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Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines and Mast Cells: Activation and Inhibition

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Interleukin-1 Family Cytokines and Mast Cells: Activation and Inhibition JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL REGULATORS & HOMEOSTATIC AGENTS Vol. 33, no. 1, 1-6 (2019) EDITORIAL ,17(5/(8.,1)$0,/<&<72.,1(6$1'0$67&(//6 $&7,9$7,21$1',1+,%,7,21 C.E. GALLENGA 1, F. PANDOLFI , A. CARAFFA 3, S.K. KRITAS 4, G. RONCONI 5, E. TONIATO 6, S. MARTINOTTI 6 and P. CONTI 1Department of Biomedical Sciences and Specialist Surgery, Section of Ophthalmology, University of Ferrara, Italy; 2’ La Cattolica ‘ University, Rome, Italy; 3School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy; 4Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece; 5UOS Clinica dei Pazienti del Territorio, Policlinico Gemelli, Rome, Italy; 6Department of Medical, Oral and Biotechnological Sciences, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy; 7Immunology, Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy Received Decmber 2, 2018 – Accepted January 9, 2019 7KLVHGLWRULDOIRFXVHVRQUHFHQWSURJUHVVUHSRUWVRQPDVWFHOOV 0&V DQG,/IDPLO\F\WRNLQHVLQWKH G\QDPLFVRILQÀDPPDWLRQ0&VDUHFHOOVRIKDHPDWRSRLHWLFGHULYDWLRQWKDWPDWXUHDQGUHVLGHLQDOPRVW DOOYDVFXODUL]HGWLVVXHV0&VDUHDSRWHQWLDOVRXUFHRIF\WRNLQHVDQGFKHPRNLQHVZKLFKSDUWLFLSDWHLQ DOOHUJLF UHDFWLRQV DQG LQÀDPPDWLRQ$FWLYDWHG 0&V VHFUHWH D QXPEHU RI FRPSRXQGV LQFOXGLQJ SUR LQÀDPPDWRU\F\WRNLQHV0&V FDQEHDFWLYDWHGE\,J(WKURXJK LWVUHFHSWRU)FH5,EXW DOVRE\7ROO OLNH UHFHSWRUV 7KH\ FDQ EH D WDUJHW IRU ERWK SURLQÀDPPDWRU\ DQG DQWLLQÀDPPDWRU\ F\WRNLQHV ,/DFWLYDWHV0&VWRUHOHDVHLQÀDPPDWRU\FKHPLFDOPHGLDWRUVDQGF\WRNLQHVFKHPRNLQHVDQHIIHFW ZKLFKFDQEHSRWHQWLDOO\LQKLELWHGE\,/,QDGGLWLRQ,/LVDOVRDSRZHUIXOOF\WRNLQHZLWKDSUR LQÀDPPDWRU\DFWLYLW\,/ELQGV,/5DQGLQKLELWVWKHSURLQÀDPPDWRU\DFWLYLW\RI,/WKXV SHUIRUPLQJ D WKHUDSHXWLF DFWLRQ +HUH LQ WKLV DUWLFOH ZH UHYLHZ WKH UROH RI 0&V LQ UHODWLRQ WR SUR LQÀDPPDWRU\DQGDQWLLQÀDPPDWRU\,/IDPLO\PHPEHUF\WRNLQHVDQGDSRVVLEOHWKHUDSHXWLFHIIHFWLQ LQÀDPPDWRU\GLVRUGHUV Mast cells (MCs) are ubiquitous bone marrow responses, EXW FDQ DOVR PHGLDWH LQÀDPPDWLRQ DIWHU immune cells that derive from hematopoietic stem activation by various molecules through the Toll- cells (CD34 +) and reside in all the vascularized like receptors, interleukin (IL)-1 receptors, and tissues and serous cavities where they reach the neurotransmitter receptors, without the intervention maturity (1). of IgE. Therefore, the binding of the antigen to these MCs are immune cells with a potential source of a receptors can activate MCs without degranulation (3). number of cytokines/chemokines, and growth factors Fc İRI receptor expressed on the cell surface of the that mediate allergic disease and participate in both 0&VELQGVWKHKLJKDI¿QLW\DQWLJHQDQGVWLPXODWHV LQQDWH DQG DGDSWLYH LPPXQH UHVSRQVHV 7KH\ the MCs with the initiation of phosphorylation. Fc İRI are effector cells that participate in IgE-mediated UHFHSWRULVPDGHXSRIDOSKDVXEXQLWVEHWDDQG .H\ZRUGVLQWHUOHXNLQPDVWFHOOLQKLELWLRQLQÀDPPDWLRQF\WRNLQH Corresponding Author: Prof. Pio Conti, 0393-974X (2019) Copyright © by BIOLIFE, s.a.s. Postgraduate Medical School, University of Chieti, This publication and/or article is for individual use only and may not be further 9LDOH8QLWjG¶,WDOLD&KLHWL,WDO\ reproduced without written permission from the copyright holder. 8QDXWKRUL]HGUHSURGXFWLRQPD\UHVXOWLQ¿QDQFLDODQGRWKHUSHQDOWLHV 7HO)D[ 1 DISCLOSURE: ALL AUTHORS REPORT NO CONFLICTS OF e-mail: [email protected] INTEREST RELEVANT TO THIS ARTICLE. C.E. GALLENGA ET AL. WZRJDPPDXQLWVZKLFKVWDUWWKHUHDFWLRQDPSOL¿HG In this article, we discuss how MCs can be an by the 4 beta sub-units (1). Phosphorylation begins LPSRUWDQWVRXUFHRISURLQÀDPPDWRU\F\WRNLQHVWKDW with activation of tyrosine kinase and recruitment of PD\ EH LQKLELWHG E\ ,/ D PHPEHU RI WKH ,/ WKH&ȖSKRVSKROLSDVH 3/&Ȗ DQGSURWHLQNLQDVH& family (5) (Fig. 1.). (PKC) (1). In this pathway, intracellular calcium (Ca ) is IL-1 regulated by PLC Ȗ and PKC results in the formation IL-1 is one of the most important regulators of IP3 and diacylglycerol (DAG). MAPK, ERK, JNK of innate immune responses and participates in DQGSSDUWLFLSDWHLQWKHWUDQVFULSWLRQRIF\WRNLQHV QXPHURXVLQÀDPPDWRU\SURFHVVHV and subsequently the generation of proteins. It has been reported that MCs also contribute $FWLYDWLRQRIWKHSKRVSKROLSDVH$ 3/$ OHDGVWR to innate immunity and generate IL-1 upon the formation of prostaglandins (PGs), leukotrienes stimulation with LPS, bacteria and parasites. IL-1 (LTs) and lipoxins (LXs). All of these molecules, and JHQHUDWHGE\0&VSDUWLFLSDWHVLQWKHLQÀDPPDWRU\ others, including cytokines of the IL-1 family, are process in many disorders including autoimmune LQWHQVHO\LQYROYHGLQWKHLQÀDPPDWRU\SURFHVV diseases, allergies, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, Members of the IL-1 family cytokines: IL-1, HQGRFULQRSDWKLHV DQG QHXURSDWKLHV 0& ,/ ,/ DQG ,/ SOD\ DQ LPSRUWDQW UROH LQ derived proteases are also able to activate IL-1, LPPXQHUHVSRQVHDQGLQÀDPPDWLRQ&\WRNLQHVVXFK in fact, serine protease chymase has been shown as TNF and IL-1 are produced by MCs and also have to convert pro-IL-1 ` into a biologically active the ability to activate MCs (4). form. Therefore, MC-derived proteases might act )LJ 0DVWFHOODQWLJHQPHGLDWHGVLJQDOHYHQWVOHDGLQJWRGHJUDQXODWLRQDQGSURGXFWLRQRILQÀDPPDWRU\F\WRNLQHV Journal of Biological Regulators & Homeostatic Agents 3 secondary to caspase-1 activation and pro-IL-1 ` plays an indirect role on lymphocyte-mediated formation (9). immunity; while its direct participation is in fever, IL-1 is strongly involved in innate immunity, and pain, vasodilatation, hypotension, and in all those the cytoplasmic domain of the IL-1 receptor type GLVHDVHVZKHUHWKHUHLVLQÀDPPDWLRQ . IL-1 ` is also I, which binds IL-1, is similar to the cytoplasmic involved in the generation of adhesion molecules GRPDLQVRIDOO7ROOOLNHUHFHSWRUV 7/5V ,/ȕLV DQG FKHPRNLQHV ZLWK LQ¿OWUDWLRQ RI LQÀDPPDWRU\ a defense cytokine produced by the body, especially immune cells. It also plays a role in cancer and against infections, and is the most studied member metastasis, promoting angiogenesis and stem cell of the IL-1 family. The IL-1 family is made up of GLIIHUHQWLDWLRQRIP\HORLGFHOOVLQFOXGLQJ0&V PHPEHUV LQFOXGLQJ ,/ ZKLFK ELQGV WKH 67 ,/ȕSDUWLFLSDWHVLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRI,/DQRWKHU receptor and performs various functions on the MCs. LPSRUWDQWSURLQÀDPPDWRU\F\WRNLQHDQGLQPDQ\ IL-1Ra binds to the IL-1RI receptor and inhibits cases, by blocking IL-1 `, IL-6 is also inhibited. IL-1 Į and IL-1 ` SHUIRUPLQJ DQWLLQÀDPPDWRU\ IL-1, together with a mitogen, participates in the activity. In the generation of IL-1, caspase-1 causes stimulation DQGDPSOL¿FDWLRQ of T cells, and acts on cleavage of the IL-1 ` precursor with formation WK\PRF\WHVDVDJURZWKIDFWRUFRQWULEXWLQJWR7+ and secretion of mature IL-1 `, a process that can cell polarization. Also in the formation of antibodies EHLQKLELWHGE\,/5DDQG,/,QLQÀDPPDWRU\ by plasma cells, IL-1 ` plays an important role and disease, by inhibiting IL-1 ` there is a reduction is a growth factor for B cells, probably through the LQ WKH V\PSWRPV DQG WKH LQÀDPPDWRU\ PROHFXOHV production of IL-6. It has been previously reported involved in the disease. In addition, IL-1 also that members of the IL-1 family are: IL-1 _, IL-1 `, )LJ Activated macrophage releases IL-1 family members including IL-37 which inhibits IL-1, and therefore LQÀDPPDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQ,/UHOHDVHGE\PDVWFHOOLQGXFLQJLQÀDPPDWLRQLVDOVRLQKLELWHGE\,/ 4 C.E. GALLENGA ET AL. ,/5D,/,/,/ _, IL-36 `, IL-36 Ȗ, IL- ,/FDQH[SDQG7UHJFHOOV 5D ,/ ,/ %ORFNLQJ ,/ HJ ZLWK ,QKLELWLRQRILQÀDPPDWLRQDQGLPPXQHUHVSRQVH ,/RU,/5D RUGH¿FLHQW,/DQLPDOVVKRZD RFFXUV ZKHQ ,/ ELQGV WR WKH ,/5 _ ligand UHGXFWLRQLQWKHVHYHULW\RILQÀDPPDWRU\GLVHDVHDQG UHFHSWRUE\EORFNLQJWKHHQWLUHFDVFDGHLQ)LJ an increased vulnerability to infection. ,/FRPSULVHVYDULDQWVDEFGDQGHDQG may be induced in different tissues and cells, mainly IL-33 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Similarly IL-33 (also known as IL-1F11), which is an to IL-1, this cytokine, requires the cleavage of intracellular cytokine linked to the nucleus, controls FDVSDVHWREHDFWLYDWHG LQÀDPPDWLRQ DQG LV LQYROYHG LQ WKH 7 KHOSHU ,/ ELQGV WR WKH FHOO QXFOHXV DQG DFWV DV D 7K UHVSRQVHV 67UHFHSWRURI,/LV WUDQVFULSWLRQLVW FDUU\LQJ RXW DQ DQWLLQÀDPPDWRU\ composed of three extracellular Ig domains and an and immunosuppressive effects. intracellular Toll domain, and is similar to IL-1RI As IL-1 stimulates MCs and is produced by DQG ,/5Į UHFHSWRUV ,/ ELQGV 67 UHFHSWRU 0&VSHUIRUPLQJDQLPSRUWDQWLQÀDPPDWRU\DFWLRQ membrane and interacts with IL-1RAcP complex blocking IL-1 may exercise a new therapeutic DQG LQGXFHV 0\' IRU VLJQDO WUDQVGXFWLRQ 7KH DSSURDFK LQ LQÀDPPDWRU\ GLVHDVHV DQG WKHUHIRUH VWUXFWXUH RI ,/ LV PRUH VLPLODU WR ,/ WKDQ VKRXOGEHWDNHQLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQ to IL1 ` and it induces the production of IL-6, IL- ȕDQG3*(IURP0&V,/SOD\VDFUXFLDOUROH IL-36 LQ SRO\QRPLDO GLVHDVHV E\ FDXVLQJ LQ¿OWUDWLRQ RI There are 3 subfamilies of IL-36 cytokine which eosinophils and MCs (14). IL-33 induces IL-5 comprise IL-36 _,` a and one receptor antagonist IL- and IL-13 production, initiates NF- țB-mediated 5D . IL-36 plays an important role in psoriasis signal transduction and causes changes in clinical where MCs play a crucial role. In fact, transgenic parameters in experimental animals. IL-1 induces IL- ,/ DQLPDOV VKRZ D VHYHUH LQÀDPPDWRU\ VNLQ 33 in MCs, and blocking IL-1 results in a noticeable pathology. IL-36 is therefore expressed mainly in the LPSURYHPHQWLQLQÀDPPDWRU\UHVSRQVH VNLQDQGDFWVRQ¿EUREODVWVDQGNHUDWLQRF\WHV7KLV cytokine is part of the IL-1 family and the maturation IL-37 of IL-36 is unclear. The proteins of the IL-1 family are important :KHQ ,/ ELQGV
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