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Inferential-Realizational Morphology and Affix Ordering: Evidence from the Agreement Patterns of Basque Auxiliary Verbs

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Inferential-Realizational Morphology and Affix Ordering: Evidence from the Agreement Patterns of Basque Auxiliary Verbs University of Kentucky UKnowledge Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics Linguistics 2014 INFERENTIAL-REALIZATIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND AFFIX ORDERING: EVIDENCE FROM THE AGREEMENT PATTERNS OF BASQUE AUXILIARY VERBS Parker Brody University of Kentucky, [email protected] Right click to open a feedback form in a new tab to let us know how this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Brody, Parker, "INFERENTIAL-REALIZATIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND AFFIX ORDERING: EVIDENCE FROM THE AGREEMENT PATTERNS OF BASQUE AUXILIARY VERBS" (2014). Theses and Dissertations-- Linguistics. 2. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/ltt_etds/2 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Linguistics at UKnowledge. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations--Linguistics by an authorized administrator of UKnowledge. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STUDENT AGREEMENT: I represent that my thesis or dissertation and abstract are my original work. Proper attribution has been given to all outside sources. I understand that I am solely responsible for obtaining any needed copyright permissions. I have obtained needed written permission statement(s) from the owner(s) of each third-party copyrighted matter to be included in my work, allowing electronic distribution (if such use is not permitted by the fair use doctrine) which will be submitted to UKnowledge as Additional File. I hereby grant to The University of Kentucky and its agents the irrevocable, non-exclusive, and royalty-free license to archive and make accessible my work in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I agree that the document mentioned above may be made available immediately for worldwide access unless an embargo applies. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of my work. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of my work. I understand that I am free to register the copyright to my work. REVIEW, APPROVAL AND ACCEPTANCE The document mentioned above has been reviewed and accepted by the student’s advisor, on behalf of the advisory committee, and by the Director of Graduate Studies (DGS), on behalf of the program; we verify that this is the final, approved version of the student’s thesis including all changes required by the advisory committee. The undersigned agree to abide by the statements above. Parker Brody, Student Dr. Gregory T. Stump, Major Professor Dr. Gregory T. Stump, Director of Graduate Studies INFERENTIAL-REALIZATIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND AFFIX ORDERING: EVIDENCE FROM THE AGREEMENT PATTERNS OF BASQUE AUXILIARY VERBS ________________________________________ THESIS ________________________________________ A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Linguistic Theory and Typology in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Kentucky By Parker Lorber Brody Lexington, Kentucky Director: Dr. Gregory T. Stump, Professor of Linguistics Lexington, Kentucky 2014 Copyright© Parker Lorber Brody 2014 ABSTRACT OF THESIS INFERENTIAL-REALIZATIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND AFFIX ORDERING: EVIDENCE FROM THE AGREEMENT PATTERNS OF BASQUE AUXILIARY VERBS “No aspect of Basque linguistics has received more attention over the years than the morphology of the verb.” (Trask 1981:1) The current study examines the complex morphological agreement patterns found in the Basque auxiliary verb system as a case in point for discussion of theoretical approaches to inflectional morphology. The traditional syntax-driven treatment of these auxiliaries is contrasted with an inferential, morphology-driven analysis within the Paradigm Function Morphology framework. Additionally, a computational implementation of the current analysis using the DATR lexical knowledge representation language is discussed. KEYWORDS: Inflectional Morphology, Basque Language, Auxiliary Verbs, Agreement and Alignment, Paradigm Function Morphology Parker Lorber Brody 04/27/2014 INFERENTIAL-REALIZATIONAL MORPHOLOGY AND AFFIX ORDERING: EVIDENCE FROM THE AGREEMENT PATTERNS OF BASQUE AUXILIARY VERBS By Parker Lorber Brody Gregory T. Stump Director of Thesis Gregory T. Stump Director of Graduate Studies 04/27/2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section One: Introduction........................................................................................................... 1 Section Two: Basque Verbal Morphology................................................................................. 3 Allocutive Agreement................................................................................................... 3 Section Three: Inflectional Morphology Theories of Inflection..................................................................................................... 5 Incremental Theories of Inflection................................................................................. 5 Lexical-Realizational Inflection..................................................................................... 6 Inferential-Realizational Inflection................................................................................ 7 Section Four: The Basque Language.......................................................................................... 10 Case Marking and Alignment........................................................................................ 11 Indicative Constructions................................................................................................ 12 Subjunctive Constructions............................................................................................. 13 Imperative Constructions............................................................................................... 14 Conditional and Potential Constructions....................................................................... 14 Alignment and Ergative Splits....................................................................................... 15 Allocutive Agreement.................................................................................................... 16 Agreement in Auxiliaries............................................................................................... 17 Section Five: Modeling Basque Auxiliaries............................................................................... 22 Case Marking and Affix Order...................................................................................... 24 The PFM Formalism...................................................................................................... 27 Realization Rules........................................................................................................... 29 Section Six: Computational Modeling Of Basque Auxiliaries Variables in DATR........................................................................................................ 33 The Paradigm Function in DATR.................................................................................. 34 Cumulative Exponence.................................................................................................. 35 Case Agreement............................................................................................................. 36 Stem Selection............................................................................................................... 37 Evaluating the Model..................................................................................................... 38 Section Seven: Discussion.......................................................................................................... 40 Appendices Appendix I: DATR Theory - PFM-style Analysis of Basque Auxiliaries..................... 42 Appendix II: Paradigms................................................................................................. 50 References................................................................................................................................... 54 Vita.............................................................................................................................................. 57 1 INTRODUCTION The Basque language, known locally as Euskara, is spoken by around 660,000 people, most of whom inhabit an area on both sides of the border between Spain and France along the Atlantic coast and Pyrenees mountains. This region, commonly referred to as the Basque Country, is generally divided into seven provinces in three major regions. Four of these provinces lie on the Spanish side of the border; Bizkaia, Gípuzkoa, and Araba make up the Basque Autonomous Region of Spain, and Nafarroa (sometimes referred to as Navarre) lies within the geopolitical boundary of Spain, but exists as an autonomous region. Lapurdi, Nafarroa Beherea, and Zuberoa lie within the French region of Pyrénées-Atlantique. The majority of the speakers of Euskara reside in the Spanish regions of the Basque Country (Trask 1991:1-5). In his descriptive grammar of the Basque language, Saltarelli (1988) notes that a lack of unified political and geographical identity among the various provinces has given rise to varied dialects across the region, though a somewhat standardized literary form (Batua) has arisen in order to facilitate communication across the region. Perhaps the most interesting aspect of the Basque language stems from the fact that it appears to be a language isolate; that it does not appear to have any relationship with any of the surrounding regional languages
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