DOCSLIB.ORG

Terracing Use Terraces to Make Flower and Vegetable Gardening Possible on Steep Slopes, Or Simply to Add Interest to Your Landscape

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Terracing Use Terraces to Make Flower and Vegetable Gardening Possible on Steep Slopes, Or Simply to Add Interest to Your Landscape Terracing Use terraces to make flower and vegetable gardening possible on steep slopes, or simply to add interest to your landscape. In your backyard Terraces can create several mini- gardens in your backyard. On steep slopes, terracing can make planting a garden possible.Terraces prevent erosion by shortening the long slope into a series of shorter, more level steps.This allows heavy rains to soak into the soil rather than run off and cause erosion. Terracing saves soil, makes better use of water, and beautifies a landscape. Backyard Conservation is a cooperative project of: USDA Natural Resources The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to Conservation Service all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, National Association of audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250- Conservation Districts 9410 or call (202) 720-5964 (voice or TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Wildlife Habitat Council April 1998 One in a series of 10 tip sheets on backyard conservation BACKYARD Terracing Materials for Because of the expertise and equip- should be slightly wider than terraces ment required to do this correctly, your timber. Make sure the bot- you will probably want to restrict tom of the trench is firmly Numerous materials are available for terraces you build yourself to no packed and completely level. building terraces.Treated wood is more than a foot or two high. Place your timbers in the trench. often used because of several advan- tages: it is easy to work with, blends Building a terrace 4. For the sides of your terrace, dig well with plants, and is often less a trench into the slope.The bot- The safest way to build a terrace is expensive than other materials. tom of this trench must be level probably the cut and fill method. There are many types of treated with the bottom of the first With this method, little soil is dis- wood on the market--from railroad trench.When the depth of the turbed, giving you protection from ties to landscaping timbers.These trench is one inch greater than erosion should a sudden storm occur materials will last for years.While the thickness of your timber, you while the work is in progress.This there has been some concern about have reached the back of the ter- method will also require little, if any, using these treated materials around race and can stop digging. plants, studies by Texas A&M additional soil. University and the Southwest 5. Cut a timber to the correct 1. Contact your utility companies to Research Institute concluded that length and place in trench. these materials are not harmful to identify the location of any buried utilities before starting to gardens or people when used as rec- 6. Drill holes through your timbers excavate. ommended. Other materials for ter- and pound long spikes or pipes races include bricks, rocks, concrete through the holes and into the 2. Determine the rise and run of blocks, and similar masonry materi- ground.A minimum of 18” pipe your slope.The rise is the vertical als. Some masonry materials are length is recommended; longer distance from the bottom of the made specifically for walls and ter- pipes may be needed for stability slope to the top.The run is the races and can be more easily for higher terraces. installed by a homeowner than other horizontal distance between the top and bottom.This will help materials such as field stone and 7. Place the next tier of timbers on you determine how many ter- brick. Most stone or masonry prod- top of the first, overlapping cor- races you need. For example, if ucts tend to be more expensive than ners and joints. Spike these your run is 20 feet and the rise is wood. together. 8 feet and you want each bed to be 5 feet wide, you will need 4 Height of walls 8. Move soil from the back of the beds.The rise of each bed will be bed to the front of the bed until The steepness of the slope often dic- 2 feet. tates wall height. Make the terraces the surface is level.Add another tier as needed. in your yard high enough so the land 3. Start building beds at the bottom between them is fairly level. Be sure of your slope.You will need to 9. Repeat, starting with step 2. In the terrace material is strong enough dig a trench in which to place continuously connected terrace and anchored well enough to stay in your first tier.The depth and systems, the first timber of the place through freezing and thawing, width of the trench will vary second tier will also be the back and heavy rainstorms. Do not under- depending on how tall the ter- wall of your first terrace. estimate the pressure of water- race will be and the specific logged soil behind a wall. It can be building materials you are using. 10.The back wall of the last bed will enormous and cause improperly con- Follow the manufacturer’s be level with the front wall of structed walls to bulge or collapse. instructions carefully when using that bed. Many communities have building masonry products. Many of these codes for walls and terraces. Large have limits to the number of tiers 11.When finished, plant and mulch. projects will need the expertise of a or the height that can be safely professional to make sure the walls built. If using landscape timbers can stand up to water pressure in and your terrace is low (less than the soil. Large terraces also need to 2 feet), you only need to bury the be built with proper drainage and to timber to about half its thickness be tied back into the slope properly. or less.The width of the trench 2 BACKYARD Terracing The stair-step effect of terraces gives you a level area to plant on, reducing erosion and allowing more infiltration of rainfall into the ground. Other options for Stripcropping is another way to deal slopes, preventing water from build- slopes with long slopes. Rather than terrac- ing to a highly erosive force. Some ing to make garden beds level, plant terraces are seeded to grass, which If terraces are beyond the limits of perennial beds and strips of grass provides erosion control and a nest- your time or money, you may want across the slope. Once established, ing area for birds.Terraces are often to consider other options for back- many perennials are effective in used in combination with other con- yard slopes. If you have a slope that reducing erosion. Mulch also helps servation practices to provide more is hard to mow, consider using reduce erosion.The erosion that may complete soil protection. groundcovers other than grass.There occur will be primarily limited to the are many plants adapted to a wide garden area.The grass strips will act Stripcropping is a common erosion range of light and moisture condi- as filter strips and catch much of the control practice on many farms. tions that require little care, but pro- soil that may run off the beds. Grass Farmers often alternate strips of vide soil erosion protection.These strips should be wide enough to corn or soybeans with strips of hay. include: mow across the hill easily as well as Many farmers put erosion prone Juniper (Juniperus horizontalis) wide enough to effectively reduce areas into permanent cover. Pachysandra (Pachysandra terminalis) erosion. Wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) English ivy (Hedera helix). On the farm Periwinkle (Vinca minor) Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster spp.) Terraces catch runoff water, let the Potentilla (Potentilla spp.) water soak into the ground, and Partridge berry (Gaultheria procum- deliver the excess safely to the bot- bens) tom of a hillside much like Heathers and heaths eavespouts on a house.The earthen ridges built around a hillside on the contour cut a long slope into shorter 3 BACKYARD Terracing 4 Printed by the National Association of Conservation Districts 1-800-825-5547.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ABSTRACT the Main Feature of a Conventional Terraced Housing Development Is Rows of Rectangular Shaped Houses with the Narrow Fa
    MAKING A RETURN ON INVESTMENT IN PASSIVE ARCHITECTURE TERRACED HOUSES DEVELOPMENT Wan Rahmah Mohd Zaki Universiti Teknologi Malaysia(UiTM) Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Abdul Hadi Nawawi Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaQJiTM) Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] Sabarinah Sh Ahmad Universiti Teknologi MalaysiaQJiTM) Malaysia E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT The main feature of a conventional terraced housing development is rows of rectangular shaped houses with the narrow facade as the frontage. Consequently, this limits natural cross ventilation and daylight penetration into the middle of the houses; and cause for unnecessary energy consumption on mechanical cooling and artijicial lighting to make the living spaces comfortable for occupants. Such inconsideration is mainly attributed to the optimum configuration of houses which offers the most economic return desired by the developer. Passive Architecture (PA) design strategies can make terraced houses more conducive for occupants as well as gives reasonable returns to the developer. The idea is demonstrated on a hypothetical double storeys terraced scheme in a 2.5 acre site whereby it is transformed intofour types of PA terraced houses development. The Return on Invesfment of the PA terraced houses is ascertained for two situations, ie., (i) fwed sales price for all types of house; and (ii) added premium to PA terraced houses due to the positive unintended effects such as low density housing, etc. If critical criteria for demand and supply in housing remain constant, it is found that PA terraced housing development offers competitive returns to the developer relative to the returns for conventional terraced housing scheme. Keyworh: Orientation, Indoor Comfort and Operational Energy 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Housing and Energy The recent public awareness on sustainability calls for housing to not only serves as a basic shelter but also to be energy efficient, i.e., designed to make occupants need low operational energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Building an Adu
    BUILDING AN ADU GUIDE TO ACCESSORY DWELLING UNITS 1 451 S. State Street, Room 406 Salt Lake City, UT 84114 - 5480 P.O. Box 145480 CONTENT 04 OVERVIEW 08 ELIGIBILITY 11 BUILDING AN ADU Types of ADU Configurations 14 ATTACHED ADUs Existing Space Conversion // Basement Conversion // This handbook provides general Home with Attached Garage // Addition to House Exterior guidelines for property owners 21 DETACHED ADUs Detached Unit // Detached Garage Conversion // who want to add an ADU to a Attached Above Garage // Attached to Existing Garage lot that already has an existing single-family home. However, it 30 PROCESS is recommended to work with a 35 FAQ City Planner to help you answer any questions and coordinate 37 GLOSSARY your application. 39 RESOURCES ADU regulations can change, www.slc.gov/planning visit our website to ensure latest version 1.1 // 05.2020 version of the guide. 2 3 OVERVIEW WHAT IS AN ADU? An accessory dwelling unit (ADU) is a complete secondary residential unit that can be added to a single-family residential lot. ADUs can be attached to or part of the primary residence, or be detached as a WHERE ARE WE? separate building in a backyard or a garage conversion. Utah is facing a housing shortage, with more An ADU provides completely separate living space people looking for a place to live than there are homes. including a kitchen, bathroom, and its own entryway. Low unemployment and an increasing population are driving a demand for housing. Growing SLC is the City’s adopted housing plan and is aimed at reducing the gap between supply and demand.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposed Terrace and Yard Plantings Ad-Hoc Committee
    SASY Neighborhood Council Proposed Terrace and Yard Plantings Ad-Hoc Committee Purpose The purpose of this ad hoc committee is to research and analyze ordinances and practices related to terrace and yard plantings; report to the SASY Council as indicated; and work with SASY, city staff, and the SASY alderperson to update ordinances to better reflect SASY neighborhood and wider community values and expectations. Background A survey of 91 properties in the heart of the SASY neighborhood showed that the majority (69%) of terraces and front yards in the neighborhood are in violation of restrictive city of Madison ordinances which broadly prohibit many plantings in terraces and private front yards. For example, prohibited are anything but grass within two feet of the curb; plantings over two feet tall in terraces; plantings and fences over three feet high within a ten-foot triangle next to driveways in each front yard; any overhang of vegetation, including grass, over the sidewalk; erection of any permanent structure on terraces, including vegetable boxes; grass over eight inches tall, including ornamental grasses; bushes and trees on terraces that are not planted by the city; plantings in a triangle ten feet along a driveway and ten feet along the sidewalk in the private front yard of each house/apartment or building; and other requirements. The city inspects and cites property owners for violations of terrace and yard planting ordinances upon submission of a complaint. The only exception is for plantings and structures for the sole purpose of erosion control. The “violations” in the SASY neighborhood almost without exception appear to enhance rather than detract from the appearance of the property and neighborhood.
    [Show full text]
  • Backyard Food
    Suggested Grades: 2nd - 5th BACKYARD FOOD WEB Wildlife Champions at Home Science Experiment 2-LS4-1: Make observations of plants and animals to compare the diversity of life in different habitats. What is a food web? All living things on earth are either producers, consumers or decomposers. Producers are organisms that create their own food through the process of photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is when a living thing uses sunlight, water and nutrients from the soil to create its food. Most plants are producers. Consumers get their energy by eating other living things. Consumers can be either herbivores (eat only plants – like deer), carnivores (eat only meat – like wolves) or omnivores (eat both plants and meat - like humans!) Decomposers are organisms that get their energy by eating dead plants or animals. After a living thing dies, decomposers will break down the body and turn it into nutritious soil for plants to use. Mushrooms, worms and bacteria are all examples of decomposers. A food web is a picture that shows how energy (food) passes through an ecosystem. The easiest way to build a food web is by starting with the producers. Every ecosystem has plants that make their own food through photosynthesis. These plants are eaten by herbivorous consumers. These herbivores are then hunted by carnivorous consumers. Eventually, these carnivores die of illness or old age and become food for decomposers. As decomposers break down the carnivore’s body, they create delicious nutrients in the soil which plants will use to live and grow! When drawing a food web, it is important to show the flow of energy (food) using arrows.
    [Show full text]
  • Patio Design Has Photos from Real Homes and Yards Across the Paci C Northwest
    NW HOME & YARD IDEA BOOK Clay & Concrete Pavers PATIO Permeable Pavers Slate & Patio Stones DESIGN Architectural Slabs At Mutual Materials, we are proud of what we do and are inspired to see our products chosen by professionals to build communities. Our products build beauty that lasts through hospitals, schools, stadiums, businesses, family homes, public parks, and backyards. Mutual Materials has long served a professional network of architects, interior designers, builders, masons, and landscape design professionals. Today we also serve residential homeowners, both through our professional networks and through our retail branch locations. A Message from our President Have you ever spent time looking at your local sports stadium, or your child’s school, or even your neighbor’s backyard and wondered where the products come from that put it all together? Well, that’s what Mutual Materials does – we have been part of building beauty that lasts over one hundred years. Since 1900, we have been providing masonry and hardscape products to customers in the Paci c Northwest to help them create inviting communities that stand the test of time. Our products are used to create schools, stadiums, public landscapes, business parks, family homes and gardens, and much more. Mutual Materials is also a family business and we locally manufacture the products we Kendall Anderegg sell. From humble beginnings with one brick plant in 1900, we have grown today into a President, Mutual Materials major regional employer operating more than 10 manufacturing plants and 16 branch o ces across Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Montana, and British Columbia. Our Idea Book for Patio Design has photos from real homes and yards across the Paci c Northwest.
    [Show full text]
  • Safety Barrier Guidelines for Residential Pools Preventing Child Drownings
    Safety Barrier Guidelines for Residential Pools Preventing Child Drownings U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission This document is in the public domain. Therefore it may be reproduced, in part or in whole, without permission by an individual or organization. However, if it is reproduced, the Commission would appreciate attribution and knowing how it is used. For further information, write: U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Office of Communications 4330 East West Highway Bethesda, Md. 20814 www.cpsc.gov CPSC is charged with protecting the public from unreasonable risks of injury or death associated with the use of the thousands of consumer products under the agency’s jurisdiction. Many communities have enacted safety regulations for barriers at resi- dential swimming pools—in ground and above ground. In addition to following these laws, parents who own pools can take their own precau- tions to reduce the chances of their youngsters accessing the family or neighbors’ pools or spas without supervision. This booklet provides tips for creating and maintaining effective barriers to pools and spas. Each year, thousands of American families suffer swimming pool trage- dies—drownings and near-drownings of young children. The majority of deaths and injuries in pools and spas involve young children ages 1 to 3 and occur in residential settings. These tragedies are preventable. This U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) booklet offers guidelines for pool barriers that can help prevent most submersion incidents involving young children. This handbook is designed for use by owners, purchasers, and builders of residential pools, spas, and hot tubs. The swimming pool barrier guidelines are not a CPSC standard, nor are they mandatory requirements.
    [Show full text]
  • Development of Improved Design Criteria for Low-Rise Buildings in Developing Countries to Better Resist the Effects of Extreme Winds
    AlllDD TTEtD?! ~..,».o. BUILDING SCIENCE SERIES 56 fi™i?}™?*''°S * TECH R.I.C. f ""proved Design Criteria to Better Resistthe Effects of Extreme Winds for Low-Rise Buildings in Developing Countries U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE / National Bureau of Standards The Building Science Series ^Yo. I'he Building .Sciciico Series disseminates technical information developed at the National Bureau of Standards on liuilding materials, components, systems, and whole structures. The Series presents research results, test methods, and performance criteria related to the structural and environmental functions and the durability and safety char- ac^terisUcs of building elements and systems. These publications, similar in style and content to the NBS Building Materials and Structures Reports <1938-59), are directed toward the manufacturing, design, construction, and research segments of the building industry, standards organizations, and officials responsible for building codes. The material for this Series originates principally in the Center for Building Technology of the NBS Institute for Applied Technology. The publications are divided into three general groups: Building Systems and Processes; Health, Safety and Comfort; and Structures and Materials. For further information regarding these publications please contact the Scientific and Professional Liaison Section, Center for Building Technology, Institute for Ap- plied Technology. National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C. 20234. I See mailing list announcement on last page l NOV V 1374 Development of Improved Design Criteria for Low-Rise Buildings in Developing Countries to Better Resist the Effects of Extreme Winds Proceedings of a Workshop held at the Dr. Paulino J. Garcia Memorial Hall National Science Development Board Manila, Philippines November 14-17, 1973 Edited by Noel J.
    [Show full text]
  • Parametric Terracing As Optimization of Controlled Slope Intervention
    water Article Parametric Terracing as Optimization of Controlled Slope Intervention Tomaž Berˇciˇc and Lucija Ažman-Momirski * Faculty of Architecture, University of Ljubljana, Zoisova 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 31 December 2019; Accepted: 21 February 2020; Published: 26 February 2020 Abstract: With the introduction of mechanization in agriculture, the area of terraced slopes has increased. However, in most cases, the planning of terracing in practice remains experience-based, which is no longer effective from an agricultural, geological, and hydrological point of view. The usual method of building terraces, especially terraces with earth risers, is therefore outdated, and a new method must be found for planning and building terraced areas. In addition to geographical information system (GIS) tools, parametric design tools for planning terraced landscapes are now available. Based on the design approaches for a selected plot in the Gorizia Hills in Slovenia, where we used a trial-and-error method, we improved previous results by defining a model using a computer algorithm that generates a terraced landscape on a selected slope depending on various input parameters such as the height of the terrace slope, the inclination of the terrace slope, the width of the terrace platform, and the number of terraces. For the definition of the algorithm we used the visual program tool Grasshopper. By changing the values of the input data parameters, the algorithm was able to present combinatorial simulations through a variety of different solutions with all the corresponding statistics. With such results it is much easier to make a conscious decision on which combination of parameters is optimal to prevent landslides, plan adequate drainage, and control soil movements when building terraces.
    [Show full text]
  • Backyard Design Essentials Tips to Turn Your Backyard Or Patio Into the Ideal Outdoor Space for Your Family
    Backyard Design Essentials Tips to turn your backyard or patio into the ideal outdoor space for your family. Whether you have a smaller patio or an extensive backyard, there are several things you can do to turn it into a comfortable, outdoor oasis. In this guide, we take a look at backyard essentials, like fencing, shade structures, and furniture, that can turn a piece of land into a welcoming outdoor space for entertaining and relaxing. The Right Fence for Your Function There is a myriad of reasons to build a fence around your yard – privacy, setting the boundaries of your property, keeping your kids and dogs safe, and keeping critters and nosy neighbors out. Technology, taste and necessity have created a variety of fence types, in both look and material. There are options to match nearly every consideration and functionality. Before you choose your fence, consider your need for functionality, and preferences for security, privacy and maintenance. Security A good fence will keep the things you want in – and the things you don’t out. Of course, the level of security needed for each situation is unique. If you don’t want your small dog to escape, you won’t need a giant, steel-reinforced wall. A basic board fence should do the trick. Security is also about keeping things out of your yard – like critters. For example, if you live near a canyon, your yard is exposed to coyotes, rattle snakes and even the occasional curious mountain lion. Skunks, possums and rats roam many neighborhoods as well. If you live in an area where critters are abundant, you’ll want to build a fence that is snug to the ground and tall enough to deter intruders.
    [Show full text]
  • The Backyard Dog
    The Backyard Dog Perhaps the biggest and most widely held misconception about dogs is the belief that they will be healthy and happy living only in the backyard. However, nothing could be further from the truth. Current studies in dog psychology show that dogs isolated in backyards are highly likely to develop serious behavioral problems that often result in euthanasia for the animal. DOGS ARE PACK ANIMALS THAT THRIVE ON COMPANIONSHIP. Much like their wolf ancestors, dogs are very social. In fact, dogs are more social than humans and need to be part of human families. When you own a dog, you become the dog’s pack and he wants to be with his pack. Forcing a dog to live outside with little or no human companionship is one of the most psychologically damaging things a pet owner can do to a dog. DOGS ARE ALSO DEN ANIMALS. This means that they like to have a safe, quiet, and secure place to sleep, rest, and hang out, such as your house. Your dog has a wonderful ability to learn and therefore to be housetrained. A dog who resides more in your house than in the yard is a much happier animal, because of the security of a den and your companionship. BACKYARD DOGS HAVE MORE BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS. Since all your dog’s instincts are telling him it is not good to be left alone or isolated from his pack, your dog can become very stressed or anxious. A dog exhibits stress by digging, barking, howling or whining, chewing, escaping, and exhibiting hyperactivity.
    [Show full text]
  • UCLA SCHOOL of PUBLIC AFFAIRS PATIO and TERRACE GUIDELINES for USE UCLA Policy #860.EV126
    UCLA SCHOOL OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS PATIO AND TERRACE GUIDELINES FOR USE UCLA Policy #860.EV126 I) GENERAL Outdoor areas of the campus may be reserved for activities and programs in accordance with existing University policies, campus regulations, and specific restrictions applicable to each area. Any use of outdoor areas must not significantly interfere with Official University functions, or unreasonably disrupt the peace and quiet of the campus and the community adjacent to the campus. These guidelines for use apply to rooftop area known as the School of Public Affairs (Pub Aff) 3rd Floor Terrace and the Pub Aff Patio. The Pub Aff 3rd Floor Terrace and Patio are for the use of Pub Aff faculty, staff and students. II) ACTIVITIES All activities on the Patio and/or Terrace assume compliance with all UCLA activities and can include the following: • Breakfasts, Lunches, Dinners • Receptions • Picnics • Displays and Exhibits • Seminars and presentations III) MAXIMUM CAPACITY LIMITS A maximum capacity of 500 people will be allowed on the Terrace, 100 for the Patio. IV) SCHEDULING 1) Scheduled by School of Public Affairs (Pub Aff) External Programs and Operations staff. 2) Scheduled as a Pub Aff space; available to PUB AFF affiliates on a first come, first served basis. 3) All PUB AFF scheduling policies apply. V) AMPLIFIED SOUND 1) Activities generating amplified sound Monday through Friday, 8:00 am – 6:00 pm of any given academic quarter will not be scheduled on the Patio and/or Terrace. 2) All requests for amplified sound must be approved by UCLA Student Organization Leadership and Enrichment (SOLE).
    [Show full text]
  • Soil Characterization, Classification, and Biomass Accumulation in the Otter Creek Wilderness
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports 2003 Soil characterization, classification, and biomass accumulation in the Otter Creek Wilderness Jamie Schnably West Virginia University Follow this and additional works at: https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd Recommended Citation Schnably, Jamie, "Soil characterization, classification, and biomass accumulation in the Otter Creek Wilderness" (2003). Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports. 1800. https://researchrepository.wvu.edu/etd/1800 This Thesis is protected by copyright and/or related rights. It has been brought to you by the The Research Repository @ WVU with permission from the rights-holder(s). You are free to use this Thesis in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you must obtain permission from the rights-holder(s) directly, unless additional rights are indicated by a Creative Commons license in the record and/ or on the work itself. This Thesis has been accepted for inclusion in WVU Graduate Theses, Dissertations, and Problem Reports collection by an authorized administrator of The Research Repository @ WVU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Soil Characterization, Classification, and Biomass Accumulation in the Otter Creek Wilderness Jamie Schnably Thesis submitted to The Davis College of Agriculture, Forestry, and Consumer Sciences at West Virginia University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science In Plant and Soil Sciences John C. Sencindiver, Ph. D., Chair Louis McDonald, Ph.
    [Show full text]