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The Taxonomy, Zoogeography and Aspects of the Ecology of The

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The Taxonomy, Zoogeography and Aspects of the Ecology of The PART II ECOLOGICAL STUDIES 9 a() 1 3 _ A 7002 2970010B 183 Foreword to Part II As stated in Chapter 1, the second part of this dissertation entails the description of ecological studies at a site in eastern Tasmania. In these chapters, as in the entire work, the use and expression of units is as recommended in "Style manual for authors, editors and printers of Australian Government publications" (third edition, Commonwealth of Australia, 1978). Abbreviations and symbols used are as follows: number in sample S.D. standard deviation Student's t 2 X chi-squared d.f. degrees of freedom probability n.s. not significant at the level p=0.05 significant at the level p=0.05 ** significant at the level p=0.01 *** significant at the level p=0.001 Other abbreviations and symbols are explained in the text. 184 CHAPTER FIVE ENVIRONMENT A description of the Anglers Creek study site: methods, results and discussion. Section 5.1 Location and Access 2 The study site chosen was an area of about 3000 m of low closed-forest (Specht, 1970) near Anglers Creek, on Moaners Tier, 3 km southeast of Tooms Lake and 17 km from the east coast of Tasmania (Figure 5.1 and Plate 5.1). The Jurassic dolerite intrusions in east- ern Tasmania have given rise to a series of low plateaus, or tiers (Davies, 1965). Moaners Tier is a smaller example which rises to 750 in near the study site, which is at an altitude of 600 m. There 0 is a northerly slope of 5 in the study area, of which no part is closer than 20 in to Anglers Creek. The creek itself is small at this point, and is reduced to a string of pools after dry summer weather. Tasmanian Pulp and Forest Holdings, Limited, are holders of the concession to timber in the Anglers Creek area. A road built by this company provided access to the study site, as the site was near a side- branch of the main road (road "M"). This side road, Tower Road, bounded an area set aside by T.P. & F.H. as a flora reserve, and although clear- felling took place nearby (Plate 5.1), the study site, which was in the reserve, was not threatened. Section 5.2 Climate The climate at the study site could be classified on a global basis, as temperate maritime (Bureau of Meteorology, 1979), while by Tasmanian standards, the area has mild temperatures and fairly low rain- fall. Mean temperatures in January and June are 13.8°C and 4.4 °C res- pectively at Lake Leake Chalet, 25 km to the north (Commonwealth Bureau Figure 5.1 Section of Little Swanport 1:100 000 sheet (no. 8413, edition 2) showing Tooms Lake area and Anglers Creek study site (black star). Solid black line indicates route of logging road "M" and side branch. Location of Tooms Lake shown in Figure 4.1. U s•- t 446. , • S , 1 s 144- 2 / ot' - -,-' ' I I/ --- 04. • Pigeon wood ---NN Hill or Do • 459 Goatrotk Hill MerediiN. • 476 K, Hi Daylight B.re. Hill Sup/ al _ S tla flaestel Mit MOUNT •/ • 495 TOOMS Buxtons / Lookout va. LAKE Goannn Hill 4 464• cress CY'l° 1, Wilsons .6! - loel SAN CTUA Barren -t .1f Sassafras Hill 296 Des,/ Hills She Oak Bonk PONT ypoo, Ptrs '5vfalso'617-- SWAN/Don •mu.)an41. RIE/ER Littlo Swontiort Black Jacks islands f;:#g)-. Hill r, WAN:. rON Creek c Plate 5.1 Aerial photograph of Anglers Creek area, November 1979 (scale 1:8000). Rectangle indicates location of study site. • • Plate 5.2 Aerial photograph of Anglers Creek area during 1967. Rectangle indicates location of study site. ilipartment Photographic Section 134 Macquarie Street 185 of Meteorology records). The mean annual precipitation at Tooms Lake is 665 mm, falling in an average 158 raindays spread fairly evenly through the year. The driest and wettest months are January (41 mm) and July (73 mm) res- pectively. Figure 5.2 shows the average distribution of precipitation (Tooms Lake) and temperature (Lake Leake Chalet) throughout the year. Precipitation at Toms Lake during the period of study (1976-1977) is shown in Figure 5.3. Snow falls occasionally in winter but rarely settles, while frosts are quite frequent during the winter months. During the study period, certain parameters of microclimate were measured at the Anglers Creek area. Section 5.3 Temperature Measurement These data were collected in three different ways. A Grant Instruments Model D, 9-channel automatic temperature recorder was used to compare the diurnal temperature cycles in different microhabitats. The temperature at the soil-litter interface, where most amphipods are found, was monitored by maximum-minimum thermometer and by a sucrose inversion method. (a) Diurnal cycle Four thermistor probes were set up at Anglers Creek, at 20 am above ground in a shaded position, on the litter surface, under the litter, and at a depth of 10 cm in the soil. The recorder was run for one week in March 1976, and Figure 5.4 shows the plotted results for 14 March, a warm autumn day following a warm period. The small diurnal variation of litter and soil temperatures is clearly shown, while the litter surface, as would be expected, is more strongly influenced by the air temperature. It should be noted that the total diurnal fluc- tuation in air in the forest at Anglers Creek shown here is less than that recorded at the weather station at Lake Leake, where the maximum o o was 23.1 C and .the minimum 6.3 C. It is most probable that this effect qoii 'AboT alooq ow SL 6T -L S6T ) (r) 0 0 0-3 rt- IT PJ UT QJ aN p aq oNuq Z 'S alrIBTa 0 ▪ Average rainfall CD 0 w looms Lake(mm) ▪ Ul ▪ ----I CO Average temperature Ul CD Lake Leake( U1 ° C ) 1975 1976 48 - 46 - 44 - 42 - 40 - 38 - 36 - 34 - 32 - 30 - 28 - 26 - TO 16 - 8 - 6 - 4 1,I I I h I ( II iI II I II I L i ii L 1... I DEC NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OC T NOV 38 1977 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 71 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 2 I ii 1J. I ,. ii .. .1. , ii I. 11. [I .1 • • P.. I hi. JAN FEB MAR APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC Figure 5.3 (both pages) Daily rainfall recorded at Tooms Lake during study period, from Bureau of Meteorology records. ■IN • • II --;77:11 um, ■ o air, shaded 9 - • litter surface 8- o litter 7- ▪ soil, 1 cm 6- I II I I I I I I I I II 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Time of day (h) Figure 5.4 Hourly temperature measurements in selected positions at Anglers Creek study site on 14 March 1976. 186 is due mainly to the insulating effect of forest canopy (Geiger, 1961). (b) Maximum-minimum temperature measurements A Zeal maximum-minimum thermometer was sunk slightly into the soil in the study area leaving the bulb at soil surface level, and the litter was replaced over it. This was read monthly or more frequently and the results are shown in Figure 5.5. Cc) Sucrose inversion method This method of temperature integration was first developed by Pallmann et al. (1940) and further refined by Berthet (1960), while Lee (1969) has outlined some of its limitations. Basically, an integrated temperature value for a period of time is obtained by measuring the extent to which a sucrose solution has hydrolysed, when exposed for a known number of days in the field. The speed of this reaction in a solution of a certain concentration is dependent on pH and temperature.. The pH is known because the prepared solutions are buffered, and the degree of hydrolysis after exposure is determined by measuring the change in the optical rotation of the solution as the sucrose hydrolyses to invert sugar. An integrated temperature or "ecological mean temperature" T e (Berthet, 1960) is calculated from the change in rotation. This is thought to be a more meaningful figure in the context of ecological studies than the standard mean temperature, because the temperature quotient (Q10 ) of the reaction is 4.8 (Lee, 1969) and thus in the range of that of many life processes (2 to 6). Lee points out, however, that simply because this reaction and biological reactions have exponential temperature functions, a simple relationship between those functions does not necessarily exist. Still, the sucrose inversion method appears to be a better indicator of integrated biological activity than the standard mean (Berthet, 1960), as well as being cheap and ideal for use 187 in an area remote from weather stations. It has been used in this study for those reasons. Test tubes were filled with 20 mL of the buffered sucrose solution (the "fast solution" . of Berthet, 1960) and kept at -20 °C until needed. Two tubes were placed at the soil-litter interface at Anglers Creek monthly or more frequently and a control tube was taken into the field, thawed with the field tube and returned to the freezer, to account for inversion occurring during transport. Exposed tubes were refrozen until analysed. Measurement of the optical rotation of the sucrose solutions was performed using a Bellingham and Stanley Model D2 polarimeter. Te was calculated for each interval of exposure and these temperatures are shown in Figure 5.5, with maximum and minimum readings for the same periods.
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