eecke (1924) Magazine 17(4): 97-100. and its genitalia was dissected and illustrated by Parsons (1998). Parsons, M. J. 1998. The Butterflies of Papua New Guinea. Their Systematics The sole, holotype specimen of C. richardsi was taken at and Biology. Academic Press, London. xvi + 736pp., 136 pls. fluorescent light at approximately 2300 hrs, following a period Rothschild, [W]. 1915. On the Lepidoptera in the Tring Museum sent by Mr. of heavy rain. The type locality is at the boundary of hill forest A. S. Meek from the Admiralty Islands, Dampier, and Vulcan Islands. with lower montane forest, where the terrain is undulating and Novitates Zoologicae 22(3): 387-402. dissected by numerous fast flowing rivers and streams. Also, in Van Eecke, R. 1924. List of the Lepidoptera collected by Mr W. C. Heurn the same general area, several other species of Chaetocneme during an exploration expedition in Dutch North New Guinea. Nova were recorded, including C. antipodes (Guérin-Méneville, Guinea (XV Zoologie) 4: 33 – 56. 1831), C. callixenus Hewitson, 1867, C. critomedia (Guérin- Wood, G. A. 1984. The life history of Chaetocneme porphyropis (Meyrick and Méneville, [1831]), C. naevifera (Mabille, 1888), C. tenuis Lower) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae: Pyrginae). Australian Entomological Magazine 11(1): 11-12.