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Default Emissions from Biofuels Definition of input data to assess GHG default emissions from biofuels in EU legislation Version 1c - July 2017 Edwards, R. Padella, M. Giuntoli, J. Koeble, R. O’Connell, A. Bulgheroni, C. Marelli, L. 2017 EUR 28349 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use that might be made of this publication. JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC104483 EUR 28349 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-79-64617-1 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2790/658143 Print ISBN 978-92-79-64616-4 ISSN 1018-5593 doi:10.2790/22354 Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2017 © European Union, 2017 The reuse of the document is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged and the original meaning or message of the texts are not distorted. The European Commission shall not be held liable for any consequences stemming from the reuse. How to cite this report: Edwards, R., Padella, M., Giuntoli, J., Koeble, R., O’Connell, A., Bulgheroni, C., Marelli, L., Definition of input data to assess GHG default emissions from biofuels in EU legislation, Version 1c – July 2017 , EUR28349 EN, doi: 10.2790/658143 All images © European Union 2017 Title Definition of input data to assess GHG default emissions from biofuels in EU legislation, Version 1c – July 2017 Abstract The Renewable Energy Directive (RED) (2009/28/EC) and the Fuel Quality Directive (FQD) (2009/30/EC), amended in 2015 by Directive (EU) 2015/1513 (so called ‘ILUC Directive’), fix a minimum requirement for greenhouse gas (GHG) savings for biofuels and bioliquids for the period until 2020, and set the rules for calculating the greenhouse impact of biofuels, bioliquids and their fossil fuels comparators. To help economic operators to declare the GHG emission savings of their products, default and typical values for a number of spefic pathways are listed in the annexes of the RED and FQD. The EC Joint Research Center (JRC) is in charge of defining input values to be used for the calculation of default GHG emissions for biofuels, bioliquids, solid and gaseous biomass pathways. An update of the GHG emissions in Annex V has been carried out for the new Proposal of a Directive on the Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources (COM(2016)767 - RED-2), for the post-2020 framework. This report describes the assumptions made by the JRC when compiling the new updated data set used to calculate default and typical GHG emissions for the different biofuels pathways as proposed in the new RED-2 document. Table of contents Executive summary .................................................................................................. 1 1. Introduction ..................................................................................................... 3 1.1 Background ................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Structure of the report .................................................................................. 3 Part One — General input data and common processes ................................................. 5 2. General input data for pathways ......................................................................... 6 2.1 Fossil fuels provision .................................................................................... 6 2.2 Supply of process chemicals and pesticides ................................................... 11 2.3 N fertilizer manufacturing emissions calculation ............................................. 33 2.4 Summary of emission factors for the supply of main products .......................... 41 2.5 Diesel, drying and plant protection use in cultivation ...................................... 43 3. Soil emissions from biofuel crop cultivation ........................................................ 47 3.1 Background ............................................................................................... 47 3.2 Pathways of N2O emission from managed soils .............................................. 47 3.3 General approach to estimate soil N2O emissions from cultivation of potential biofuel crops ................................................................................................... 48 3.4 Determining crop- and site-specific fertilizer-induced emissions (EF1ij) ............. 53 3.5 The Global crop- and site-specific Nitrous Oxide emission Calculator (GNOC) ..... 55 3.6 The GNOC online tool ................................................................................. 59 3.7 GNOC results ............................................................................................. 60 3.8 Manure calculation ..................................................................................... 66 3.9 Correction of IPCC method for estimating N2O emissions from leguminous crops 67 3.10 Emissions from acidification and liming methodology .................................... 74 3.11 Global crop-specific calculation of CO2 emissions from agricultural lime application and fertilizer acidification .................................................................. 79 3.12 Lime application in the United Kingdom and Germany: survey data vs disaggregated country total lime consumption ..................................................... 87 4. Utilities and auxiliary processes ........................................................................ 93 5. Transport processes ....................................................................................... 100 5.1 Road transportation................................................................................... 100 5.2 Maritime transportation ............................................................................. 104 5.3 Inland water transportation ........................................................................ 107 5.4 Rail transportation .................................................................................... 108 5.5 Pipeline transportation ............................................................................... 109 i References for common input data .......................................................................... 110 Part Two — Liquid biofuels processes and input data ................................................. 117 6. Biofuels processes and input data .................................................................... 118 6.1 Wheat grain to ethanol ................................................................................. 125 6.2 Maize to ethanol .......................................................................................... 136 6.3 Barley to ethanol ......................................................................................... 146 6.4 Rye to ethanol ............................................................................................. 153 6.5 Triticale to ethanol ....................................................................................... 160 6.6 Sugar beet to ethanol ................................................................................... 167 6.7 Sugar cane to ethanol .................................................................................. 174 6.8 Rapeseed to biodiesel ................................................................................... 182 6.9 Sunflower to biodiesel .................................................................................. 193 6.10 Soybean to biodiesel .................................................................................. 200 6.10.1 National soy data ................................................................................. 210 6.11 Palm oil to biodiesel.................................................................................... 223 6.13 Waste cooking oil ....................................................................................... 235 6.14 Animal fat ................................................................................................. 238 6.15 HVO ......................................................................................................... 244 6.16 Black liquor ............................................................................................... 249 6.17 Wood to Liquid Hydrocarbons ...................................................................... 253 6.18 Wood to methanol ...................................................................................... 256 6.19 Wood to DME ............................................................................................. 259 6.20 Straw to ethanol ........................................................................................ 262 References for pathways ........................................................................................ 264 Part Three — Review process ................................................................................. 272 7. Consultation with experts and stakeholders .......................................................... 273 7.1 Expert Consultation (November 2011) ............................................................ 273 7.1.1 Main outcomes of the discussion .............................................................. 274
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