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Louisiana Tech University Louisiana Tech Digital Commons Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School Fall 2001 Living in prison: Evaluating the deprivation and importation models of inmate adaptation Lisa Danielle Velarde Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.latech.edu/dissertations Part of the Criminology Commons, Developmental Psychology Commons, and the Personality and Social Contexts Commons INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. 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Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LIVING IN PRISON: EVALUATING THE DEPRIVATION AND IMPORTATION MODELS OF INMATE ADAPTATION by Lisa Danielle Velarde, M.A. A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy COLLEGE OF EDUCATION LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY November, 2001 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. UMI Number: 3025155 UMI(g) UMI Microform 3025155 Copyright 2001 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. LOUISIANA TECH UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL September 18, 2001_____ Date We hereby recommend that the dissertation prepared under our supervision bv Lisa Danielle Velarde_____________________________________ — Mmt Living in Prison; Eviailuating the Deprivation and_____ Importation Models of Inmate Adaptation. be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy________________________________________ Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Department toured in: Advisory Committee Approved: inhiki- Director of the hiate School I ujpan or me college u CS Form 13 2/97 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study is to broaden knowledge in the area of adjustment to incarceration. Clemmer (L9S0) proposed that a process known as prisonization develops as inmates adjust to the arduous circumstance of incarceration. Previous research has compared two competing models of adaptation, known as importation and deprivation, as predictors of prisonization. Given that Clemmer (1950) originally hypothesized that prisonization serves as a method of adjusting to the prison environment, the present study explored the relationships among the importation model, the deprivation model, prisonization, and adjustment. In an attempt to take into consideration both person and environmental factors, it was hypothesized that an integration of the importation and deprivation models would explain more of the variance in adjustment and prisonization levels than models emphasizing either personal variables or environmental influences alone. Second, based on a failure of previous research to include measures of personality in the examination of the importation model, it was hypothesized that inclusion of a comprehensive personality measure of psychological type (MBTI-theta scores) would increase the explanatory power of the importation model. Finally, it was hypothesized that inclusion of psychological and emotional measures of perceived distress could account for more of the variance than the traditionally used measure of disciplinary infractions, as relatively few inmates on average receive disciplinary write-ups on a regular basis. Results supported the hypothesized relationships. Specifically, the integrative model had a better fit to the data iii Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. than either the deprivation model or the importation model independently. In addition, self-reported levels of perceived distress accounted for a better fit to the data than number of disciplinary infractions, suggesting that a combination of emotional and behavioral indices account for more of the variance in adjustment than either factor separately. Prisonization was found to mediate the relationship between importation and deprivation variables and behavioral measures of adjustment, but was not found to significantly mediate the relationship between adaptation variables and levels of perceived distress. Last, the inclusion of personality factors, namely psychological type, significantly contributed to the overall understanding of adjustment to incarceration in the present study. iv Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................................................................... ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS......................................................................................... x CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION............................................................................. 1 Statement of the Problem ............................................................................. 8 Justification for the Study ............................................................................ 12 Literature Review......................................................................................... 17 History and Development of Today’s Prisons ................................ 17 The Earliest Forms of Incarceration ................................... 17 American Prisons Before the Penitentiary ............................ 19 The American Penitentiary .................................................... 21 The Big House........................................................................25 The Correctional Institution ...................................................28 Prisonization ..................................................................................... 29 Assimilation and Cross-Cultural Adaptation .....................................33 Models of Prison Adaptation as Predictors of Prisonization 37 Comparison of Adaptation Models ....................................................40 Limitations of Adaptation to Incarceration Research ....................... 42 Jung’s Theory of Psychological Type as a Measure of Personality. 44 The Two Attitude Types: Extraversion and Introversion... 46 The Four Functions: Feelings, Thinking, Sensing, Intuition. 47 Myers-Briggs Type Indicator as a Measure of Personality 49 Types of Organizations: Applying the Theory to the Environment.. 51 Use of the MBTI in Prison Settings ................................................. 53 Trait Versus Type Models ................................................................ 56 Factors of Deprivation Contributing to Prison Pressure ................. 58 Definition of Adjustment to Incarceration ........................................ 68 The Possible Range of Maladjustment in a Prison Setting 71 Facts about the Current State of Incarceration .................... 71 Prevalence of Mental Illness in Prison ................................ 73 Self-Mutilation and Suicide in Prison ................................. 75 The Effects of Prison Overcrowding ................................... 79 v Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Extreme Maladjustment: Violence and Rioting ....................83 Development of the Coping Style Inventory ................................... 89 Predictability and Control .................................................... 90 Support ................................................................................... 91 Construct, Criterion, and Convergent Validity of the CSI .............. 91 Hypotheses....................................................................................................

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