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Bfn-Skripten 458 Wolfgang Rabitsch und Stefan Nehring (Hrsg.) Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitäts- bewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde aquatische Pilze, Niedere Pflanzen und Wirbellose Tiere BfN-Skripten 458 2017 Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitäts- bewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde aquatische Pilze, Niedere Pflanzen und Wirbellose Tiere Ergebnisse aus dem F+E-Vorhaben FKZ 3514 86 0200 Herausgegeben von Wolfgang Rabitsch Stefan Nehring Titelbild: Graphische Darstellung der Methodik der naturschutzfachlichen Invasivitätsbewertung für gebiets- fremde Arten. Stellvertretend sind für die Pilze Clavipes purpurea var. spartinae (Purpurbrauner Mutterkornpilz), für die Niederen Pflanzen Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Besentang) und für die Wir- bellosen Tiere aus der Gruppe der Rippenquallen Mnemiopsis leidyi (Meerwalnuss), der Weichtiere Crassostrea gigas (Pazifische Felsenauster) mit aufsitzenden Crepidula fornicata (Amerikanische Pantoffelschnecke) und der Krebstiere Pacifastacus leniusculus (Signalkrebs) abgebildet. (Graphik: ©BfN, Fotos: alle ©Stefan Nehring, außer M. leidyi ©Christoph Petereit). Adressen der Herausgeber: Dr. Wolfgang Rabitsch Umweltbundesamt, Abt. Biologische Vielfalt & Naturschutz Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Wien E-Mail: [email protected] Dr. Stefan Nehring Bundesamt für Naturschutz, Fachgebiet II 1.2 „Botanischer Artenschutz“ Konstantinstraße 110, 53179 Bonn E-Mail: [email protected] Das Vorhaben wurde vom BfN mit Mitteln des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reak- torsicherheit (BMUB) gefördert. Diese Veröffentlichung wird aufgenommen in die Literaturdatenbank „DNL-online“ (www.dnl-online.de). BfN-Skripten sind nicht im Buchhandel erhältlich. Eine pdf-Version dieser Ausgabe kann unter http://www.bfn.de heruntergeladen werden. Institutioneller Herausgeber: Bundesamt für Naturschutz Konstantinstr. 110 53179 Bonn URL: www.bfn.de Der institutionelle Herausgeber übernimmt keine Gewähr für die Richtigkeit, die Genauigkeit und Vollständigkeit der Angaben sowie für die Beachtung privater Rechte Dritter. Die in den Beiträgen geäußerten Ansichten und Meinungen müssen nicht mit denen des institutionellen Herausgebers übereinstimmen. Das Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des institutionellen Herausgebers unzulässig und strafbar. Nachdruck, auch in Auszügen, nur mit Genehmigung des BfN. Druck: Druckerei des Bundesministeriums für Umwelt, Naturschutz, Bau und Reaktorsicherheit (BMUB) Gedruckt auf 100% Altpapier ISBN 978-3-89624-195-5 DOI 10.19217/skr458 Bonn - Bad Godesberg 2017 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS VORWORT .............................................................................................................................. 7 Naturschutzfachliche Invasivitätsbewertungen für in Deutschland wild lebende gebietsfremde aquatische Pilze, Niedere Pflanzen und Wirbellose Tiere I. Einführung, Auswertung und Schlussfolgerungen Wolfgang Rabitsch, Stefan Nehring, Stephan Gollasch & Maike Isermann 1 EINLEITUNG UND FRAGESTELLUNG .................................................................. 9 2 DATENGRUNDLAGEN UND INVASIVITÄTSBEWERTUNG ................................ 11 2.1 Anpassungen der Methodik.......................................................................................... 13 3 ARTÜBERGREIFENDE AUSWERTUNGEN ......................................................... 16 3.1 Taxonomisches Spektrum ............................................................................................ 17 3.2 Ursprüngliches Areal .................................................................................................... 22 3.3 Einführungsweise ......................................................................................................... 23 3.4 Einfuhrvektoren ............................................................................................................ 24 3.5 Erstnachweis ................................................................................................................ 25 3.6 Zeitspanne zwischen Ersteinbringung und Erstnachweis („time lag“) ......................... 26 3.7 Status ........................................................................................................................... 27 3.8 Lebensraum.................................................................................................................. 29 3.9 Aktuelle Verbreitung ..................................................................................................... 29 3.10 Aktueller Ausbreitungsverlauf....................................................................................... 30 3.11 Gefährdung der Biodiversität........................................................................................ 31 3.12 Förderung durch Klimawandel ..................................................................................... 32 4 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN ................................... 33 5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................... 35 6 DANKSAGUNG ..................................................................................................... 37 7 LITERATUR ........................................................................................................... 37 II. Handlungsrahmen und Handlungsempfehlungen Stefan Nehring 1 HANDLUNGSRAHMEN ......................................................................................... 41 2 HANDLUNGSEMPFEHLUNGEN........................................................................... 42 3 LITERATUR ........................................................................................................... 53 III. Steckbriefe Wolfgang Rabitsch, Stephan Gollasch, Maike Isermann & Stefan Nehring 1 AUSWAHL DER EINGESTUFTEN ARTEN .......................................................... 57 3 2 STECKBRIEFE DER EINGESTUFTEN ARTEN ................................................... 58 Pilze Aphanomyces astaci (Krebspest) ........................................................................................... 60 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Chytridpilz) ......................................................................... 62 Claviceps purpurea var. spartinae (Purpurbrauner Mutterkornpilz) ....................................... 64 Niedere Pflanzen Antithamnionella spirographidis (Krummalge) ........................................................................ 66 Antithamnionella ternifolia (Dreizack-Rotalge) ....................................................................... 68 Chattonella sp. ....................................................................................................................... 70 Codium fragile ssp. fragile (Grüne Gabelalge) ....................................................................... 72 Coscinodiscus wailesii (Wailes-Kieselalge) ............................................................................ 74 Fibrocapsa japonica (Japanischer Flagellat) .......................................................................... 76 Fucus evanescens (Klauentang) ............................................................................................ 78 Gracilaria vermiculophylla (Besentang) .................................................................................. 80 Prorocentrum triestinum (Schmale Zweigeißelalge) ............................................................... 82 Pseudochattonella verruculosa (Warziger Kieselflagellat) ..................................................... 84 Sargassum muticum (Japanischer Beerentang) .................................................................... 86 Undaria pinnatifida (Wakame) ................................................................................................ 88 Wirbellose Tiere Cnidaria (Nesseltiere) Cordylophora caspia (Keulenpolyp) ....................................................................................... 90 Ctenophora (Rippenquallen) Mnemiopsis leidyi (Meerwalnuss) ........................................................................................... 92 Bryozoa (Moostierchen) Tricellaria inopinata (Pazifisches Moostierchen) .................................................................... 94 Annelida (Ringelwürmer) Hypania invalida (Süßwasser-Borstenwurm) ......................................................................... 96 Marenzelleria neglecta (Rotkiemiger Schlickwurm) ............................................................... 98 Marenzelleria viridis (Grünlicher Borstenwurm) ................................................................... 100 Mollusca (Weichtiere) Corbicula fluminalis (Feingerippte Körbchenmuschel) ......................................................... 102 Corbicula fluminea (Grobgerippte Körbchenmuschel) ......................................................... 104 Crassostrea gigas (Pazifische Felsenauster) ....................................................................... 106 Crepidula fornicata (Amerikanische Pantoffelschnecke) ...................................................... 108 Dreissena bugensis (Quagga-Muschel) ............................................................................... 110 Dreissena polymorpha (Wandermuschel) ............................................................................ 112 Ensis directus (Amerikanische Schwertmuschel)
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