INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE BOARD

ANNUAL REPORT

2019

“Promoting and Strengthening Confidence and Hemispheric Security” SUMMARY – 2019 ANNUAL REPORT

The Inter-American Defense Board (IADB) was founded on March 30, 1942. In 2006, the General Assembly of the Organization of American States (OAS) established the IADB as an “entity” of the Organization and approved its Statutes. The IADB has 28 Member States, 8 observer states and its structure is made up of the Council of Delegates, the Secretariat and the Inter-American Defense College (IADC). The Board’s purpose is to provide technical, consultative and educational advisory services to the OAS and its Member States on issues related to military and defense matters in the hemisphere. The Chairman of the Council of Delegates and the Director General of the IADB Secretariat, recognizing the relevance of the technical, consultative and educational advice provided to the OAS in military and defense issues, promoted, during 2019, the strengthening of relations with the Ministries of Defense of the Member States and the active participation of the Board’s staff in different events (workshops, seminars, conferences, meetings, etc.) at the hemispheric, regional and sub regional levels. These actions were oriented towards the fulfillment of the mandates assigned to the Board by the Organization of American States and the strategic objectives of the Board, contributing to the strengthening of collaboration, cooperation and security in the hemisphere in defense and military matters. The Inter-American Defense College (IADC) continues to provide a Master’s Degree program, accredited and without registration for military, police and civil servants appointed by the OAS Member States. The College highlights that in 2019, the Washington Higher Education License Commission, D.C. granted the IADC a permanent license to operate as a higher education institution. Therefore, the IADB was strengthened as a technical advisor, facilitator and connecting entity for the exchange of experiences and good practices, also materializing various activities on humanitarian demining issues through the Comprehensive Action against Antipersonnel Mines in Colombia, updating the Annual Inventory of Confidence- and Security-Building Measures, integrating and disseminating lessons learned in the field of disasters, conducting the first hemispheric conference on cyber defense to strengthen cooperation on this issue in the Americas, promoting the relationship with high centers military studies and also addressing those issues related to gender, human rights and international humanitarian law, amongst other activities. Regarding the operation and internal management of the Board, during 2019, actions were implemented to enhance its administrative functioning, through the priority, rational and transparent exercise of the resources allocated by the OAS and those obtained through voluntary contributions. In this context, the activities of the IADB that stand out in 2019 are the following:

i Participation in the Ad-Hoc working groups in the framework of the XIII Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas (CMDA), related to the issues of humanitarian assistance in cases of disaster and the evolution of the armed forces in matters of defense and security. Likewise, technical advice was provided and the corresponding coordination was supported within the framework of the Program of Integral Action against Antipersonnel Mines (AICMA), through the Groups of Inter-American Monitors and the Inter-American Technical Advisers in Colombia. In addition, the signing of other bilateral agreements on the subject and the management for the allocation of places and designation of military personnel of the different Member Countries for their assistance to the course of demining and removal of explosive devices in Spain in 2020. On the other hand, the VIII Forum on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures (CSBM) was coordinated and executed in liaison with the Secretariat for Multidimensional Security, as well as the planning and dissemination of the training workshop for the operators of the CSBM system that will be carried out in 2020. The conference "Search and rescue in cases of natural disasters" was held, a year-end exercise in relation to natural disaster care and a conference on the response capacity of Member States to natural disasters; The Board also participated in regional conferences on the subject for the exchange of good practices and lessons learned. In addition, the seminars "Hemispheric Perspective for the Integration of Gender in Defense and Security" and "Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law" were organized in coordination with the Inter-American Defense College. The first Cyber Defense Conference of the Western Hemisphere was held in Bogotá, Colombia, as an issue that requires multilateral perspectives for its understanding and collaboration to address cyber threats. Finally, different activities were attended in the framework of the Conference of the American Armies (CAA), Inter-American Naval Conferences (IANC), Conference of American Air Chiefs (CONJEFAMER) and Central American Armed Forces Conference (CFAC).

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TABLE OF CONTENT

I. REFERENCE OF ORIGIN, LEGAL BASIS, STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE 1 II. OAS MANDATES 2

III. ACTIVITIES EXECUTED IN 2019 2 A. IN TERMS OF TECHNICAL ADVICE FOR HUMANITARIAN DEMINING. 3 B. IN TERMS AND FOLLOW-UP OF THE CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY- BUILDING MEASURES (CSBM). 7 C. IN TERMS OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO NATURAL DISASTERS. 9 D. IN TERMS OF THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON TRANSPARENCY IN CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS ACQUISITIONS (CITAAC). 10 E. IN TERMS OF ATTENTION TO EMERGING THREATS, CYBER DEFENSE AND OTHER ISSUES. 11 F. IN TERMS OF CONNECTING WITH DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS AND/OR INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS. 14 G. IN TERMS OF EDUCATION. 21 H. IN TERMS OF ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCES. 25

IV. SUMMARY OF RELATIONS AND COOPERATION WITH OTHER AGENCIES 29 A. VISITS TO THE “CASA DEL SOLDADO”. 29 B. PARTICIPATION IN WORK MEETINGS. 30 C. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES, EXERCISES AND SEMINARS. 31

V. MEETINGS CELEBRATED BY THE COUNCIL OF DELEGATES 33

VI. DRAFT RESOLUTIONS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY 33

ANNEX "A" DETAILS OF THE CLASS 58 ACADEMIC PROGRAM 37

ANNEX “B” DETAILS ON MAINTENANCE NEEDS FOR THE “CASA DEL SOLDADO” 46

ANNEX “C” PHOTO REPORT OF ASSISTANCE TO CONFERENCES, EXERCISES, SEMINARS AND OTHER EVENTS 53

iii 2019 ANNUAL REPORT INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE BOARD

I. REFERENCE OF ORIGIN, LEGAL BASIS, STRUCTURE AND PURPOSE

A. REFERENCE OF ORIGIN The Inter-American Defense Board founded on March 30, 1942, is considered the oldest regional defense organization in the world.

B. LEGAL BASE In 2006, through resolution AG/RES. 1 (XXXII-E/06), the General Assembly of the Organization of American States resolved to establish the IADB as an “entity” of the Organization based on Article 53 of the OAS Charter and approve its Statutes where it grants technical autonomy for the fulfillment of its purpose and functions, taking into account the mandates of the General Assembly, the Meetings of Consultation of Ministers of Foreign Affairs and the Permanent Council of the OAS, in their respective areas of competence.

C. STRUCTURE In 2019, the IADB grouped 28 Member States and had 8 observer states. Its structure is composed of the Council of Delegates, the Secretariat and the Inter- American Defense College, bringing together civil and military representatives of the various States of the American continent, democratically elected with the corresponding independence. The staff cash working in the Board is as follows: Area Generals Officers NCOs Civilians Total Chairmanship 2 6 1 1 10 Secretariat 2 32 16 3 53 Inter-American Defense College 4 78 11 17 110 Total 8 116 28 21 173

D. PURPOSE Provide technical, consultative and educational advisory services to the OAS and its Member States, on issues related to military and defense matters in the hemisphere, in contribution to compliance with the OAS Charter, taking into account the needs of smaller states, whose degree of vulnerability is greater when facing traditional and new threats, concerns and other challenges.

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II. OAS MANDATES

The OAS General Assembly has issued direct mandates to the IADB, in relation to its statutory functions, which are contained in the following resolutions:

A. RESOLUTIONS AG/RES. 2300 (XXXVII-O/07), 2400 (XXXVIII-O/08), 2482 (XXXIX-O/09), 2573 (XL-O/10), 2631 (XLI-O/11), SECTION: Support for the Activities of the Inter-American Defense Board.

B. RESOLUTIONS AG/RES. 2735 (XLII-O/12), 2809 (XLIII-O/13), 2866 (XLIV-O/14), SECTION: Advancing hemispheric security: A multidimensional approach.

C. RESOLUTION AG/RES. 2880 (XLVI-O/16), SECTIONS: Declaration on Climate Change, Food Security and Security of the Americas Paragraph 2; Advancing hemispheric security: A multidimensional approach, Paragraphs: 2, 17, 18, 25, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 37, 48, 51, 58, 59, 60.

D. RESOLUTION AG/RES. 2907 (XLVII-O/17), Advancing hemispheric security: A multidimensional approach, Paragraphs: 5, 116, 117, 118c and 119.

E. RESOLUTION AG/RES. 2925 (XLVIII-O/18) Advancing hemispheric security: A multidimensional approach, Paragraphs: 12, 52, 54, 76, 86, 115, 152, 153, and 154.

F. RESOLUTION AG/RES. 2945 (XLIX-O/19) Advancing hemispheric security: A multidimensional approach, paragraphs 17, 18, 20, 21, 72, 77, 81, 94, 96 and 107 to 124.

III. ACTIVITIES EXECUTED IN 2019

Based on the Statutes of the Inter-American Defense Board and resolutions mentioned above, the 2019 annual report consolidates the actions carried out and results obtained by the Board in relation to compliance with the OAS mandates. Similarly, the activities carried out in 2019 are in accordance with the 2017-2021 IADB Strategic Plan and the corresponding Action and Work Plans, which contain 5 strategic objectives, 14 strategies, 31 goals, 98 specific objectives and consider 226 tasks for the three organs of the Board. It should be noted that this planning is consistent with the strategic vision of the OAS in its four fundamental pillars and is aimed at fulfilling the mission and achieving the vision of that organization. The tasks executed by the IADB respond both to budget availability and to the efforts made to obtain support from other organizations and countries and it should be noted that the budget allocated by the OAS was 28% of what was requested; of this allocation, more than 62% corresponds to fixed and unavoidable expenses. Consequently, it was decided to cover the priority activities of the Work Plan established for 2019.

- 2 - With regard to the Inter-American Defense College (IADC), it continues in its task of preparing military, civil and police officials to serve as strategic advisors in their respective States, training in issues related to defense and security, thereby allowing, the formulation and enrichment of proposals for solutions to hemispheric problems. The most important activities executed in 2019 are listed below.

A. IN TERMS OF TECHNICAL ADVICE FOR THE HUMANITARIAN DEMINING AND FOR “THE AMERICAS AS AN ANTIPERSONNEL-LAND-MINE-FREE ZONE”

The Board coordinated the training of ten officers and non-commissioned officers from Brazil, Colombia, Panama, Peru and Uruguay in the Explosive Artifacts Demining and Removal Course, held in 2019 at the Spanish International Demining Center; Likewise, still in 2019, the Board managed the vacancy assignment and the designation of military personnel of the different Member States for the aforementioned course, which will be executed in 2020. During 2019, the IADB closely coordinated the activities carried out in Colombia with the Office of Humanitarian Mine Action (OHMA) of the Department of Public Security (DPS) of the OAS. The Inter-American Monitors Group in Colombia (GMI-CO) has the mission of providing technical advice to the Program of Integral Action against Antipersonnel Mines in Colombia (AICMA-CO) to achieve its humanitarian demining (HD) objectives. In this sense, the GMI- CO performs Quality Management (QM) tasks of Humanitarian Demining Organizations (HDO) that operate in Colombia. The result of their work in 2019 was developed through the activities described: a. Certification through technical-documentary and operational evaluation of civil or military HDO personnel. b. Monitoring of non-technical studies, training and review of HDO training plans. As a result, 232 business days were achieved in the field, evaluating 703 people and 65 documents, including operational procedures (OP), checklists and training plans for various HDO. In summary, that means 5,033 military personnel and 866 accredited civilians, all active. The data described demonstrate how the IADB is contributing to the agreement signed in 2006 and extended in 2015 between the Republic of Colombia and the OAS. To contribute to the OAS commitment to have "The Americas as an Antipersonnel-Land- Mine-Free Zone" and in accordance with the agreement signed with the General Command of the Military Forces in Colombia (CGFM) in 2015, the Inter-American Technical Advisory Group in Colombia (GATI-CO) works in the following aspects: a. Conducting courses and training in humanitarian demining for Colombian military personnel in coordination with the Demining Area of the Head of Operations of the CGFM. These courses are held at the School of Military Engineers of Colombia.

- 3 - b. During 2019, it supported the planning and execution of 3 courses of National Humanitarian Demining Monitors for military personnel of the Colombian Military Forces, one in the first semester and two in the second semester. In total, 36 soldiers were trained (33 from the National Army, 2 from the National Navy and 1 from the Air Force). c. Maintaining advice on updating the Operational Procedures (OP) of the Humanitarian Demining Brigade (BRDEH) and on updating the National Humanitarian Demining Standards (ENDH) with representatives of the National Authority (Office of the High Commissioner for Peace – “Descontamina Colombia”), also participates in coordination and support meetings with United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), “Descontamina Colombia” and the CGFM Demining Area. d. Attend BRDEH study meetings with the Group of Explosives and Marine Demining (AEDIM) for the unification of the operational procedures of both; it is possible that the unification of the procedures will be achieved in 2020. Summary of activities and participation in events of the Humanitarian Demining Section of the Inter-American Defense Board: a. On February 7, the Head of GATI-CO attended the conference "First GIS Day for Humanitarian Demining" (First day of geographic information systems for humanitarian demining), which obtained information on the use of this tool to positioning of explosive devices, which can be taken into account later in operations. b. On March 6, the Director General of the IADB Secretariat visited the facilities of the GMI-CO and AICMA-CO. The Head of Mission of AICMA-CO and the Head of GATI-CO evenly participated, verifying the optimal fulfillment of their mission; Likewise, knowledge was taken of the needs of that group for the efficient execution of its activities. c. On March 26, the Advisor to the Head of the Engineering and Construction Department of the Brazilian Army visited the GATI-CO, with the objective of knowing the missions of the Brazilian military involved in Humanitarian Demining. A presentation of the mission and activities of the GATI-CO was made demonstrating, to one of the largest contributing States, the importance of maintaining Brazil’s participation in the mission through the IADB. d. From April 1 to 6, the Humanitarian Demining Advisor of the Inter-American Defense Board visited the offices of the GMI-CO and the GATI-CO with the purpose of learning and updating the activities carried out by both groups during the Humanitarian Demining work in Colombia in contribution to compliance with the signed agreements and mandates entrusted. e. On April 3, the IADB participated in the Unexploded Ordnance (UXO) Congress at the Rayburn House Office Building Foyer, in Washington, D.C. In this event, the

- 4 - International Mine Awareness Day, sponsored by The Halo Trust and the Mines Advisory Group, was celebrated with the aim of supporting humanitarian demining programs safeguarding human life in the affected communities. With this type of participation, the Board managed to exchange information and update with different humanitarian demining organizations, expanding its network of contacts in that area. f. On May 15, a meeting was held between the Head of the General Inspection of the Colombian Military Forces, the Head of the Mission of Humanitarian Demining Advisors of the Brazilian Army in Colombia and the Head of GATI-CO, in order to discuss the creation of the Group of National Humanitarian Demining Monitors of the Colombian Military Forces. g. On August 4, at the School of Military Engineers of Colombia, a presentation of the work of the GATI was made to Army General Edson Leal Pujol, Commander of the Brazilian Army, with the objective of making his knowledge about the work developed by the IADB in the field of HD in Colombia. h. On August 14, GATI-CO gave a videoconference to students of the Mine Action Course of the Joint Peace Operations Center of Brazil (CCOPAB), with the aim of disseminating lessons learned on the subject. i. On August 15, a meeting was held between the GATI-CO and the National Center Against Explosive and Mining Artifacts (CENAM) to coordinate the work of standardization of the Operational Procedures of the BRDEH and the AEDIM. j. From September 23 to 29, the GATI-CO, in Coveñas, the Sucre Department gave instruction on the Humanitarian Demining Course at the Peace Operations Training and Training Center (CENCOPAZ) of the Colombian National Navy. k. On October 9, the Humanitarian Demining and Weapons Management Advisors of the IADB held a meeting with the Executive Director, the Government Affairs Manager and the Head of the Latin American Region of the Humanitarian Demining Organization “The Halo Trust”, in their office in Washington, DC. This activity allowed the Board to strengthen ties and promote mutual support for future agreements. l. On October 17, the IADB Humanitarian Demining Advisor held a meeting with the Chief of Programs and the Improvised Explosive Device (IED) Threat Mitigation Advisor and UNMAS members, at their offices in New York. With this meeting it was possible to strengthen ties and promote coordination for future agreements on humanitarian demining issues. m. On October 25, a videoconference was held between the Director General of the IADB Secretariat, the Humanitarian Demining Advisor of the IADB, the Head of the GMI-CO and the Head of the GATI-CO in order to present the Director General of the Secretariat the work that is carried out in Colombia, in addition to pointing out opportunities for assistance by the IADB to the two Inter-American Groups.

- 5 - n. On November 1 and 8, the Head of the GMI-CO attended, in the company of the Head of AICMA-CO, a working meeting held with the National Authority of Colombia, in order to participate in the update of the National Standards of Humanitarian Demining of that country. The work of the IADB on the issue of humanitarian demining was carried out as planned, achieving the quality management of civil and military HDO that the AICMA program required, the planning and execution of three courses of National Humanitarian Demining Monitors and the increase in contact networks with specialists in the field, despite the limitations imposed by the availability of financial resources, which restricted the possibility of developing other events that would facilitate the exchange of lessons learned and good practices on humanitarian demining between the countries of the hemisphere The Humanitarian Demining agreements of which the IADB is part of, include the advice or technical support to the States by the personnel of this entity, in addition to the activities of the groups that work in training, monitoring and certification of personnel and organizations of humanitarian demining, making necessary its active participation in events on the subject. The foregoing requires that the IADB receive directly or through the AICMA program the financial support for the execution of activities related to humanitarian demining that will contribute to the challenge of achieving “The Americas as an Antipersonnel-Land-Mine-Free Zone”, such as the organization and conducting an annual seminar, participating in meetings with organizations and institutions specialized in the field that allow for closer relationships, the dissemination of lessons learned and good practices in the field and supervision visits to groups in Colombia.

B. IN TERMS AND FOLLOW-UP OF CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY-BUILDING MEASURES (CSBM) BETWEEN THE STATES OF THE HEMISPHERE

On March 14, the IADB, in liaison with the OAS Secretariat for Multidimensional Security (SMS), coordinated and held the VIII CSBM Forum in order to promote the conduct and dissemination of the CSBM in the Western Hemisphere, highlighting the following conclusions:

a. The participation of each and every one of the OAS Member States in the Inter- American Convention on Transparency in Conventional Weapons Acquisitions and their full implementation by the States parties would help promote confidence in the hemisphere.

b. The IADB plays an integral role in promoting and monitoring the application and preparation of reports on CSBM that have to be submitted to the OAS.

c. The CSBM database and platform presented by the OAS will facilitate greater transparency and the application of such measures.

- 6 - d. The participation of all OAS Member States in the Register of Conventional Arms and the Standardized Instrument for Reporting Military Expenditures, both of the United Nations, is of great help for the implementation of the CSBM in the hemisphere and within the scope of the UN. e. The CSBM are being applied at the bilateral, sub regional and regional levels. Its impact has been positive and should be encouraged. As noted, the VIII CSBM Forum generated recommendations that should be taken into account, on the occasion of the next update of the OAS CSBM list by the OAS Committee on Hemispheric Security (CHS), as well as the study “Analysis of the United Nations global repository on CBM and best practices for the Western Hemisphere” delivered by the IADB to the CHS, after analysis by CSBM experts registered by the Member States to the OAS. In order to maintain the technical advice on the development of CSBM to the OAS countries, as established by the IADB statute, it is necessary to continue providing support to the SMS in the fulfillment of the corresponding forum. Since September 2019, the analysis of the United Nations global repository on CBM and best practices for the Western Hemisphere began. A first presentation of results was scheduled on March 31, 2020 and final delivery on June 5, 2020. The analysis will identify best practices for OAS Member States and a comparison with the current consolidated CSBM list. On September 30, a working group was established to update the OAS guide for the preparation of White Papers on National Security and Defense, as well as the preparation of a checklist, for its availability on the IADB website. The guide will serve the Member States that want a reference for the preparation or updating of their White Papers. It was scheduled as delivery date on April 2, 2020. The study on the OAS Guide for the Development of White Papers on Defense and Security will contribute to promote confidence and security, being a good opportunity to reinforce and disseminate the general principles assumed by the OAS. The Annual Inventory of CSBM applied in the Western Hemisphere by the Member States during 2018 and reported in 2019 was carried out in order to promote the conduct and dissemination of CSBM in the Western Hemisphere. Reminders and recommendations were made to the Member States, during the monthly meetings of the Council of Delegates of the IADB, to designate one or more points of contact responsible for issuing the annual CSBM reports of their countries to the OAS electronic staff. The appointment of points of contact will allow Member States to access the OAS CSBM Electronic Spreadsheet System to record the measures conducted by their countries.

- 7 - Therefore, during the second half of 2019, the planning and dissemination of the Training Workshop on the Use of the Electronic Spreadsheet began. It will take place on April 8, 2020 at the IADB premises and aims to train the operators of the CSBM system in sending the reports of their countries through digital means.

The participation of the Member States in the preparation of the Annual CSBM Inventory is still considered low, as well as the contribution with reports on the measures applied by the countries and the registration of personnel in the OAS electronic spreadsheet system of CSBM. The reminders made by the IADB during the meetings of the Council of Delegates and the training workshop scheduled for April 8, 2020 collaborate in this direction.

It is important to note that the Board has trained military personnel to administer the CSBM electronic spreadsheet system. So, it is feasible that, in order to keep the information updated and make improvements to the system, the IADB assumes its management with the corresponding budget.

C. IN TERMS OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO NATURAL DISASTERS

The IADB kept permanent monitoring of the meteorological phenomena that developed in the hemisphere, with special attention to natural disasters; followed up on relevant events, such as the case of humanitarian assistance in the wake of Hurricane Dorian that significantly affected the Bahamas. The Board collected lessons learned to mitigate the effects of these phenomena and kept the Natural Disaster Situation Room active at its headquarters.

During 2019, the Chairman and Senior Officers of the IADB participated as speakers in seminars aimed at strengthening regional capacities to respond to natural disasters.

On February 27, at the headquarters of the IADB, the conference "Search and rescue in cases of natural disasters" was held, with the aim of sharing lessons learned in the civic- military actions of search and rescue that have been carried out in disaster situations and recommendations so that the countries of the hemisphere can increase their capacities in this regard. As a main conclusion, it was highlighted to strengthen national capacities to respond to disasters by establishing links and cooperation agreements with international organizations which can provide advice in different specialized areas.

On November 20, at the IADB facilities, a year-end exercise was carried out in response to natural disasters with the presence of the Leadership of the IADB, the Council of Delegates and representatives of the Ministries of Defense of Chile, Dominican Republic, Brazil and Peru. In the exercise, the existing instruments were tested within the framework of the OAS Disaster Response System and better identified the specific roles and functions of the members of the Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction (CIRDN),

- 8 - specifically of the Secretary General of the OAS, the IADB and other external organizations to facilitate disaster response.

In addition to the aforementioned activities, IADB personnel attended the following events:

From April 23 to 26, in the Ad-Hoc working group, organized by the Pro-tempore Secretariat of the XIV CMDA, based in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, with the themes: Cooperation in Humanitarian Assistance and Relief in cases of disasters and sharing experiences and good practices on the participation of the Defense and Security forces regarding environmental protection and climate resilience. In this event, it was agreed to include the XIV CMDA in the organization of the year-end exercise carried out by the IADB regarding mitigation and attention to natural disasters.

From December 2 to 6, in the III Workshop on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Assistance in the field of Defense, jointly organized by the Southern Command of the United States, the Ministry of Defense of Chile and the Ministry of Defense of Guatemala in Guatemala, Republic of Guatemala. This workshop allowed the generation and consolidation of institutional and professional capacities associated with civil-military coordination in urban search and rescue operations, as well as identifying the challenge of improving the coordination channels of these organizations.

The IADB acted as an integrator of the lessons learned and the update of the databank about large-scale disasters, in compliance with its Annual Plan and mandates; Likewise, conferences and exercises are fundamental for the improvement of the Inter-American System and the corresponding Plan of the IADB, so it is important that these types of events continue to be carried out and the participation of OAS institutions, especially CIRDN, be encouraged, with the corresponding allocation of resources to the IADB so as to maintain the quality of the conferences.

D. IN TERMS OF THE INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON TRANSPARENCY IN THE ACQUISITIONS OF CONVENTIONAL WEAPONS (CITAAC)

a. On November 11, IADB personnel held a meeting with representatives of the Department of Public Security and the Department against Transnational Organized Crime to discuss the issue of the establishment of the Technical Secretariat of CITAAC, having agreed to work together in the conception of said organ of the Convention, in compliance with the corresponding mandate. b. On December 12, a presentation was made in the Council of Delegates of the IADB reminding compliance with the Inter-American Convention on the Acquisition of Conventional Weapons in Article III, which indicates that the signatory states must send their respective reports before 15 June 2020.

- 9 - During 2019, an active participation by the IADB in the different activities concerning the Inter-American Convention against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking of Firearms, Ammunition, Explosives and other related materials (CIFTA), the Inter-American Commission, was maintained for Drug Abuse Control (CICAD) and CITAAC. The IADB ratifies its availability and ability to participate in technical advice directly to the Member States.

E. IN TERMS OF ADVICE IN CARE OF EMERGING THREATS, CYBER DEFENSE AND OTHER RELEVANT ISSUES

a. EMERGING THREATS. 1. In accordance with its strategic plan, the IADB considered issues related to hemispheric security, to contribute to the coordination and cooperation between the Member States and the use of the Armed Forces in these matters, in order to provide studies to the OAS that also nourish the proposals that are made within the CHS to face security threats. 2. On February 28, at the IADB's facilities, the leadership of this organization participated in the OAS reflection day, chaired by Mr. Ambassador Anthony Phillips- Spencer, Permanent Representative of Trinidad and Tobago and Chairman of the OAS Committee on Hemispheric Security; in this activity, topics related to the new threats were discussed. b. CYBER DEFENSE. 1. On May 14 and 15, the IADB and the Inter-American Defense Foundation (IADF), in association with the Colombian Military Forces, held the first hemispheric cyber defense conference (Western Hemisphere Cyber Defense Conference) in Bogotá, Colombia. 170 high-level military, government, academic and private sector authorities from 25 countries, 8 entities (NATO, UN and others) and five companies, gathered at the conference. 2. On that occasion, the Director General of the IADB Secretariat indicated that cyber defense represents the greatest threat and shared opportunity for cooperation in the Western Hemisphere. The 2019 Bogota Conference described issues that require multilateral perspectives for understanding, as well as the benefits of addressing problems and threats collectively. However, it also demonstrated the challenges of executing this task and the political commitments necessary to improve cyber defense at high speed and on a large scale. 3. Participants and panelists revealed to agree on considering a hemispheric framework or doctrine of cyber defense, raising issues of common interest: i. Improvement of cyber education and training. ii. Improve the exchange of unclassified information.

- 10 - iii. Share best practices to define and protect critical infrastructure. iv. Create a clear and relevant cyber regulation framework. v. Ensure adequate military, government and private sector collaboration. vi. The IADB and the IADF will assume a more prominent role in cyber defense. 4. It was unanimously agreed that the Bogota Cyber Defense conference provided important ideas. Participants praised the technical and strategic discussions, as well as individual personal connections with other military, civil and industry leaders. The Bogota Conference, through the continuous work of the IADB in this area, is expected to act as a catalyst to strengthen relations, promote multilateral interests, share best practices, facilitate information exchange and learn from allies and partners 5. During August, the IADB coordinated the study forum that issued the Report “Recommendations for the Base of a Strategy for Collaborative Security and Cyber Defense in the Hemisphere”. This work contributes to the development of collaborative strategies to identify, prevent, combat and punish cyber threats; to propose and promote the development of policies and strategies to counteract such threats; to raise awareness amongst Member Countries about the importance of coordinated and joint work in the fight against cyber threats as well as to facilitate the exchange of ideas at the hemispheric level. 6. On November 6 and 7, the IADB, through the Inter-American Defense College, held a Seminar on Cyber Defense and Cybersecurity, at their facilities. In this seminar, the Cybersecurity Program that depends on the Inter-American Commission against Terrorism (CICTE) was presented, so that the IADB Member Countries become familiar with this program seeking to obtain the best benefits and opportunities on the topic of Cyber defense. In this event the lessons learned and best practices of several countries regarding Cyber Defense and Security were also shared. It is relevant that these knowledge dissemination spaces promoted by the Board may endure, since they allow the exchange of lessons learned, good practices and risks are identified and scenarios developed so that the Armed Forces remain trained and updated on the subject. Additionally, the standardization of techniques is achieved, hemispheric cooperation on the subject is increased as well as strong relations between civil and military agencies are promoted to address common threats. c. OTHER RELEVANT ISSUES. 1. On March 6, at the IADB facilities, the conference “The fight against corruption in Brazil and the consequences for the Americas” was held. In this event, the Judge of the Federal Regional Court of the 2nd Region of Brazil, Mr. Reis Friede, addressed as

- 11 - main topic the context in which corruption occurred in the recent history of the Brazilian State. The judge highlighted the impact of corruption on democracy, human rights and socioeconomic development in Brazil and Latin America. 2. From March 12 to 14, the seminar “Hemispheric Perspective for Gender Integration in Defense and Security” was held at the IADC facilities, addressing the issue of the importance of the integration of women in different activities from the political sphere and in the Armed Forces, amongst others. In the end, it was agreed that women today are being taken into account to play any role in society and that the countries of the hemisphere have strengthened their participation. 3. From December 17 to 20, a Seminar on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law was held at the IADC, addressing the following topics: “Key challenges related to Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law in the Americas: a strategic vision"; "Evolution of Human Rights in practice"; “Operationalization of HD and IHL in the Americas: critical reflections and comparative analysis of cases/Enabling the Final Game”; “Refugees flows and migration in the Americas: Human Rights and humanitarian perspectives”; “Role of the Armed Forces and the “Hard Hand in Public Security: Human Rights and Humanitarian Perspectives”; "Critical Reflections on Transitional Justice"; and "Nontraditional Security Threats and Human Rights". In conclusion, in the field of emerging threats, it is necessary that the IADB, as a technical and advisory body, have greater participation in OAS meetings on issues related to these threats, allowing to strengthen the connection of the changing role of the forces armed in activities to combat Transnational Organized Crime and also in other topics of interest, for example, terrorism and cyber defense. The topics covered in the activities carried out during 2019 show that, due to their intrinsic and multidimensional characteristics, emerging threats involve approaches that are of interest both Security and Defense areas, which today, in a broader vision, are bind together and eventually indivisible. Therefore, strengthening the presence of the IADB in the OAS and in the events organized by the Armed Forces of the Member States and regional and/or sub regional mechanisms, could add and expand the vision on the issues, spreading the lessons learned, the successful experiences and good practices in the field of Defense and Security with a hemispheric perspective, and encourage discussion and dissemination of matters of interest amongst the Armed Forces, organizations responsible for Security and the organizations that make up the OAS (CICTE, CICAD, CIRDN, CIDH, etc.).

F. IN TERMS OF LINK WITH DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS AND/OR INTERNATIONAL MECHANISMS

- 12 - The IADB gives great importance to its linking function, in order to become a facilitator for the articulation of capacities of the various organizations at the hemispheric, regional or sub regional level, for this purpose and with the purpose of promoting and strengthening hemispheric collaboration and cooperation in Security and Defense, the Board participated in the following conferences: a. XIV CONFERENCE OF DEFENSE MINISTERS OF THE AMERICAS (CMDA)

The CMDA during 2019 developed two working groups, in which the IADB participated and in which the following topics were analyzed and discussed: 1. From April 23 to 25 in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, the IADB participated in the Ad-Hoc working group “Cooperation in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief” and “Cooperation and coordination in Search and Rescue matters” in which the main conclusions were obtained: i. On the issue of Humanitarian Assistance and Relief, the exchange of information on the capacities of the countries of the hemisphere is essential, so that the country affected by a disaster that exceeds its response capabilities can request the timely support of another State, according to the needs of the moment. ii. Coordination was established between the Executive Secretariat of the XIV CMDA and the IADB to carry out a cabinet exercise on Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief, at the premises of the "Casa del Soldado", Washington, DC, in November 2019. In this scenario, the dissemination of the Disaster Cooperation Mechanism of the countries of the Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas (MECODE-CMDA) would begin amongst the components of the Inter-American Disaster Response System. This plan integrates the response actions at the ministerial level of the Member Countries of the CMDA, in the event of a disaster. iii. The dissemination and integration of Search and Rescue issues need to be strengthened in the doctrine, training, equipment and operational procedures. 2. On November 21 and 22 in Washington, D.C., the Board participated in the Ad-Hoc working group “Evolution of the role of the Armed Forces in Defense and Security”, based on conclusions: i. The importance of support from the defense and security forces to civil organizations in humanitarian relief and natural disaster response events. ii. It was recognized that narcotics trafficking and transnational organized crime are increasing and that it is necessary to build capacities to increase the role of Defense and Security in response to these threats as contemplated in the legislation and policy of each country.

- 13 - iii. The importance of protecting critical infrastructure against internal and external threats was stressed. iv. The agreement was reaffirmed to promote a generation of mechanisms to promote mutual trust in cyberspace. v. Brazil proposed to generate a hemispheric cooperation mechanism in cyber defense. In compliance with the mandates issued by the OAS, the Board will continue to offer technical support and advice to the XIV CMDA led by the Chilean government, maintaining the updating of the institutional memory through the website; also, actively participating in Ad-Hoc groups. The CMDA is a scenario that allows the IADB to develop an articulating role of efforts and themes developed in the different mechanisms that the countries of the hemisphere have, through the dissemination of conclusions and results obtained in the different conferences and other events in which the Board participated in 2019, in addition to allowing it to keep updated on the topics of interest addressed within the conference by Member Countries. Likewise, in relation to the search and rescue issues that are also of interest to the XIV CMDA, it is required that the IADB continue to publish on its website the information on this topic as required by CMDA. b. CONFERENCE OF THE AMERICAN ARMIES (CAA) 1. From February 4 to 8, the IADB, as an observer member of the CAA, participated in the Specialized Conference on “Military Support to Civil Authorities to Counter Threat Networks” that took place in San Antonio, USA, which had the objective was to conduct an evaluation of the threat networks, determine how armies can provide support to civil authorities to confront threat networks and share procedures, techniques and tactics in operations and training. Participants concluded that the production of a guide to counter threat networks will allow governments to have a common instrument to plan and act in a coordinated manner and that there is a growing tendency to employ the Armed Forces against the actions of Threat Networks. Additionally, it was concluded that there are several limitations to counteract transnational threat networks, such as: i. The legal framework of each State that limits the performance of its armed forces within its territory; and ii. Countries give different priority to the way they face threat networks. 2. From April 8 to 12, the IADB attended the Specialized Conference of the XXXIII CAA on the "Military Leadership of the American Armies in the 21st Century: Challenges and Proposals" held in Santiago, Chile, addressing the following issues: "The formation of military leaders to face the challenges of the 21st century",

- 14 - "Leading the integration of women in the Chilean Army", "Military leadership in the face of current social trends and new generations", "The exercise of leadership in military operations other than war." 3. From June 24 to 28, the Board participated in the exercise “Inter-agency operations in environmental and natural resources protection” carried out by the CAA, which took place in Puerto Iguazú, Argentina. 4. From August 12 to 16, 2019, the Board participated in the Preparatory Meeting of the XXXIII CAA, in the Dominican Republic, to define issues to be addressed, countries to attend and the dates to be met, where the main conclusions were: i. The issues of importance on which CAA members should work hard, such as: migration, were identified; support to civil authorities by armies (disaster response); combat of criminal activities by armies (drug trafficking, illegal mining); interoperability; and professionalization of non-commissioned officers. ii. The Inter-American Defense Board was requested to maintain its participation in the events organized by regional and sub regional Security and Defense organizations to, among other activities, meet its Strategic Objectives, influence and strengthen ties with these organizations and raise the expertise of its staff. 5. The IADB participated in the CAA Cycle XXXIII, which took place from November 4 to 8, 2019, in Punta Cana, Dominican Republic. In this event, the conclusions, recommendations and products obtained in the different Specialized Conferences of Cycle XXXIII were presented, on issues involved with Humanitarian Assistance and disaster response and suggestions on how to counteract transregional and transnational threat networks. The following common themes could be identified on the agendas of the Conference of American Armies and the Inter-American Defense Board: Combating transnational organized crime and Disaster response and humanitarian aid. The assistance of the IADB to the events organized by the CAA facilitated to know and consolidate the experiences in different topics of common interest to the States of the hemisphere that threaten their security, as well as the identification of areas of opportunity for the professionalization of the personnel of the Armed Forces, experiences that are disseminated to the Member States of the Board, thus strengthening hemispheric collaboration and cooperation in security and defense. c. INTER-AMERICAN NAVAL CONFERENCES

1. VII INTER-AMERICAN NAVAL CONFERENCE - SPECIALIZED IN INTEROPERABILITY (IANC-SI)

- 15 - It was held from September 9 to 13, in Salinas, Republic of Ecuador, with the assistance of representatives of ten of the nineteen Navies Members of the IANC (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, States United of America, Mexico, Peru and Uruguay); two observer organizations also attended: the Inter- American Defense Board and the Inter-American Network of Naval Communications. The topics discussed at the conference were: i. Interoperability. ii. Fight against criminal activities such as drug trafficking and illegal mining. iii. Disaster response operations. iv. Humanitarian Aid Operations.

The topics of discussion were oriented to the analysis of operations of response to different situations, such as the fight against illicit and the transfer of humanitarian aid through naval forces formed by units of different navies, seeking to complement their capabilities through the standardization of procedures and reports that facilitate this joint effort.

2. XII INTER-AMERICAN NAVAL CONFERENCE - SPECIALIZED IN INTELLIGENCE DIRECTORS (IANC-DI).

This conference was held from September 23 to 27, in Bogotá Colombia, with the assistance of representatives of sixteen members of the IANC (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Canada, Chile, El Salvador, Ecuador, States United States of America, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic and Uruguay). The topics discussed at the Conference were: i. Illegal fishing not declared and unregulated. ii. Maritime and river combat against drug trafficking. iii. Maritime domain awareness. iv. Use of conventional weapons for intelligence operations. The topics discussed are of common interest to the Armed Forces of the countries that make up the conference, threats and concerns of the hemisphere require constant cooperation and integration of efforts and capacities, which are favored with these conferences where they share relevant experiences and information. in the fight against such illicit.

- 16 - The IADB's attendance at these conferences allowed it to participate in the exchange of ideas, knowledge and understanding of the maritime problems that are common to the states of the hemisphere, in addition to favoring inter-institutional relations with the navies of the Americas, promoting the solidarity and hemispheric cooperation. d. CONFERENCE OF AMERICAN AIR CHIEFS (CONJEFAMER)

The LIX Conference of American Air Chiefs was held in San Salvador, El Salvador, from June 17 to 21, with the participation of the Commanders of the Air Forces members of Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, United States of America, Guatemala, Guyana, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, Dominican Republic and Uruguay. The topics that were addressed were: 1. Air routes employed by transnational organized crime. 2. Training in aeronautical communications. 3. Manual of joint air operations. This event brought together representatives of 20 Air Forces of the Americas, the Inter-American Defense Board and the Inter-American Air Force Academy. The objective was to strengthen ties with these institutions, as well as military and defense technical cooperation, as well as to promote the exchange of experiences, mainly for the planning of Air Operations in support of nations that need immediate assistance due to disasters. Having attended the LIX Conference of American Air Chiefs, allowed the IADB to establish meetings of understanding to promote cooperation and strengthen ties of friendship with the Air Forces of the Continent, which integrally benefit the Board by sharing experience in issues of common interest, considering this a strategic factor for the development of our institution. e. CENTRAL AMERICAN ARMED FORCES CONFERENCE (CFAC)

The XLI Ordinary Meeting of the Superior Council of the CFAC was held in Managua, Nicaragua from November 19 to 22, with the presence of the Superior Council of the CFAC of the Member Countries of Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Dominican Republic, as observer countries attended Mexico, Canada, China (Taiwan), Spain, United States, Belize, Great Britain and Brazil, the IADB as an observer military organization and the Central American Parliament. The work agenda was based on the following thematic axes: 1. Confronting emerging threats (drug trafficking, terrorism, illegal arms trafficking, extra-regional irregular migration, human trafficking and criminal organizations).

- 17 - 2. Axis of humanitarian aid support operations (Report on the activities and operations carried out by the Humanitarian Rescue Units - CFAC). 3. Axis of Institutional Cooperation and Development (consolidated report of courses of the Regional Centers of the CFAC and report of the fulfillment of the Exchange Program in the area of education and training). 4. Environmental Management (report of activities carried out in compliance with the CFAC Plan for the Protection and Preservation of the Environment and Natural Resources). 5. Specialized Activities. Consolidated report of the face-to-face and virtual Specialized Activities of the CFAC. 6. Miscellaneous matters. i. Proposed Schedule of Military Integration Events for the Commemoration of the Bicentennial of the Independence of Central America 1821–2021. ii. Proposal for the Declaration of the XLI Regular Meeting of the Superior Council of the CFAC and presentation of the Proposal for the General Schedule of Activities of the CFAC, 2020. The Conference emphasized that the main threats to the countries of the region persist: drug trafficking, transnational organized crime and related crimes as a result of the growing demand for drugs in the north of the continent. Likewise, the “maras” and other gangs continue to pose a serious threat to Guatemala, Honduras and El Salvador, which generate the increase in violence actions due to drug trafficking structures. Similarly, environmental effects are identified in border areas of the region resulting from illegal mining. For the foregoing, the IADB will continue to participate and follow up on regional and sub regional security and defense conferences, in order to keep updated on the doctrinal issue, as well as the progress and lessons learned in the matter, the above for timely dissemination to the Member Countries of the Board, contributing to the strengthening of cooperation and cooperation in defense and security in the states of the hemisphere.

f. LINK WITH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS AND THINK TANKS

The Inter-American Defense Board, through the Division of Hemispheric Cooperation, in compliance with the OAS mandate to “continue seeking collaboration agreements with academic institutions, in accordance with the proposal of the IADB 13/2014, in order to create a network that supports the Board in the preparation of studies and other projects of interest to the Member States”, signed the following collaboration agreement:

- 18 - Technical Cooperation Agreement between the Inter-American Defense Board represented by the Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the IADB and the Superior Institute for Defense (INSUDE) of the Dominican Republic, held on March 26, 2019. It should be noted that the Said agreement is for a period of 5 years. By virtue of the constant link between different Defense and Security entities in the hemisphere, the IADB maintained coordination with think tanks, strategic studies and international organizations inviting them to share analytical, research, studies or journalistic articles produced by military or police, scholars and academics on strategic issues, of great interest to the Organization of American States in order to strengthen common policies, with which it is sought that a wider audience be reached and that the products supplied can be shared. In this regard, the IADB is in the process of formalizing a technical cooperation framework agreement with the University of the Armed Forces of Ecuador, as well as with the Superior War College of Colombia, maintaining its interest in increasing its relations for the benefit of the organization. For this reason, the Board has carried out activities to reach agreements with different international organizations and regional think tanks.

G. IN TERMS OF EDUCATION

a. FORMAL EDUCATION IN THE INTER-AMERICAN DEFENSE COLLEGE (IADC).

1. GENERAL

In 2019, the Inter-American Defense College continued to perform the specific function assigned to it as an educational organ of the IADB, in accordance with article 3, paragraph b, of the corresponding Statutes.

Regarding licensing as a higher education entity for the granting of master's degrees, the IADC complied with the requirements demanded by the Higher Education Licensure Commission (HELC), by which the College was granted a permanent operating license. This is a remarkable achievement and places the IADC in an elite group of permanent licenses issued by DC-HELC. Simultaneously, the Inter-American Defense College successfully underwent an audit for the re- accreditation of the Accrediting Council for Independent Colleges and Schools (ACICS). This re-accreditation has to be completed every three years.

As part of its strategic vision and focused on the permanent search to improve the quality of its processes, the IADC posed the challenge of obtaining accreditation with the agency called "Middle States Commission on Higher Education" (MSCHE) The IADC was declared a candidate for accreditation in 2018, so it continued this

- 19 - process and developed a comprehensive self-study during 2019. This positioned the IADC for a peer review visit during 2020. A fact of relevance is the opening of the College to staff of the delegations accredited to the IADB and to the staff of the Secretariat that meet the academic requirements necessary to attend the elective courses, as a way to disseminate knowledge on Defense issues and Hemispheric Security Regarding the Master's program in Sciences on Security and Inter-American Defense, this has been characterized by permanently reflecting the observance of institutional values, a fact that has made it possible to guarantee the quality of graduates. In this way, Class 58 concluded the program in June, subsequently starting academic activities with Class 59 in July. Below are some demographics of both classes: i. Class 58 graduated on June 26, 2019, with 61 students as a teacher, 2 students with a diploma and 4 students with a certificate of participation. This promotion represented 14 OAS countries and included 46 military, 14 police and 7 civilians, including 6 women. ii. Class 59 began in July 2019. This group, with 58 students, represents 13 OAS countries and includes 40 military, 12 police and 6 civilians, including 7 women. The IADC continues to focus its efforts on the recruitment process to increase diversity in terms of nationality, professional training, culture, language and gender. The support in this aspect of the Ambassadors to the OAS and of the Heads of Delegation to the IADB has proved to be of great value. The experience of the IADC shows that diversity within the academic community provides benefits during the learning process, enriches the knowledge acquired and favors the establishment and consolidation of professional relationships amongst all students in the master's program. The table shows a demographic comparison of the last five Classes at the beginning of the academic year:

Class Students Countries Military Policemen Civilians Women 59 58 13 40 12 06 07 58 69 15 46 15 08 07 57 68 16 45 12 11 10 56 64 17 49 10 05 07 55 62 12 43 08 11 09

2. ACADEMIC ACTIVITIES OF THE IADC.

The academic activities programmed in 2019 were developed in accordance with what was established and approved for Class 58 and also with what is established in

- 20 - the current accreditation guidelines. The academic year was divided into two semesters, as detailed below: i. The first semester offered an introduction to the theory and academic history of the relevant issues of Defense and Inter-American Security. This semester allowed to lay the foundations for the important basic knowledge that was required by the students to better understand the actors, processes and relationships that are part of the Inter-American System and what are the factors that contribute to its operation and also to its questioning. ii. In the second semester, once the students mastered the theoretical foundations of the program, important conceptual tools were provided. They carried out practical exercises and gained experience in the field. This helped them to apply their knowledge on issues and challenges currently facing defense and security communities in the Americas. They also learned the methodologies applied in the analysis of policies at the regional and global levels. It is important to note that the program included a series of seminars, conferences, committees and working groups that provide the student with a broad view of the course, allowing them to complement and optimize learning through participation in all activities. The invited speakers of the strategic level included former presidents, ambassadors in active and retiring service, ministers of state, chiefs of the Armed Forces and outstanding academics. Details of the IADC Academic Program, including conferences, seminars, workshops, simulation exercises and study trips for Class 58 are found in Annex A of this report.

3. EXTERNAL INTERACTION OF THE IADC.

During the year, the IADC developed a series of activities and publications specifically designed to provide the opportunity for the Ambassadors to the OAS, the Heads of Delegation of the IADB and the continent community within the framework of their external interaction, developing mainly seminars, conferences and publications as means to interact with the countries of the hemisphere in security and defense. i. Publications It is important to note that, within the objectives proposed by the Inter- American Defense College, in order to strengthen our academic program in defense and security, the IADC made several publications during this year, which contribute significantly in the analysis of the security and hemispheric defense issues.

- 21 - On this occasion, the IADC places its recent publications on topics of regional interest within the reach of the hemispheric community: (A). Hemisphere annual publication, constituting this the main publication of the IADC, which includes several articles of importance in the field of security and defense, becoming an indispensable tool for the strategic field in defense and security. (B). Cyber Security and Defense, the result of the “Seminar on Defense and Cyber Security”, developed at the IADC (Nov. 6 and 7, 2019) promotes the development of Cyber Defense policies and strategies, strengthening cooperation mechanisms in Cyber Defense throughout the hemisphere. (C). Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, also the result of the “Seminar on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law” held at the IADC (Dec. 17-20, 2019), in consideration of the problems and importance of Human Rights and International Law Humanitarian that affect the hemisphere, this publication welcomes the thinking of several experts in the field for the critical analysis of our regional community. Compendium of publications that becomes part of the continuous effort to provide updated information of interest to our professional community. Academic material that is available in the following links: Inter-American Defense College: http://iadc.edu/es Academic program: http://iadc.edu/es/academic-program Publications: http://publications.iadc.edu Academic Magazine "Hemisphere": http://publications.iadc.edu/hemisferio ii. Seminars and conferences (A). World Situation Conference from January 15 to 18. (B). Seminar on Complex Emergencies and Large-scale Disasters from February 5 to 8. (C). Hemispheric Situation Conference from April 9 to 12. (D). Seminar on Peacekeeping Operations from April 1 to 5. (E). Class 58 Graduation Ceremony, on June 26 in the main hall of the OAS (Hall of the Americas). (F). Seminar on Defense and Cyber Security on November 6 and 7. Paragraph 121. c (AG/RES. 2945, XLIX-O/19). (G). Seminar on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law from December 17 to 20.

- 22 - The director of the IADC also participated in meetings and conferences both inside and outside the United States: i. Attendance at the XX Conference of Directors of Ibero-American Defense Colleges, held in the Dominican Republic from October 6 to 12. ii. On November 20, the presentation of the Cooperation Agreement signed between the OAS General Secretariat through the Department of Human Development, Education and Employment and the IADB, in support of the Inter- American Defense College. This agreement considers various opportunities for collaboration in the area of education and professional development in hemispheric security and defense, including the opportunity for students from OAS member states attending the Master’s in the IADC to request financial support, through the OAS scholarship program. iii. The Director made a presentation of the activities of the College to the Committee on Hemispheric Security, in compliance with the OAS mandates, especially resolution AG/RES. 2945 (XLIX-O/19) of October 24. iv. Assistance to the Pan American Union of Reserve Officers of the Armed Forces (UPORFA), held in Colombia from October 17 to 19. v. Assistance to the Seventh Meetings of Ministers of Public Security of the Americas (MISPA), held in Quito Ecuador on October 30 and 31. See Annex “A” DETAILS OF THE CLASS 58 ACADEMIC PROGRAM.

H. IN TERMS OF ADMINISTRATION AND FINANCES

a. STRATEGIC PLANNING As of 2017, the 2017-2021 IADB Strategic Plan was implemented, which includes the three organs of the board, with their derivative plans (Action and Work). The Strategic Plan in comment includes 5 strategic objectives, 14 strategies, 31 goals and 98 specific objectives for the three organs of the IADB. Analyzing the critical success factors and indicators established in the IADB Strategic Plan and the activities contained in the 2019 work plans of its organs, it can be determined that 90% of the goals established for 2019 were achieved, taking into account that the scope of these goals is affected based on the availability of financial and human resources. The percentage described indicates that the 2017-2021 Strategic Plan, the 2019-2021 Action Plan and the 2019 Annual Plan have fulfilled their function of defining and guiding the tasks of the entity for the fulfillment of its mission. However, in this analysis process, areas of opportunity for the organization were identified, since the need to readjust the organizational structure of the Secretariat was appreciated. It was

- 23 - created an area dedicated to the topic of Cyber Defense with the corresponding assignment of specialists in the field; Promoted the efficiency of institutional communication with the OAS; as well as, the IADB budget was increased to strengthen relations with international organizations of interest, improve support infrastructure and conservation of the Board’s premises. The IADB, as an OAS entity, needs to organize and permanently administer its activities in accordance with the mandates issued by its regulatory organ. For this reason, during 2019 the 2017-2021 Strategic Plan of the IADB was updated, through the strategic analysis of the organization, which allowed to know Board’s potential, risks, challenges and limitations, obtaining as a result the Strategic Plan for the 2020-2021. Congruent with this last strategic plan mentioned, the 2020-2021 Action Plans and 2020 work plans were developed and approved. It should be noted that the analysis and planning developed are consistent with the strategic vision of the OAS and its four pillars: Multidimensional Security, Integral Development, Democracy and Human Rights. Similarly, in order to guide the planning of the organism according to a methodological procedure, the Board Planning Guide was updated, which will lead, from 2020, the structuring activities of the 2022-2026 IADB Strategic Plan and derivative annual and action plans. b. ELECTORAL PROCESSES In 2019, the following electoral processes were conducted: 1. Re-election of the Vice Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the Inter-American Defense Board, Major General Carlos Humberto Castañeda Nassi, Peruvian Army, from December 1, 2019 to November 30, 2020. 2. Re-election of the Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the Inter-American Defense Board, Lieutenant General of the Luciano José Penna, Brazilian Army, from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021. 3. Re-election of the Director of the Inter-American Defense College, Major General James E. Taylor of the United States Army, from July 1, 2020 to June 30, 2022. c. FINANCIAL ASPECTS

As an OAS entity, the IADB receives a significant portion of the resources of this organization. However, funds have been systematically reduced in recent years, as shown in the figure below.

- 24 -

In addition, the compulsory expenses of the IADB represent more than half of the approved budget. This reduction had a negative impact on the development of Board’s activities during 2019. The regular resources allocated to the IADB in 2019 were US$ 962,400.00. This value corresponds only to 28% of the requested budget. It is important to note that, in 2019, 62% of the budget was set in support of personnel expenses and contracts, whose payments are mandatory and may result in legal charges to the organization if they are not met. The commitments in personnel and contractual expenses of the “Casa del Soldado”, meant that 81% of the resources allocated for the fulfillment of a single mandate was spent, namely the administration of the IADB. On the other hand, the fulfillment of the remaining mandates has been compromised and they had to be executed with only 19% of the total resources allocated. To streamline the exercise of allocated resources, activities and programs were prioritized, amongst them: 1. Operation of the Inter-American Defense College. 2. Preventive investment and corrective maintenance of the building, in addition to implementing an expense rationing program. In addition to the resources of the OAS regular fund, resources were received as budgetary reinforcement that allowed the execution of projects in the Board building, as indicated below: 1. The amount of US$ 36,700.00 that was used for roof repair. 2. An amount of US$ 20,416.00 was destined to replace the telephone system. In addition to the budget reinforcements received, other sources of financing were obtained during 2019:

- 25 - 1. The delegation of Canada donated US$ 38,415.08 to strengthen the IADB budget. 2. The Foundation of the IADB transferred US$ 59,200.00 to reimburse to the Subsecretariat of Administrative Services and Conferences of the Board, administrative expenses. d. INFRASTRUCTURE ASPECTS.

The “Casa del Soldado” building is a historical heritage of Washington and the government of the United States of America, which was assigned to the Organization of American States and is currently in the custody and maintenance of the Inter-American Defense Board. Regarding the structural maintenance of the building, since the funds received in recent years and in particular in 2019 have been systematically diminished, it has represented a negative impact on the development of these activities during that year. It should be noted that the last time an integral maintenance was carried out with funds authorized by the OAS was in 1986. The limited resources led to the need to prioritize the structural maintenance activities of the building. The activities most affected by the limitation of these resources were the integral repair of the roof to avoid continuous moisture leakage, as well as the modernization of the air conditioning and heating systems, the water pipe and the electrical system. Based on an approved budget for maintenance tasks of US$ 80,885.00 plus an addition of US$ 36,700.00, a program of US$ 117,585.00 was implemented for the gradual improvement of the internal and external conservation of the Casa del Soldado. The general maintenance that was carried out is focused only on corrective actions to the physical infrastructure such as leaks in the roofs, sanitary and washbasin arrangements, changes of electric lights, rupture of pipes, arrangements of the heating and air conditioning system and the operation of their public services. See Annex “B” DETAILS ON MAINTENANCE NEEDS FOR THE “CASA DEL SOLDADO” e. HUMAN RESOURCES

With the support of the Member States, during 2019, the IADB held 93.4% of its positions, kept only 2 employees paid with regular budgetary resources and another 12 paid with specific resources, which has allowed it to fulfill the mandates assigned by the OAS to the Board. The IADB Member Countries have contributed in personnel matters, through the assignment of military and police personnel. This contribution of human resources, although not quantified in monetary terms, since the costs of support are paid by the

- 26 - countries themselves, is relevant to the Board by allowing it to have specialized personnel to fulfill its mandates and activities contained in its strategic, action and annual plans respectively. In order to reinforce the administrative activities of the IADB, the Secretariat has established a program of fellows in partnership with the Washington Center, in 2019 it received 8 fellows who served in the organization in periods of 3 months. This program has made it possible to cover some personnel deficiencies, taking advantage of their capacities in technical and administrative aspects.

IV. SUMMARY OF RELATIONS AND FORMS OF COOPERATION WITH OTHER ORGANS

A. VISITS RECEIVED AT THE “CASA DEL SOLDADO”

In 2019, the Inter-American Defense Board (IADB) received numerous visits from personalities and institutions for various purposes. Some of these were the following: a. Visit of General Ricardo Martínez Menanteau, Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army, in order to address issues of interest to that country and the Board. b. Mr. Enold Joseph, Minister of Defense of Haiti, was received to discuss the conclusion of the White Paper on Security and National Defense for Sustainable Economic and Social Development of that island country, making Haiti the 19th nation of the continent to have such document. c. On December 13, Ambassador Rita Claverie de Sciolli, Permanent Representative of Guatemala to the OAS and Chair of the Permanent Council of the OAS, with the objective of strengthening the relationship of the Board with the Presiding Council and discussing new areas of opportunity for working together. Also present was the organization "Washington Center", which reaffirmed its commitment to maintain the internship program for students of civil institutions, women and men of different nationalities, languages, cultures and professions. In addition, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) was able to expand its cooperation with educational organizations, by signing a technical cooperation agreement with the Higher Defense Institute of the Dominican Republic to provide technical advice for the establishment of the Center for Strategic Analysis of Security and Defense, and the Organization of American States (OAS-SEDI) through the Security and Defense Collaboration to provide greater access to high-level education, currently offered by the Inter-American Defense College, in collaboration with the Department of Human Development, Education and Employment (DHDEE) through scholarships. Several delegations were received from the Centers for Higher Military and Police Studies of several countries, such as: Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, United States of America, Honduras, Mexico and Panama; as well as representatives of security and defense organizations in the

- 27 - hemisphere, which allows the dissemination of democratic knowledge, experience and values, further strengthening inter-institutional relations between Member States.

B. PARTICIPATION IN WORK MEETINGS

a. On March 22, the communication sent by the Chancellor of Ecuador in the United States of America was delivered to the IADB in which he informed that his country rejoins this entity, given the importance of Ecuador’s participation in this hemispheric forum, in in line with its renewed international action in the current global and regional context, becoming the twenty-eighth member state of the Board. b. On March 28, the Vice Chairman of the Council of Delegates presented to the CHS at the OAS facilities, the progress made in the implementation of paragraphs 150, 152 and 153 of resolution AG/RES. 2925 (XLVIII-O/18), related to the database to respond to disasters and the Improved IADB Plan for Advisory Services in Disaster Response within the Inter-American System. c. On May 16, at the OAS facilities in Washington DC, a meeting was held with Mr. Ambassador Luis Almagro Lemes, Secretary General of such organization, where issues related to the functioning of the Inter-American Defense Board were discussed, as well as the progress in the fulfillment of the mandates given by the OAS to this Board. d. On June 7, a meeting was held at the facilities of the Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction of the OAS, where the possibility of hurricane involvement in some countries of the region was discussed. Likewise, the results of exercises, conferences and seminars related to natural disasters were sent to the General Secretariat and the CHS of the OAS in order to contribute to the strengthening of CIRDN. e. The Chairman of the Council of Delegates attended the 49th General Assembly of the OAS, in Medellín, Colombia, from June 25 to 28, with the objective that Member Countries reflect on the adjustments that have to be introduced in the hemispheric system so that it remains valid, adapting to the new challenges, needs and challenges. f. The IADB Leadership convinced that the promotion and protection of human rights contributes to strengthening the effectiveness of conflict prevention and management and peace after them, in September, promoted the rapprochement with the International Red Cross, with the purpose of establishing agreements on International Humanitarian Law issues and designing a calendar that allows the updating and participation of the Member Countries of the organization. g. On September 23 and October 18, the Director General of the IADB Secretariat met with Dr. Farah Diva Urrutia, Secretary of Multidimensional Security of the OAS, in order to strengthen relations and analyze best work practices between both institutions.

- 28 - h. On October 24, the Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the Inter-American Defense Board presented the Work Plan for the period 2019-2020 to the CHS. i. On November 26, at the OAS facilities, the Chairman of the Council of Delegates, the Director General of the Secretariat and the Director of the IADC met with Ambassador José Manuel Boza Orozco, Permanent Representative of Peru to the OAS and Chairman of the Committee on Hemispheric Security. j. Regarding Cybersecurity, on December 10, the Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the IADB held a meeting with the Minister of Defense of Peru, which allowed strengthening ties between the Ministry of Defense and the Board, in addition to addressing aspects of coordination and planning of a cyber defense conference during the year 2020 in Peru. k. The procedures are maintained to the IADB Member Countries so that they continue to designate personnel to increase the number of members of the GMI-CO, upon request of the Department of the SMS/OAS. l. Various work meetings were held at the OAS facilities, mainly with those responsible or personnel in the areas of the Committee on Hemispheric Security, Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security, Secretariat for Integral Development and Delegations of OAS Member Countries, with the objective of coordinating activities in their respective areas and related to the fulfillment of the mandates of the OAS General Assembly to the IADB.

C. PARTICIPATION IN CONFERENCES, EXERCISES, SEMINARS AND OTHER EVENTS

a. Attendance of the Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the IADB to the Seminar of Complex Emergencies and Large-scale Disasters, on February 7 at the Inter-American Defense College, in which he made a presentation on “Efforts of the IADB to increase regional capacities for respond to natural disasters”.

b. On February 15, protocol meeting with Mr. Iván Duque Márquez, President of the Republic of Colombia and with Mr. Lorenzo Guillermo Botero Nieto, Minister of Defense of Colombia, in Bogotá, Colombia. In turn, Mr. President was thanked for the support on cyber defense issues and for the support and commitment of the Colombian Military Forces in the training of military personnel in Humanitarian Demining, as well as the execution and good results of it.

c. From August 19 to 23, the IADB Leadership attended the South American Defense Conference in Brazil. The central theme of the Conference was “Regional Cooperation in the Area of Defense in Response to Hemispheric Challenges”; In addition, the situation in Venezuela, humanitarian assistance to refugees, ways to combat transnational threats and responses to natural disasters were discussed. The event was

- 29 - attended by the Minister of Defense of Brazil, the Chiefs of Defense of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname and Uruguay, as well as the Commander of the Southern Command of the United States. d. On September 28, the IADB Leadership made a presentation at the OAS on government and military activities carried out by Brazil with the aim of combating deforestation and fires in the Amazon. e. From November 4 to 8, attendance at the Conference of American Armies, a space in which issues that concern the security of the hemisphere were discussed. f. On November 11, participation in the permanent session of the OAS council, the issues discussed were the challenges of narcoterrorism to institutionalism and democracy and the activation of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in Venezuela. g. From November 13 to 15, participation of the IADB Leadership in the Caribbean Security Conference (CANSEC) held in Miami, Florida. Some of the issues addressed at the conference were humanitarian assistance, regional security objectives and the Annual Multinational Security Exercise "Tradewinds". h. From November 19 to 22 in Nicaragua, the Board participated as an observer organ in the XLI Regular Meeting of the Superior Council of the Central American Armed Forces Conference. i. On November 21, the IADB Leadership participated in the conference on the role of the Armed Forces for Security and Defense, presenting the theme “Strengthening Cooperation in Cyber Defense in the Western Hemisphere”, held at the William J. Center Perry, in Washington, DC j. On December 12, Lieutenant General Luciano José Penna, Brazilian Army, Chairman of the Council of Delegates, Major General Juan José Gómez Ruiz, Mexican Army, Director General of the IADB Secretariat, and Colonel Marco Aurelio Baldassarri, Brazilian Army, Humanitarian Demining Advisor, attended the presentation of the Annual Report of the Inter-American Defense Board to the Committee on Hemispheric Security in the Organization of American States premises. k. On December 17, the seminar on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law was attended. This event was part of the IADC academic training program in which information was shared regarding Human Rights and the three pillars of International Law: International Human Rights Law, International Humanitarian Law and International Refugee Law. Speakers from several countries, experts representing organizations related to the topic, students from Class 59 of the IADC, as well as delegations from the IADB Member Countries participated in this activity.

- 30 - See annex “C” “PHOTOGRAPHIC REPORT OF ASSISTANCE TO CONFERENCES, EXERCISES, SEMINARS AND OTHER EVENTS”.

V. MEETINGS CELEBRATED BY THE COUNCIL OF DELEGATES

The Statutes of the IADB establish that the Council of Delegates should be convened to ordinary monthly meetings, extraordinary meetings when the situation warrants and informal meetings for coordination or preparation of the previous. In this regard, the ordinary and extraordinary meetings are the official ones and each of them has as record a document whose digital copy is available at http://www.jid.org/el-consejo-de-delegados/reuniones, web portal of the IADB.

The meetings that were held, during 2019, were the following: Thursday January 24 Ordinary Meeting N° 1407 Thursday February 21 Ordinary Meeting N° 1408 Tuesday March 5 Ordinary Meeting N° 1409 Tuesday March 26 Ordinary Meeting N° 1410 Tuesday April 23 Ordinary Meeting N° 1411 Tuesday May 21 Ordinary Meeting N° 1412 Tuesday June 18 Ordinary Meeting N° 1413 Friday June 21 Extraordinary meeting Tuesday August 27 Ordinary Meeting N° 1414 Tuesday September 24 Ordinary Meeting N° 1415 Tuesday October 22 Ordinary Meeting N° 1416 Tuesday November 19 Ordinary Meeting N° 1417 Tuesday December 12 Ordinary Meeting N° 1418

VI. DRAFT RESOLUTIONS TO BE SUBMITTED TO THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY

In accordance with the results of the 2019 Work Plan and the activities that have been reported, the IADB recommends the inclusion of operative paragraphs in the next OAS General Assembly, in the corresponding resolutions.

A. IN TERMS OF THE CONFERENCE OF DEFENSE MINISTERS OF THE AMERICAS

a. Participate in the XIV Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas, which will be held in Santiago, Chile in November 2020, with the purpose of disseminating the conclusions and results obtained from the different conferences of the hemisphere in which the IADB has taken part. b. Support the Government of Chile with technical support and advisory services requested from the OAS, to contribute to the success of the XIV CMDA that will be held in November 2020. c. Continue integrating the memory of the CMDA, through the historical archive and the permanent updating of the website.

- 31 - d. Continue to publish on the websites of the IADB and the CMDA, the compendium of information on search and rescue, updated annually by the Pro-Tempore Secretariat of the CMDA. B. IN TERMS OF TECHNICAL ADVICE FOR THE HUMANITARIAN DEMINING AND FOR “THE AMERICAS AS AN ANTIPERSONNEL-LAND-MINE-FREE ZONE”

a. Disseminate the lessons learned in humanitarian demining of the countries of the hemisphere with the objective of improving the model and being able to apply it in the future with other countries or missions in the region, in order to contribute to the challenge of achieving “The Americas as an Antipersonnel-Land-Mine-Free Zone”. b. Increase participation in OAS events in technical issues of humanitarian demining and in international and regional issues, depending on the availability of financial resources, in order to strengthen relationships, update information and strengthen the technical advice of the program of Integral Action against Antipersonnel Mines in the Hemisphere (AICMA-OAS). c. Conduct supervision visits to humanitarian demining missions in Colombia to evaluate the development of the missions and tasks entrusted, as well as their performance in the field, in order to support their management and operations. d. Contribute with technical advice on humanitarian demining to the Member States of Ecuador and Peru in their effort to join the AICMA-OAS program. e. Encourage Member States through their delegates and permanent observers of the IADB to contribute to the governments of Ecuador and Peru to continue the implementation of their respective humanitarian demining programs under the Ottawa Convention.

C. IN TERMS OF MONITORING CONFIDENCE- AND SECURITY-BUULDING MEASURES (CSBM) BETWEEN THE COUNTRIES OF THE HEMISPHERE

a. Assume the management of the CSBM system with the corresponding budget. b. Include in its regulation the maintenance of annual inventories of confidence- and security-building measures in the hemisphere applied by the Member States. c. Provide the necessary technical support to the Secretariat of Multidimensional Security (SMS) of the OAS for the realization of the forum corresponding to the year 2021 on Confidence- and Security-Building Measures.

D. IN TERMS OF HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE TO NATURAL DISASTERS

a. Maintain updated the database that complements the Inter-American Network for Disaster Mitigation (RIMD) on the response capabilities of OAS Member States to respond to an emergency, the directory of contacts in case of natural disasters and agreements bilateral regulations that facilitate the response and entry of search and rescue equipment and materials into customs. b. In coordination with the Executive Secretariat of Integral Development (SEDI) of the OAS and the Executive Secretariat of the Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas

- 32 - and depending on the availability of financial resources, organize and carry out a simulation exercise on management of disasters, disaster response and humanitarian assistance operations, in order to integrate the efforts requested by the IADB by the Inter-American Committee for Natural Disaster Reduction with the efforts requested by the Executive Secretariat of the CMDA. c. Analyze and make proposals for changes to the Improved IADB Plan for Advisory Services in Disaster Response within the Inter-American System, together with regional organizations and institutions responsible for natural disaster mitigation. d. Organize a conference regarding the protection of critical infrastructure in case of disasters, depending on the availability of financial resources, based on lessons learned inside and outside the hemisphere, in order to strengthen preventive actions against similar threats. E. IN TERMS OF ATTENTION TO EMERGING THREATS AND OTHER ISSUES

a. In coordination with other organs, agencies, and entities, continue to strengthen cooperation mechanisms in cyber defense in the hemisphere, through: 1. Provide, on an ongoing basis, advisory services and technical analysis on new and persistent threats and challenges, as well as on cyber defense trends in the region; 2. Promote dialogue on common issues in cyber defense and facilitating the corresponding political, technical and analytical exchanges; and 3. Organize and/or coordinate activities on cyber defense, with other organs, agencies, and entities relevant to the OAS. b. Organize and/or coordinate with other organs, agencies, and entities relevant to the OAS, activities on Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law, to promote and strengthen their respect in the Armed and Security Forces of the hemisphere.

c. Request that the IADB with other organs, agencies, and entities relevant to the OAS organize and/or coordinate activities on Gender Integration, in order to disseminate successful experiences in the field of defense and security with a hemispheric perspective.

d. Request that the IADB with other organs, agencies and entities organize and/or coordinate activities seeking the promotion of dialogue on the changing role of the Armed Forces and their possibilities for action in the fight against transnational organized crime, in order to disseminate successful experiences, good practices and lessons learned related to the topic, in the field of defense and security, with a hemispheric perspective.

F. IN TERMS OF LINK BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT ORGANIZATIONS OF THE HEMISPHERE AND WITH OAS COUNTRIES AND INCLUSION

Participate in the Conference of Defense Ministers of the Americas (CMDA), Conference of American Armies (CAA), Inter-American Naval Conferences (IANC), System of Cooperation Among the American Air Forces (SICOFAA), Ministers of Public Security of the Americas (MISPA ), Central American Armed Forces Conference (CFAC), Caribbean Community

- 33 - (CARICOM), Caribbean Nations Security Conference (CANSEC), Central American Security Conference (CENTSEC), amongst others. For the dissemination of conclusions, results, agreements and commitments of the Armed Forces resulting from said meetings. G. IN TERMS OF EDUCATION

a. To invite the Member States, through their delegations to the Inter-American Defense Board, to document the national priorities in defense and security extension education that have been expressed to the Director of the IADC for priority; and, finance the request of an extension professor at the IADC through the general budget or national donations.

b. To congratulate the Secretariat of the Inter-American Defense Board and the Secretariat of Integral Development of the OAS, for the signing of a cooperation agreement that opens access to scholarships and financial assistance offered by the OAS to candidates from low-representation nations who wish to attend programs at the Inter-American Defense College and encourage cooperation between the OAS Department of Human Development, Education and Employment and the IADC in the area of defense and security education.

JUAN JOSÉ GÓMEZ RUIZ Major General D.E.M. Director General Secretariat of the Inter-American Defense Board

- 34 - ANNEX “A” TO THE IADB ANNUAL REPORT

CLASS 58 ACADEMIC PROGRAM DETAILS

A. GENERAL ACTIVITIES

First semester: Introduction and Theoretical Foundations.

Students received an introduction to the theory and intellectual history of different relevant issues of Inter-American Defense and Security. The semester laid the foundations of the basic critical thinking that was required for the students to better understand the actors, processes and relationships that are part of the Inter-American System and what are the mechanisms that contribute to its operation and that also serve to improve it. This content and the given context formed the theoretical foundations that led to the next semester.

The students took a study trip to New York City and another to the North American Aerospace Defense Command, to the Space Command of the United States Air Force (in Colorado Springs, Colorado), to the South Command of the United States and the Headquarters of the 7th Coast Guard District (both in Miami, Florida). Local activities in the metropolitan area of Washington D.C. included visits to the Gettysburg National Military Park, the Organization of American States, the Inter-American Defense Board, Capitol and the Pentagon. Additionally, students were provided with significant knowledge about strategic relationships and democratic institutions. These trips and practical exercises allowed students a better understanding of the institutions, history and culture of the United States that are essential for the defense and security of the Inter-American System.

Second semester: Concept of Application and Synthesis.

Once the students managed to master the theoretical basis of the program, they were provided with the conceptual and methodological tools, performed practical exercises and gained experiences in the field. These helped them apply their knowledge to the challenges and issues the defense and security community of the Americas is currently facing. The students also learned the methodologies applied in the analysis of policies at regional and global level. Throughout the academic year, they developed policies to address specific defense and security issues in relation to the assigned country of study.

The students participated in a field study in the countries of Mexico, Ecuador and Colombia, where they had the opportunity to appreciate and understand the different defense, security, diplomatic and cultural situations that are part of the Inter-American System. The knowledge acquired during these trips and other academic activities contributed to the Studies of the Countries they examined in the region (Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Haiti and Mexico). Finally, the program culminated in a Crisis Management Exercise with the collaboration of the Superior War College of Brazil that gave the students the opportunity to apply what they learned in a dynamic and complex crisis simulation. The 2018-2019 academic period ended with the global final exam where 65 students of Class 58 were submitted. The other 02 students did not participate because they were enrolled in the diploma program.

- 35 - It should be noted that the program also included a series of seminars, conferences, committees and workshops, which gave students a broader view of the course that in turn allowed them to complement and optimize their learning through participation in all activities. Among the invited speakers of strategic importance were ex-presidents, ambassadors and former ambassadors, as well as several government ministers, military commanders, and academics who were a key component in the development of the program.

Relevant Program Dates and Dates Semester Periods Start date End Date 1A: In-processing and orientation 07/03/18 08/01/18 1B:process Practical activity 08/27/18 08/31/18 First 2A: Theoretical foundations 09/05/18 12/06/19 2B: Practical activity and break 12/09/18 01/06/19 3A: Application 01/07/19 04/26/19 3B: Practical activity 04/27/19 05/11/19 Second 4A: Course Summary 05/14/19 06/24/19 4B: Graduation and Out-processing 06/25/19 06/27/19

First Semester Activities Period 1A: In-processing and Fundamentals (7 weeks). − In-processing − Advanced research and writing techniques − Intercultural communication workshop − Fundamentals of Defense and Hemispheric Security Period 1B: Practical activity (1 week). − Study trip to New York City Period 2A: Theoretical foundations (12 weeks). − International Relations and the Inter-American System − Strategic Thought of Defense and Hemispheric Security − Political Economy of Defense and Security − Multidimensional Security in the Americas: Challenges, Threats and Responses − Familiarization with the OAS and the IADB − Multidimensional Security, Cybersecurity Exercise in the OAS − Familiarization with the Gettysburg National Military Park − Country Study (Strategic Planning Methodology) − Elective (s) (4 courses offered) Period 2B: Practical activity (4 weeks).

- 36 - − Country Study (Strategic Planning Methodology) − Continental US Field Survey (CONUS) − Seminar 1 - “Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law” Second semester activities Period 3A: Theoretical and Practical (15 weeks). − Country Study (Strategic Planning Methodology) − Prospective Methodology − Committee I: Evaluation of the World Situation and Geopolitical Evaluation of the World Regions − Seminar 2 - “Complex Emergencies and Large-scale Disasters” − Conflict Analysis and Resolution − Defense and Hemispheric Security Policy − Seminar 3 - “Peacekeeping Operations” − Committee II: Conference on the Hemispheric Situation and Prospective Studies of Security, Defense and Sub regional Development − Workshop of Defense, Security and the Media − Elective (s) of the first semester [3 courses offered] Period 3B: Practical activities (2 weeks). − International Field Study (OCONUS) Period 4A: Course Synthesis (6 weeks) − Country Study (Strategic Planning Methodology and Oral Presentations) − Crisis Management, Crisis Management Simulation − Familiarization with the US Capitol − Oral Exam of the Master's Program Period 4B: Graduation and Out-processing (2 weeks) − Graduation − Out-processing

B. CONFERENCES AND SEMINARS

The Conferences and Seminars laid the foundations for the knowledge of abstract concepts of the students taught by experts in the classroom on different topics, providing them with a platform oriented towards the analysis and synthesis of practical ideas. Both activities try to incorporate the main actors and professionals in the fields of defense and security. Beginning with Class 59, the IADC will publish the results of the seminars sponsored by the College.

 Conferences

- 37 - The lectures presented students with academic background worldwide and regionally that served as support for subsequent committee work. Conferences are aimed primarily at students and therefore require greater interaction between them. The following conferences were planned and held:

o Committee 1; World Situation Conference and Geopolitical Evaluation, Regions of the World.

o Committee 2; Conference on the Hemispheric Situation and Hemispheric Evaluation and Perspectives on the Future of Defense and Hemispheric Security.

 Seminars

The IADC Seminars focused on issues of critical importance for hemispheric defense and security, whose objective was to develop understanding to be able to discern the lessons learned through reflections and experiences of experts instead of relying solely on contributions from academic studies formal. Such were:

o Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law

o Complex emergencies and large-scale disasters

o Peacekeeping Operations

C. WORKSHOPS AND SIMULATIONS

The workshops and simulations carried out allowed the students to develop their abilities to use postgraduate level analytical tools and apply abstract concepts learned in the courses through practical exercises. They covered material relevant to the objectives of the Curriculum and required more active participation by students to strengthen their learning experience. The following workshops and simulation exercise were planned and developed:

 Advanced research and writing workshop

 Intercultural Communication and Intercultural Collaboration Workshop

 Cybersecurity exercise in the OAS

 Defense, Security and Media Workshop

 Crisis Management Simulation

D. FIELD STUDIES AND VISITS

They settled the knowledge of the abstract concept learners learned in the courses through field presentations by experts in the field and institutions; having provided them with a platform oriented to analysis and synthesis based on previous experience and aimed at strengthening cultural understanding and exchange.

Field study

- 38 - The following study trips were fulfilled, both inside and outside the United States:

− New York City. (5 days)

− Continental USA (CONUS, 7 days).

− OCONUS (Mexico, Ecuador and Colombia, 15 days).

Visits

The next day visits took place in Washington, D.C. or in its surroundings.

− Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

− Headquarters of the Inter-American Defense Board, D.C.

− Headquarters of the Organization of American States, D.C.

− US Congress (Capitol), D.C.

− US Department of Defense (Pentagon), D.C.

E. EXTRACURRICULAR ACTIVITIES

Classroom instructions and field activities were complemented by a series of distinguished speakers invited by the Directorate, which covered a wide range of topics presented by senior officials throughout the region. Speakers for Class 58 included the Former President of Chile, Michelle Bachelet, Ambassador of Brazil to the OAS, Secretary General of the OAS, Former Ambassador of Venezuela, Secretary of Multidimensional Security of the OAS, Chairman of the Council of Delegates of the Inter-American Defense Board, Deputy Secretary of Narcotics of the United States, Secretary of the National Defense of Mexico, National Security Advisor of the United States, Minister of Defense of Ecuador, Ambassador of Mexico in the United States and other Diplomatic and Academic personalities.

Optional workshops were also offered for students with the objective of improving their academic skills and learning experience and providing additional assistance in library research, better techniques and study habits, and the use of digital tools such as OneNote, PDF tools, Microsoft Office, Zotero and other software programs.

- 39 - SUMMARY OF CLASS 58 ACADEMIC COURSES AND ACADEMIC CREDITS

- 40 - PHOTOS OF IADC ACTIVITIES

IADC Class 58 Complex Emergencies and Large-Scale Disasters Seminar, February 2019

IADC Class 58 Crisis Management Exercise, June 2019 IADC Class 58 Field Study: Ecuador, May 2019

- 41 -

IADC Class 58 Graduation Ceremony, June 2019

Class 59 Welcome event with IADB Delegates, September 2019

- 42 - IADC celebrates 57th Anniversary, October 2019

IADC Permanent License DC-HELC, September 2019

- 43 - ANNEX “B” TO THE IADB ANNUAL REPORT

DETAILS ON THE MAINTENANCE NEEDS FOR THE “CASA DEL SOLDADO”

I. SUBJECT

Information on the conditions in which the facilities of the Inter-American Defense Board (“La Casa del Soldado”) are located.

II. GENERAL INFORMATION OF THE “CASA DEL SOLDADO”

A. LOCATION

It is located on the grounds located between 16th Street and Euclid Street, Washington D.C.

B. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

a. The Sixteenth Street mansion was opened in 1906, being initially occupied by the Jewish statesman and philanthropist Mr. Oscar Straus, and later by the lawyer of the Columbia Law School Mr. Franklin Mac Veagh.

b. The “Casa del Soldado” building is registered as a historical site in the National Register of Historic Places (NARA) database under reference no 91000916 and with no 199,010 of the National Park Service with the name of Pink Palace, given by its first owners Mr. John Brooks Henderson and Mrs. Mary Foote Henderson.

c. The structure of the building was conceived in Venetian Gothic style with the exterior facade in pink by the architect Oscar Totten Jr. in 1905, being a unique sample within the styles that characterize the buildings in Washington D.C.

d. In August 1949, the Inter-American Defense Board moved to the facilities of the “Palacio Rosado" at the corner of 16th Street and Euclid Street, where it held its first meeting on October 11, 1949.

e. Based on resolution CP/RES. 417 (590/84), of November 1, 1984, the Permanent Council of the OAS carried out the remodeling of the facilities, being completed in 1986. The color of the façade was changed to ivory white and the building acquired the designation "Casa del Soldado" from that moment onwards.

f. In 2010, the Euro Design Solutions company of Alexandria, Virginia, presented a comprehensive project to recover the building taking into account its historical heritage character, for a total value of US$ 2,860,000.00 and with a year duration. This value includes restoration, renovation of exteriors, modernization of interiors and change of HVAC-electric-hydraulic systems.

- 44 - g. The most critical factor that has been communicated regarding the preservation of the facilities is related to an integral repair of the roof of the entire building, for which there is a record provided by the company Sunrise Commercial Services on August 29, 2018 for a value of US$ 331,905.80 to remove and replace covers, and repair leaks in roof assemblies.

III. CURRENT SITUATION

A. Because the building is 113 years old, the physical structure of the soldier's house and its HVAC systems, electrical and hydraulic, are worn, which makes the repairs carried out to be very expensive and the limited budget that is allocated is not sufficient to preserve the building in optimum safety and operating conditions.

B. Despite the actual and updated budget projections to cover the maintenance needs that are sent annually to the Organization of American States, the fiscal allocation has been gradually decreasing as evidenced by the substantial variation of US$ 80,885.00 of 2019 to $ 69,000.00 by 2020.

IV. ACTIONS TAKEN

A. Frequent inspections have been carried out at the facilities to detect structural failures that could affect the operation of public services (water, electricity, gas, leaks, water leaks, etc.).

B. Studies and projects have been carried out to carry out the total change of the roof, in order to avoid water leakage and minimize collateral damage to other areas inside, which have been executed within budget limits.

C. Maintenance work for US$ 117,585.00, which have been prioritized, according to the damage that they could cause as well as the effect they would have on the safety of the personnel that fulfill their functions in the “Casa del Soldado” and of the visitors.

D. A culture of preventive maintenance has been generated amongst officers working in the premises so as to preserve the infrastructure to the fullest within the real possibilities the available budget allows.

E. In order to preserve the physical integrity of the people working in the IADB, an evacuation plan has been designed and practiced in case of a structural collapse or a fire in the electrical or HVAC system, which is integrated in turn with the acquisition of an alarm system interconnected with the fire department.

F. The Undersecretary of Administrative Affairs and Conferences with its Logistics, Finance and Telematics Divisions has been making a substantial effort to optimize the allocated resources and try to keep the IADB's facilities in operation and preserve the integrity of its occupants, however the budget limitation does not allow to fully satisfy existing needs.

- 45 - V. PHOTOGRAPH REGISTRATION

A. Damage to the structure.

Picture # 1 - Roof cover leaks. Picture # 2 - Infiltration in the hydraulic system

Picture # 3 - Leaking roof plates. Picture # 4 - Moisture fallen ceilings.

Picture # 5 - Obsolete HVAC System Pipe. Picture # 6 - Obsolete HVAC System Motors.

- 46 -

Picture # 7 - Deteriorated hydraulic network. Picture # 8 - Windows and frames damaged.

Picture # 9 - Roof leaks. Picture #10 - Infiltration on walls.

Picture #11 - Cracked offices. Picture #12 - Fallen Dry Wall.

- 47 -

Picture #13 - External wall cracks. Picture #14 - Rotten External Gutters.

B. Maintenance and actions performed.

Picture #15 Minor roof repairs. Picture #16 Bathroom repairs.

Pictures #17 and 18 Ceiling and crown molding repairs.

- 48 -

Pictures #19 and 20 Façade washing.

Pictures #21 and 22 Repair and wall painting.

Pictures #23 and 24 Manufacture and installation of air conditioning engines.

- 49 -

Pictures #25 and 26 Repairs in the air conditioning system modules.

- 50 - ANNEX “C” TO THE IADB ANNUAL REPORT

“PHOTO REPORT OF ASSISTANCE TO CONFERENCES, EXERCISES, SEMINARS AND OTHER EVENTS”

Assistance to the Seminar of Complex Emergencies and Large-scale Disasters

Meeting with the President of the Republic of Colombia

- 51 -

Meeting with the OAS Secretary General

Assistance to 49th OAS General Assembly

- 52 -

Leadership Meeting of the IADB with the Commander in Chief of the Chilean Army

Assistance to the South American Defense Conference

- 53 -

Presentation to the OAS of the Work Plan of the IADB 2020

Assistance to the Conference of American Armies

- 54 -

Participation in the Caribbean Security Conference

Lecture of a conference at the William J. Perry Center

- 55 -