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Mangaweka Bridge Archaeological Assessment

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Mangaweka Bridge Archaeological Assessment MANGAWEKA BRIDGE ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT PO BOX 31 | PAEKAKAR IKI 5258 |04 902 329 0| 021 148 3290 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of contents ....................................................................... 2 Introduction ............................................................................... 3 Methodology .............................................................................. 3 Constraints and limitations ...................................................... 4 Statutory context........................................................................ 4 Physical environment ................................................................ 6 Proposed works ......................................................................... 8 Historic background ............................................................... 10 Previous archaeological work ................................................ 23 Assessment ............................................................................... 27 Archaeological significance .................................................... 35 Effects on archaeological values ........................................... 37 Conclusion ................................................................................ 38 References ................................................................................. 39 Appendices ............................................................................... 41 Author: Andy Dodd (Subsurface Ltd) Revision History: Draft: 2 October 2017 Dodd Review: 6 October 2017 Mestyanek (Manawatū District Council) Final: 9 October 2017 Dodd © Subsurface Limited 2017 The information contained in this document produced by Subsurface Limited is solely for the use of the client (Manawatū District Council) for the purpose for which it has been prepared and Subsurface Limited undertakes no duty nor accepts any responsibility to any third party who may rely upon this document. All rights reserved. No section or element of this document may be removed from this document, reproduced, electronically stored or transmitted in any form without the written permission from the client or Subsurface Limited. 2 INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND The Manawatū District Council is investigating options for the upgrade of the Mangaweka vehicle bridge across the Rangitīkei River. As part of their scoping, the Council commissioned historical research, including an assessment of heritage values for the bridge (Burr 2015, Bowman and Burr 2015). The initial historic research suggested that components of the bridge were constructed prior to 1900. Physical remains pre-dating 1900 are protected under the archaeological provisions of the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014. Communication between the Manawatū District Council and Heritage New Zealand staff have highlighted the likely requirement for an archaeological authority to be in place before works commence, if those works are likely to affect pre-1900 sites or archaeological features. This assessment has been commissioned by the Manawatū District Council to inform its decision-making process. Specifically, its purpose is to: • identify potential for pre-1900 archaeological features associated with, or in the vicinity of the bridge that might be affected by the proposed upgrade options; • assess the effects on archaeological values for the various proposed upgrade options; and • inform whether an authority is required before proceeding with any of the proposed options. COMMISSION Subsurface Ltd was contracted by Jim Mestyanek of the Manawatū District Council to prepare an archaeological assessment of effects, and if necessary assist with an application to Heritage New Zealand for a general authority to modify archaeological sites. METHODOLOGY The New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme, Manawatū and Rangitīkei District Plans and the New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero were reviewed for sites in the Mangaweka area. The history specific to the Mangaweka bridge has been compiled by historian Val Burr (Burr 2015). Background history for the wider area has been compiled from a number of secondary sources including area histories, Historic Area reports (Astwood 2009), Waitangi Tribunal reports (Stirling and Subasic 2010), and archaeological survey reports held in the Heritage New Zealand digital library (Donovan 1976). The Heritage Assessment commissioned by the Manawatū District Council (Bowman and Burr 2017) has been consulted for analysis relevant to the archaeological values assessment. Additional research was carried out with reference to online material including Digital NZ and digitised survey plans accessed through Quickmap. The author inspected the project area on 12 September 2017 in the company of Jim Mestyanek, Senior Project Engineer for the Manawatū District Council. 3 CONSTRAINTS AND LIMI TATIONS The site visit that forms the basis of this assessment was carried out over two hours during which the bridge, its approaches, and the immediate areas up and down stream were visually inspected by the author. Some areas, particularly around the water supply intake upstream of the bridge on the true right, were not able to be accessed because of steep terrain and dense vegetation. The subsurface nature of archaeological features means that they are often not evident solely based on above ground evidence. For this reason, this assessment necessarily relies in part on historic research and past archaeological recording to inform of the potential for archaeological deposits. While this assessment covers aspects of the Māori history in the wider area, and assesses archaeological values associated with Māori sites, cultural values have not been assessed. This can only be provided by tangata whenua. STATUTORY CONTEXT There are two main pieces of legislation in New Zealand that control work affecting archaeological sites. These are the Heritage New Zealand Pouhere Taonga Act 2014 (HNZPTA) and the Resource Management Act 1991 (RMA). Heritage New Zealand administers the HNZPTA. It contains a consent (authority) process for any work affecting archaeological sites, where an archaeological site is defined as: (a) any place in New Zealand, including any building or structure (or part of a building or structure), that: (i) was associated with human activity that occurred before 1900 or is the site of the wreck of any vessel where that wreck occurred before 1900; and (ii) provides or may provide, through investigation by archaeological methods, evidence relating to the history of New Zealand; and (b) includes a site for which a declaration is made under section 43(1) Any person who intends carrying out work that may damage, modify or destroy an archaeological site, or to investigate a site using invasive archaeological techniques, must first obtain an authority from Heritage New Zealand. The process applies to sites on land of all tenure including public, private and designated land. The HNZPTA contains penalties for unauthorised site damage or destruction. The archaeological authority process applies to all sites that fit the HNZPTA definition, regardless of whether: • The site is recorded in the New Zealand Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme or listed by Heritage New Zealand, • The site only becomes known about as a result of ground disturbance, and/or • The activity is permitted under a district or regional plan, or a resource or building consent has been granted. Heritage New Zealand also maintains a list of Historic Places, Historic Areas, Wāhi Tūpuna, Wāhi Tapu and Wāhi Tapu Areas. The New Zealand Heritage List/Rārangi Kōrero can include 4 archaeological sites, and its purpose is to inform members of the public about such places and be a source of information for the purposes of the Resource Management Act 1991. The RMA requires City, District and Regional Councils to manage the use, development, and protection of natural and physical resources in a way that provides for the wellbeing of today’s communities while safeguarding the options of future generations. The protection of historic heritage from inappropriate subdivision, use, and development is identified as a matter of national importance (section 6f). Historic heritage is defined as those natural and physical resources that contribute to an understanding and appreciation of New Zealand's history and cultures, derived from archaeological, architectural, cultural, historic, scientific, or technological qualities. Historic heritage includes: • historic sites, structures, places, and areas • archaeological sites; • sites of significance to Māori, including wāhi tapu and wāhi tūpuna; • surroundings associated with the natural and physical resources (RMA section 2). These categories are not mutually exclusive and some archaeological sites may include above-ground structures or may also be places that are of significance to Māori. Where resource consent is required for any activity, the assessment of effects is required to address cultural and historic heritage matters. Statutory acknowledgements are outlined in various Claims Settlement Acts, and may apply when consents or archaeological authorities are being sought for activities in certain areas. The purpose of a statutory acknowledgement is to formally acknowledge statements of association between iwi and specific places, including areas of land or bodies of water. They also to require the notification of the consent application to the relevant iwi authority. The Rangitīkei District Plan lists
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